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BUCKSKIN

FOSTER & FILER,

Manufacturers .uid Dealers iu

MEN'S

Suspenders, Handkerch'fs, Neck Ties,

Bows and Scarfs, Linen and Pa-

per Collars, Cuffs, Etc-

Perfect Fitting Shirts a Specialty,

UNDERWEAR.

-^ ^-^

O".

For square and honest bargains go t

East Washington Street, Indianapolis. Indiana.

NO. 27 NORTH PENNSYLVANIA STREET

INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

FEW

THOMAS DAVIS,

President and Trtnmrt-r.

ALFRED T. SINKER,

Secretary.

WESTERN MACHINE WORKS.

ESTABLISHED. 1850. INCORPORATED. 1871.

SINKER, DAMS & Co.,

Of all Si/e*. from Five to Vine Hundred Hnrse Power.

Of different sizes, Double and Single, with the ' Sinniltam-ou- Screw," "STALKY 1 ' or " MEI-
XEI! " Patent Head Blocks.

BELLIS ENGINE GOVERNORS,

Adapted for Portable and Stationary Kugin<-s.

"SPECIAL," STEAM PUJIPS*.

For Feeding Boilers, Supplying Mills aud Factories, Mines, Gas Works, Railroad Stations, and for
any purpose for which a Steam Pump is applicable.

Stillwell's Lime Extractors. Sheet Iron Work, Mill Gearing, Grate Bars,

Drag Saws, Brass Work, Wrontrht Iron Fittings, Steam

Gauges. Water Gauges, etc.

South Pennsylvania Street, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.

INDIANAPOLIS.

EAILEOAD CITY,

A. CHRONICLE OF

Its Sotial, Ijlumeipsl, commercial and juamifachmng Jjrogress,
* rr *- 3 ^j 1 - T

FULL STATISTICAL TABLES.

BY W. R. HOLLOWAY.

INDIANAPOLIS:

INDIAN APOLIS JOURNAL PRINT

18 70.

Entered according to Act of Congress, iu the year 1870, by

W. R. HOLLOWAY,
In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the District of Indiana

F
534

PREFACE,

THE object of this work is to relate the rise and progress of the business of the
city of Indianapolis, and give an accurate and full exhibit of its present condition-
To that end no labor or expense has been spared to collect all the facts that might
contribute to the formation of correct opinions on the subject by the public. Every
branch of trade has been thoroughly canvassed by competent examiners, and the
results systematized and tabulated, so as to give, as nearly as possible, a full view
of each at a single glance. A sketch of the history of the city precedes these more
particular statements, as a fitting introduction, necessary to a fair understanding of
their significance.

It is not intended to be a detailed account of all the incidents, events, move-
ments and efforts of the citizens during the time of the growth from a village full
of trees to a city full of the bustle of business ; but to be a history of all that relates
to her jrogress and prosperity. It is intended rather to generalize facts, and relate
results, without, however, excluding any interesting event or incident, wheiher
directly connected with the history of business affairs or not. Whether that object
has been attained, it will be for the public to judge.

Free use has been made, in this portion of the work, of the excellent history
of the city by Ignatius Brown, Esq., in the Directory for 1868. It is as full a col-
lection of all the facts as can possibly be made ; but such a collection is unsuited to
the purpose of such a work as this, and besides would swell its bulk beyond all
reasonable limits. The present work is directed rather to use than to repeat his
facts, and he is entitled to a full recognition of his efforts in this attempt to apply
them to a wider purpose than a Directory.

As no similar effort to exhibit the condition and prosperity of the city has ever
been made, it is hoped that this will command the interest and patronage of the
public.

' 1128440

I3STID

PAGE.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES .. 49, 56, 94, 96, 109, 112, 275 to 278

AMUSEMENTS (See Drama )

AMES, BISHOPS. K 91

ART AND ARTISTS ~ 32, 107

ACCIDENTS 95,120

ARSENALS 119,257

BIBLE SOCIETY 30

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIETIES 50, 77, 85, 91, 126, 184 to 201

BEECHER, HENRY WARD fiO, 67, 73

BIGGER, GOVERNOR SAMUEL 73

BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS 36, 109, 116, 125

BANKS , 63, 103, 107,298 to 306

BROWN, WILLIAM J 90

BLAKE, JAMES 31,41

BLACKFORD ISAAC 41

BAKER, GOV. CONRAD

BOARD OF PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS :. 126

COURTS 19, 91, 262 to 266

COURT HOUSE 14, 131, 259

COUNTY ORGANIZATION INAUGURATION OF 14

CAPITAL ORDER FOR THE REMOVAL OP 25

CAPITAL-REMOVAL TO INDIANAPOLIS 28

CENTRAL CANAL 67

CLAY, HENRY, VISIT OF 73

OASS, GENERAL LEWIS, VISIT OF 79

CHURCHES:

Protestant Episcopal

Christ's Church 60,202

St. Paul's 204

Grace Church 205

Church of the Holy Innocents 205

Episcopal Mission ... 206

Presbyterian

First Church 96, 207

Second Church 208

Third Church 96,210

Fourth Church 100, 211

Fifth Church 212

Olivet Church 212

Seventh Church 212

Missions 2H to 216

SSaptist

First Church 216

South Street 218

Garden Mission 219

North Baptist Mission 219

Second Baptist, colored .... 219

j y IXDEX.

CHURCHES Contintjed.

Congregational PACE.

Plymouth ~ - 220

Mayflower . 221

Christian Christian Chappel 222

Second Chrstian Church (colored) 222

Third Christian Church 223

Fourth Christian Church 223

Salem Chapel 223

Olive Mission 224

German Reformed First German Reformed 224

Second German Reformed 225

Society of Friends 225

Methodist Episcopal

Meridian M. E Church '. _..226

Robert's Park M. E Church 228

St. John's M. E. Church 230

Asbury M. E. Church 231

Tiinity M.E. Church 232

Ames M. E. Church 233

Grace M E Church 235

Third Street M. B. Church 236

German M.E. Church 236

Massachusetts Avenue M. E. Church 237

Allen Chapel M. E Church, (colored.) - 238

Bethel Chapel M. E. Church, (colored.) 238

Roman Catholic

St. John's, St. Mary's, St. Peters, The Cathedral 128,239 to 241

Hebrew Church - ~. 110,242

Lutheran

First English Lutheran Church ~ 60,243

St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran 244

Zion's Church 245

German Evangelical Association 245

Universalists First and Second Churches 246

United Brethren in Chritt 96, 247

Pint Unitarian 247

Recapitulation 248

Undenominational Religious Societies

Y. M. C. A 102, 249

Women's Christian Association 251

Y. M. C. A. (German ) 251

Indianapolis Female Bible Society 251

CEMETERIES

Crown Hill 125,259

City Cemetery 79,261

Hebrew Cemetery 262

Catholic Cemetery 262

Lutheran Cemetery 262

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 90

CRITTENDEN, GOVERNOR J. J., VISIT OF 91

CHOLERA _ 45,91

CONVENTIONS _ .'. 62,101,105,106,111,121

CITY FINANCES .124, 138

DRAMA, MUSIC AND AUSEMENTS...23, 78, 79, 87, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 110, 129, 145 to 153

DRAKE, JAMES P 81

DRY GOODS 89, 108

DOUGLAS, HON. STEPHEN A., VISIT OF 113, 117

EARLY CONDITION OF THE TOWN _ U

EARLY POPULATION '. 17

EARLY RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT '. 24

EARLY IMPROVEMENTS 36, 6

TNDEX. y

EDUCATIONAL PAO.

County Seminary 35

Indiana Female Institute 60, 180

Schools and Schoolmasters 61, 88

Public Schools 87, 108, 109, 163 to 178

Indiana Female College 91

McLean Female Seminary 98

Northwestern Christian University 98, 179

Indianapolis Female Institute 116

Boman Catholic Schools 182

Parochial Schools 182

German-English Schools 182

Business Colleges 183

* EXPBESS COMPANIES 96, 273 to 275

FIBST ELECTION 19

FIBST BBICK BUILDING 21

FIBST METHODIST CHUBCH 30

FIBST STEAM MILL .. 33

FIBST STEAMBOAT, ABBIVAL OF 39

FIBST FOUNDBY 44

FIBST MUBDEB 45

FIBST BBEWEBY 48

FIBE3 97, 101, 129

FIBE DEPABTMENT 32, 49, 66, 110, 139

FOUETH-OF-JULY CELEBBATIONS 20, 80, 105, 108, 111

FBESHETS (See Meteorological).

FBEE-THINKEBS, ASSOCIATION OF .. 279

FENIAN BBOTHEBHOOD 280

GOVEBNOB'S CIBCLE 13, 34

GOVEBNOB'S BESIDENCE 64

GAS COMPANY 93

GYMNASEUM Ill

GLASS WOBKS 130

HABBISON, GENEBAL W. H., VISIT OF 45

HAVENS, BEV. JAMES 53

HISTOBICAL SOCIETY 41

HOTELS 32, 70, 97

HOSPITAL 104,129, 193

HOWABD, HON. T1LGHMAN A 73

HABD TIMES 73

INDIANS, DEPBEDATIONS AND OUTBAGES OF 26

INDIANS, BLAOK HAWK WAB 43

INCOBPOBATION OF THE TOWN 44

INTEBNAL IMPBOVEMENTS 49, 51, 56, 67, 90

INSUBANCE COMPANIES _ 56, 294 to 298

JOHNSON, COLONEL BICHABD M., VISIT OF 73

KOSSUTH, LOUIS, VISIT OF _ 97

LEGISLATUBE, FIBST MEETING OF .. 30

LIBBABIES, PUBLIC .... 269

LAND OFFICE, BEMOVAL OF .... .30

LITEBABY SOCIETIES . 50

LECTUBES 87, 96, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113

LINCOLN, ABBAHAM, VISIT OF 112

. MUNICIPAL GOVEBNMENT 44, 73, 84,99, 101,110, 132

MANUFACTUBEBS 83,96,97, 130

MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS .31, 58,292

MUSICAL SOCIETIES 266 to 269

MASONS. (See Secret Societies.)
MACHINISTS. (See Manufactures.)

MABKET HOUSES . 44, 60

METEOBOLOGICAL 45, 63, 83, 91, 96, 106, 108, 110, 113

McCABTY, JONATHAN ^~ _ ~~ ....72

VI

INDEX.

PA6E.

MILLERISM 75

MEXICAN WAK 81 to 88

MERCHANT'S EXCHANGE 90

MEDICAL COLLEGES 91, 252 to 255

MORTON, HON. O. P 116, 117,120, 121, 123

MORRIS, GENERAL T. A 117

MILITARY CAMPS 118

MANUFACTURES (EARLY) .3, 96, 97, 130, 308 to 316

MANUFACTURES (PRESENT) 344 to 367

NATIONAL ROAD 51

NEWSPAPERS 18, 81, 90, 91, 101, 109, 112, 154 to 162

OLD SETTLERS '. 11, 100

ODD FELLOWS. (See Secret Societies.)

PARKS 129

PROGRESS OF THE CITY, GENERAL VIEW OF 3

PLAN OF THE CITY 13

POPULATION 17, 31, 37, 84

POLITICAL , _.48, 70, 100, 105. 106, 109. 113

POST OFFICE 17, 107, 115, 291

POLICE 128

PORK PACKING 129

PROSPECTS OF THE CITY 316 to 322

KAY, GOVERNOR JAMES B., ANECDOTE CONCERNING 27

RELIGIOUS. (See Churches.)

REAL ESTATE, EARLY PRICES OF 30

BAILROADS, FIRST CHARTERS 41

Madison & Indianapolis 69,81, 88, 324

Bellefontaine 97, 326, 336

Indianapolis & Cincinnati 97, 328, 336

Jeffersonville & Indianapolis 97, 326

Terre Haute & Indianapolis 97, 328, 338

Pe-u& Indianapolis 97, 330

Lafayette & Indianapolis 97, 330, 336

Indiana Central 97, 330

Indianapolis* Vincennes 128, 332

Indianapolis Junction , 128, 332

Indianapolis & St. Louis 334

Indiana & Illinois Central 128

Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western 128, 332

Consolidated Tables 340, 342

SITUATION OF THE CITY _ 7

SITE OF THE CAPITOL, SELECTION OF 9

SUNDAY SCHOOLS AND CELEBRATIONS ...38, 41

STATE HOUSE 42,43

STATE BANK ' 46

STREETS AND STREET IMPROVEMENTS 13, 73. 81, 85, 86

SMALL POX 104

SCHOOLS. (See Educational.)

SCIENCES, ACADEMY OF 110

SMITH, HON CALEB B 112

SONS OF MALTA 112

SULGROVE, B.R 116

SOLDIER'S HOME 119

STURM, GENERAL HERMAN 119

SANITARY COMMISSION II 9

STREET RAILWAYS 126

SEWERAGE 130

SECRET SOCIETIES

Masonic . 87, 281 to 284

Odd Fellows 99, 285 to 288

Knights of Pythias 288 to 290

Druids 290

INDEX.

711

SECBET SOCIETIES (Continued.) PAGE.

Improved Order of Bed Men, and Independent Order of Red Men 290

Sons of Herman 290 1

Harugari 291

Heptasophs 291

THANKSGIVING PBOCLAMATION, FIBST ONE ISSUED 66

TEMPEBANCE 80, 101, 104, 265 to 257

TELEGBABH COMPANIES 89, 270 to 273

TBEASONABLE SOCIETIES 121

TUBNVEBEIN, INDIANAPOLIS 278-

TUBNVEBEIN, SOCIAL 279

TBADE 368 to 384

4 ?<'. UNION BAILWAY AND DEPOT CO 90,97,258,334

UNIVEBSITY SQUABE 35

UNITED IEISH BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION 279

WHITE BIVEB ... 40

WHITE, JOSEPH LITTLE 72

WEIGHT, GOV. JOSEPH A 91,94, 96

WICK, W. W .41

WALLACE, GOV. DAVID 66, 89, 100

WATEB WOBKS 112, 130, 281

WAB OF THE BEBELLION 116, 120

WAE EXCITEMENT 115 to 124

WAB APPBOPBIATIONS , ,. ,..., ^....123, 124

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACK.

RAILROAD MAP OF THE STATE FRONTISPIECE.

STATE HOUSE 1

NEW COURT HOUSE ... 6

STATE AND SUPREME COURT BUILDING 24

MARION COUNTY POOR ASYLUM 34

ODD FELLOWS' HALL . 98

INDIANA REFORMATORY, FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS 124

BATES HOUSE 138

JOURNAL BUILDING ~. _ 154

SENTINEL BUILDING 160

SECOND WARD SCHOOL HOUSE 162

SIXTH WARD SCHOOL HOUSE _ 172

INDIANA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE 184

INDIANA INSTITUTE FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND 18<i

INDIANA HOUSE OF REFUGE 190

FIRST BAPTIST CHUBCH ... 216

CHRIST CHURCH 202

SAINT PAUL'S CATHEDRAL 204

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH 207

ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL , 209

MEDICAL COLLEGE 252

TRADE PALACE 314

NEW YORK DRY GOODS STORE 318

NATIONAL SURGICAL INSTITUTE 340

BOWEN, STEWART & CO 352

INTRODUCTION,

General t^iew af the progress of the

Eastern, Southern and Western sections of the State contained many
thriving, though not populous, settlements, while Central Indiana was yet a
wilderness. The reason may be briefly stated to be the absence of water and
the presence of Indians. Though there was water enough and to spare for
ordinary purposes, there was none for navigation, and civilized men hesitate to
put themselves beyond the reach of other provisions than they can procure with
the rifle. Without access by a constantly navigable stream, a Central settler could
never be certain of anything better than unsalted bread and venison ; and he could
not be certain of the bread if he depended on his own cultivation, for the country was
still in the hands of the Indians. This is a second reason. A settlement could not be
safe; for, though not hostile, the Indians were far from friendly. The Shawnees and
Delawares had not forgotten the battle of Tippecanoe or the death of Tecumseh (who,
by the way, was a native-born Hoosier, his birthplace being the Shawnee town near
the site of Anderson, Madison- county). This region was their favorite hunting-
ground. It was full of game, and White river and its tributaries swarmed with fish.
They disliked to give it up, and they did not till 1821, five years after the State
Government had been created. But having agreed, by the treaty of St. Mary's, Ohio,
in 1818, to cede it in 1821, the actual cession was anticipated, and settlers began to
come in as early as 1820. A few came in 1819, but two of them, the brothers
Jacob and Cyrus Whetzel, came by consent of the chiefs, and settled near the Bluffs
of White river. George Pogue, the first who made his home on the site of the city,
is generally believed to have come in the same year, but it is questioned. William
Conner, the Father of Central Indiana, however, had established himself on White
river, some sixteen miles north of the city, as early as 1806, and had made himself a
comfortable home, with no neighbor nearer than sixty miles. He had been an Indian
trader, was familiar and a favorite with them, and could venture safely where there
was danger for everybody else. He and his brother John founded the town of Con-
nersville, from which point, and its vicinity, came most of our first settlers. Indian-
apolis is, therefore, a sort of colony of Connersville, and, as will be seen hereafter,
had to depend for some time upon the mother settlement for support. In 1820, how-
ever, a number of pioneers planted themselves on the site of the city, and from that
year may be dated the beginning of its history.

4 HOLLOWATS IVDIAVAPOLU.

Before entering upon this history, however, it will be well to present a general
view of the growth of the city, which may be traced through four stages.

First. That from the first settlement in 1820, to the removal of the Capital from
Corydou in 1825. This was a period of isolation, and, for a time, of struggle for ex-
istence. During this five years, no other village of the State had so much to resist,
and so little to assist it. It was far from all navigable streams and all passable roads,
and, for the first two years, was without clearing or adequate cultivation, without mills or
means of subsistence, except what was brought on horseback through sixty miles of
forest. Sickness in the second year, which prostrated nearly everybody, made its
isolation more dangerous, and sickness having prevented labor, an unpleasant ap-
proach to starvation followed the ague. But the sickly settlement grew a little larger
and a little healthier. It built a jail, two or three churches, patronized a few shops,
and two or three of the inevitable newspapers, had a few taverns and a Sunday school,
and showed evident signs that it meant to live, whether fed by State pap or not.
Then, though not free from fears of the scattered Shawnees of Fall Creek, it was
deemed ready for the Capital.

Second. The period from 1825, when the Capital came, to 1847, when the first
railroad came. This may be said to have been a period of Legislative dependence, as
the possession of the Capital was the only influence that raised Indianapolis above the
position of an ordinary county town. Its central situation was nothing then, or rather
it was a drawback. In the first years of this period, the recent acquisition of the
Capital gave an impulse to the increase both of population and .the price of town lots,
but the stimulus was lost by 1827, and thenceforward growth was steady but slow,
dependent on the settlement of the surrounding country, strengthened, as before re~
marked, by the possession of the Capital. Towards the close, the expectation of rail-
road communication excited a spirit of enterprise, or at least a feverish feeling of un-
rest, and with the impulse which the locomotive thus sent ahead of it, began a
new era. During this period, business was entirely of a local character. Some little
jobbing was done to country dealers, but nothing more, because, with all the enterprise
in the world, nothing more was possible. Manufacturing was merely for home con-
sumption. All trade was circumscribed by the limits of local demand. Little was
expected to go farther than a farmer could drive his load of corn and get home the
same day. Importations were made in heavy road wagons. Exportation in return
buggies and farm wagona. An occasional flatboat, loaded with hay or chickens,
went down with the spring freshets to New Orleans, if it didn't break its back on the
dam at the Bluffs. An annual drove of horses went South for some years. Hogs
were driven to Cincinnati or Madison, or the nearest town on a navigable stream.
Woolen mills spun yarn for old women, or made jeans for country wear. Wheat was
ground for the owner, or bought only to grind for home use. Corn was distilled or
fed to hogs; none was shipped. Iron founding had been tried twice and failed. No
business was expected to exceed a few hundred dollars per week. In this condition
of things the city would have remained to the end, if the railroad had not reached it.
The first stirring of this stagnation was made by the slow but steady approaches of the
Madison railroad from Vernon, where it had been lying up helpless since the great
crash.

Third. The period from 1847 to 1861. This was a period of new life. The
railroad, like "one fool,'' according to the proverb, "made many." The great profits
of the Madison road, the obvious benefit to the country, the fully restored financial
health prostrated in 1837, with a score of lesser influences, combined to give an im-

HOLLOW AY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

petus to railroad building, which was the great feature of this new era. The enter-
prise thus stirred into activity showed itself in all business. Old branches were enlarged
and new ones were established. The foundations of most of those which have at
length proved so successful, and contributed so greatly to the growth of the city, were
laid then. While business was putting on its men's clothes for manly effort, the city
was doing the same. Not a few changes were made from the village character of the
past. But this activity was vastly increased during the last period or stage of growth.
Fourth. The period from 1861, the breaking out of the war, to the present time.
What the war might have done for a town, even as large as Indianapolis, with the
muscles of its energy rendered feeble and flabby for want of vigorous exercise, it
would be hard to say. It would have brought a vast increase of business, and brought
out a vast addition of activity, but it might have taken both away with it, too. Indi-
anapolis, skilled and strong, vigorous and enterprising, from the schooling of the past
fourteen years, was able and prompt to use all its advantages. The concentration of
troops here, with the immense demand they created for many kinds of supplies, and
the flocking here of business men to meet it; the increase of the business of those
already here; and the attendant smaller classes of trade which follow any crowd,
maintained through four years, gave a strong impulse to the already rapidly growing
prosperity of the city; and created some such feverish feeling of being able to do im-
possible things, as was so long prevalent in San Francisco, and still is, probably, in
Chicago. But the advantages were generally safely held. They fell into strong
hands, and when the war passed off, and its impulse was removed from trade, nothing
was lost to the city but what was it's gain the crowds of cormorants that followed
the camps. Business was held at high water mark, or near it. In the five years
since, what little, if any, was lost, has been regained, and a vast addition has been
made. The growth of population and trade in all forms has gone steadily and swiftly
on. In manufactures especially has the change been marked and promising. At the
same time the improvements of the city have not been less marked. Whole streets of
superb business blo*cks have been erected, and miles of streets paved and lighted.
Handsome residences have spread outward further and further, till they crowd up the
hunting forests of a few years ago, A system of water works is in process of con-
struction. Business that used to swing back and forth along Washington street as
some occasional impulse directed, but never left its fixed groove, has turned out, or
filled up and run over, into a score of other streets. All the features of a well-grown
city have supervened upon the face of the village that the first railroad entered. How
far this development may continue, or how it may terminate, will be considered in
another place.

FIRST PERIODTO

Chapter I

-7IOX OF THE CITY SATCRAL COSDITIOJI OF TO* SITS TH FIBW 8ETTLEB BBGIJT-

X!XG OF THE TILLAGE THE CATERPILLAR DEADEXIXG SELECTION OF THE SITE OF THE

CAPITAL -IMPULSE GIVES BT IT TO TH* SETTLE* EST FATHERS OF THB CITT BICS-

SESS A5D 8TABVATIO5 BCBYBY OF THE CITT ASD SALE OF LOTS BECIJTSISG OF

BCSIXESS FIRST DEATHS ASD MARRIAGES ORGAXIZATIOX OF THE COCXTY.

*& N" BIAN APOLIS is Eitnated in the slightly depressed center of a considerable plain
3|on the east bank of White river, in latitude 39 5Y. This plain, though nowhere
* level for any considerable distance, is yet broken only by comparatively slight
elevations, which increase its attractiveness without swelling to either the grandeur
or inconvenience of hills. It lies so high above the river that it is not subject to over-
flow from the highest freshets, and never has been overflowed- At the time of the
selection of the site of the Capital, the ground was covered with a dense growth of
oak, ash. sugar, beech, walnut, hickory, and all other ordinary forest trees, and with
thickets of underwood, that sheltered as much game probably as was ever found
ranging the same space of country. It was traversed by a creek, subsequently called
"Pogue's Greek." after the traditional first settler, and by two or three bayous or
''ravines," as they were called, which proved a frequent cause of annoyance, and of
occasional serious injury. The remains of the largest may yet be seen near Carey's
barrel and stave establishment. The underlying stratum, consisting of sand and
gravel, through which the surface water was filtered, being rarely more than twenty-
five feet below the surface, formed an easily accessible reservoir of pure but "hard"
water, which has until now rendered the city independent of any other supply. But
to all these advantages there was a serious drawback, as the first settlers found. The
dense forest* sheltering the soil from the sun and compelling it to retain its moisture,
the broad and swampy "bottoms,' 1 the marshes, and the frequent freshets, made it
the very home of the "chills and fever," and for many a year their visit was antici-
pated with the unpleasant confidence of a debtor in a persevering dun. But the soil
was excellent, and the promise of a -good time" sometime undoubted, and the pio-
neers of that day, as of all days, did not count the chances of chills against the cer-
tainty of crops and future competence.

So. into this land of remote promise, somewhere about the first of March, 1819,
tradition savs, came George Pogue, a blacksmith, from the White Water region, and
built a cabin near the present eastern end of Michigan street. Tradition is confirmed
by better evidence, but unfortunately contradicted by other evidence equally good.
Probably no question of individual credit and municipal history was ever so obscured,
by excess of light, as that of the origin of Indianapolis. And the obscuration began
almost as soon as the town was begun. George Pogue had been dead only about a
year, and the town was only two years old, when one of the second influx of settlers,

g . HOLLOW ATS IKDIAlfAPOLrS.

Dr. S. G. Mitchell, published a letter in the Indianapolis Gazette, contesting Pogue's
claim to the honor of being the first settler, and giving it to John and James McCor-
mick. Cyrus Whetzel, who settled at the Bluffs at about the same time that Pogue is
said to have reached this place, concurs with Dr. Mitchell. Mrs. King, the widow of
one of the McCormick brothers, now living, in good health, and with apparently unim-
paired powers of memory, concurs with Dr. Mitchell and Mr. Whetzel. Her evidence
would seem to be conclusive, for she not only had the opportunity to know, but the
weariness of a solitary life in the woods to impress ineffaceably the memory, that she
and her family were alone in this section of the State. She claims that George
Pogue, with her husband and husband's brother, and some others, first came here
about the time of Pogue's traditional arrival, and built cabins preparatory to the
removal of their families, which was effected, in her case, in January or February follow-
ing, 1820, and that no other family was known here till her husband's brother brought
his, about a month later. Pogue would appear from this statement to have been only
one of a company to "prospect" here, and the danger of traveling alone at that time,
in a country held by unfriendly Indians, is a circumstance that would corroborate it.
Up to this point Mrs. King's account of the settlement of the city may reconcile con-
flicting claims, but no farther. If she is right, Pogue, though he may have prepared
to move out, did not settle till some time in 1820. The evidence for the McCormicks
sums up with a force hard to resist. Dr. Mitchell's claim, within a year of Pogue's
death, was not contested by anybody. The recollections of two living persons, one
likely, and one certain, to know the truth, confirms the uncontested claim. On the
other hand, the evidence for Pogue, if not strong enough to convince, is strong enough
to perplex, us. In 1822, people were not so apt to rush into the papers upon any '
provocation, or none, as they are now, and Dr. Mitchell's letter may have been, pro-
bably was, undisputed, because nobody cared enough to remember whose pig pen was
built first, or cared enough to write about it, and not because the opinion of the vil-
lage concurred with him. The tradition which has always made Pogue the first
settler, has never been weakened by accompanying doubts, or suggestions to include
anybody else. And an unimpeached tradition of fifty years of age, is no slight proof
of the truth of the matter it relates to. If Dr. Mitchell's belief had been that of hi?
fellow-townsmen in 1822, we of this generation would never have heard of George
Pogue as the first settler. That the tradition, or general belief, has outlived so early and
public an attack is a fact that will weigh as heavily in a just estimate as any per-
sonal recollection. A mistake, if uncontested, might grow into tradition, but a
mistake caught when it is a year old and shown to everybody's eyes could get no
credit afterwards. John Pogue, son of George, who was a well grown lad, if not of
full age in 1819, and well able to recollect, has stated repeatedly and unqualifiedly
that his father came here on the second of March, 1819, nearly one year before the
McCormicks came. The contest of his father's claim would be likely to stamp the
event and date more indelibly upon his memory, and make his evidence, by that
much, more important. One of the McCormick children of that date, adds his recol-
lection of the current belief that Pogue was the first settler. There is about an equal
weight of evidence, both of inference and memory, on each side, and there is no
reason why there should be when there are so many persons living who can add
decisive facts.

But if Pogue was not the first settler he certainly was the first martyr, if we may
allow that name to one who ventures and dies in the cause of civilization. Sometime
in April, 1821, early in the morning, he heard a disturbance among his horses, and
believing that the Indians, a party of whom was encamped near by, were stealing

SELECTION OF SITE FOR THE CAPITAL. Q

them, he took his rifle and set out to see. He was last seen near their camp, where
gunshots were afterwards heard, and he was never seen again. But his clothes and
horses were soon after found in the hands of the Indians, so that there is no doubt of
his murder by this squad of Shawnees. His name was given to the creek which was
then a horror, and has ever since been a nuisance, to the citizens. So cruel au outrage
of course excited the little settlement intensely, but it was too little to help itself.

If Pogue really arrived in March, 1819, he lived for nearly a year alone, with no
neighbor except the Whetzels, on the south, at the Bluffs, and William Conner, on the
north, sixteen miles away. But on the twenty-seventh of February, 1820, he was
joined by James and John McCormick, who built themselves a house on the river near
the present position of the National Road bridge. Within a few days they were
followed by John Maxwell and John Cowan, who built upon Fall Creek, near the
crossing of the Crawfordsville road. By the first of June, these first five had been
joined by Henry and Samuel Davis, Corbaly, Van Blaricutn, Barnhill, Harding and
Isaac Wilson (who was the first to build on the town plat, near the northwest corner
of the State House Square,) with others, making, it is supposed, about fifteen families
who had settled upon what was afterwards the "donation." As the year passed on
still others came, but the first comers had not been idle. They had to live through
the winter and set about their preparations with the characteristic energy of pioneers.

In this duty they were providentially relieved of the hardest of their labor. A
tract of near two hundred acres, west of the present Blind Asylum grounds, had been
"deadened" for them by the locusts and caterpillars. They had nothing to do but
clear off the underbrush. This was done, the brush used to fence in lots for cultiva-
tion, and the ground broken up and planted in corn and vegetables for the winter.
Game was plenty and provisions were thus made secure for all ordinary necessities.
Little more than this is known of the history of the first year of the life of the founders
of the capital.

But the history does not close with this fact, however appropriate a place it might
be to stop. A most important event for the little colony occurred in June. This
was the selection of a site for the permanent capital of the State.

The "enabling" act of Congress, April 19, 1816, donated four sections of unsold
land for a permanent capital. On the eleventh of January, 1820, the Legislature
appointed the following commissioners to make the selection : t George Hunt, John
Conner, John Gilliland, Stephen Ludlow, Joseph Bartholomew, John Tiptou, Jesse B.
Durham, Frederick Rapp, William Prince and Thomas Emerson. They were to meet
at the house of William Conner (above alluded to,) in the spring, and make their
choice. But five of them accepted their appointment, or acted upon it. These five
traversed White River Valley, making examinations as they advanced, and very
naturally reached conflicting conclusions. But three points were prominent above all
others; this, (called the Fall Creek location,) Conner's and the Bluffs of White River.
The discussion upon meeting at Conner's was warm, if not worse, but the month of
Fall Creek won the day against the Bluffs by three votes to two. Who the lucky or
sagacious three were it is now impossible to say or they should have a conspicuous
place in the celebration of the city's birth-day. The government surveys had- been
completed in this portion of the State, and the Commissioners were thus enabled to
designate their choice in the mysterious but sensible gibberish of the survey office.
They reported on the seventh of June, that they had selected sections one, two, twelve
and eleven ; and, section two being a fraction, enough of west fractional section three
had been added to make up the grant. Thus the capital came to the mouth of Fall

10 HOLLOWAY'S USDIAXAP&LU.

Creek or near it. It was a narrow miss, but as it was a miss we can hardly speculate
more profitably on the possible results of one more vote going for the Bluffs, than did
the young lady upon the problem "where she would have been if her father had not
married her mother?"

The SKCOXD YEAR of the town's existence began with the act to lay it off and name
it. On the sixth of January, 1821, the Legislature confirmed the choice made by the
Commissioners, and called the new-born city IXDIAXAPOLIS. The etymology of this
name is evident enough and its propriety is indisputable, but it is not generlly known
to whom the city is indebted for it. In the Legislative Committee which prepared the
bill of confirmation the point was settled, and Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, of Jefferson
county, formerly of the State Supreme Court, suggested the name. In a letter replying
to the inquiries of Governor Baker (kindly made at the suggestion of the author,)
Judge Sullivan give-s the following interesting account of the christening of the
capital :

"I have a very distinct recollection of the great diversity of opinion that pre-
vailed as to the name by which the new town should receive Legislative baptism.
The bill (if I remember aright) was reported by Judge Polk, and was in the main,
very acceptable. A blank, of course, was left for the name of the town that was to
become the seat of government, and during the two or three days we spent in en-
deavoring to fill the blank there was in the debate some sharpness and much amuse-
ment.

"General Marston G. Clark, of Washington county, proposed 'Tecumseh' as the
name, and very earnestly insisted upon its adoption. When it failed he suggested
other Indian names, which I have forgotten. They all were rejected. A member
proposed 'Suwarrow,' which met with no favor. Other names were proposed, dis-
cussed, laughed at, and voted down, and the house without coming to any agreement,
adjourned until the next day. There were many amusing things said, but my remem-
brance of them is not sufficiently distinct to state them with accuracy.

" I had gone to Corydon with the intention of proposing Indianapolis as the name
of the town, and on the evening of the adjournment above mentioned, or the next
morning, I suggested to Mr. Samuel Merrill, the representative from Switzerland
county, the name I proposed. He at once adopted it and said he would support it.
We, together, called on Governor Jennings, who had been a witness of the amusing
proceedings of the day previous, and told him what conclusion we had come to, and
asked him what he thought of the name. He gave us to understand that he favored
it, and that he would not hesitate to so express himself. When the House met and
went into convention on the bill, I moved to fill the blank with Indianapolis. The
name created quite a laugh. Mr. Merrill, however, seconded the motion. We dis-
cussed the matter fully ; gave our reasons in support of the proposition ; the members
conversed with each other informally in regard to it, and the name gradually com-
mended itself to the committee, and was accepted. The principal reason given in
favor of adopting the name proposed, to wit : that the Greek termination would indi-
cate to all the world the locality of the town, was, I am sure, the reason that over-
came the opposition to the name. The town was finally named Indianapolis, with
but little, if any, opposition." Indiana polis, the city of Indiana, is a good
name, and likely to be known as that of the largest inland city in the Union.

Christopher Harrison, James Jones and Samuel P. Booker, were, by the same act,
appointed Commissioners to "lay off" the town, and directed to meet here on the first
Monday of April, appoint two surveyors and a clerk, make a survey and two maps, and

INFLUX OF " OLD SETTLERS." H

advertise and sell the alternate lots as soon as practicable, the proceeds of the sales to
constitute a building fund.

The effect of this selection, and its confirmation, was to add largely to the slender
population of the metropolis, and to bring in not a few of those who still lire honored
among us or hare left honored names and representatives behind them. Before the
lot sales took place, or soon after, there came Morris Morris, Dr. S. G. Mitchell, John
Given, James Given, James M. Ray, Matthias R. Nowland, Nathaniel Cox, John
Hawkins, Dr. L. Dunlap, David Wood, Daniel Yandes, Alexander Ralston, Dr. Isaac
Coe, Douglas Maguire, Obed Foote, Calvin Fletcher, James Blake, Alexander W.
Russell, Caleb Scudder, Nicholas McCarty, George Smith, Nathaniel Bolton, Wilkes
Reagan, James Paxton, Samuel Henderson, and others less known. They came in
nearly equal proportions from the south and east, or " Kentucky and Whitewater, "
as the divisions were then called. A population of some hundreds had been gathered
by the fall, and the village might be said to have fairly entered upon its career.

The history of that first year, with a name, is a history of many annoyances, much
suffering and much manly and noble exertion. A very wet summer aided the natural
miasm of the region to produce such a general distribution of the chills and fever that
but three persons out of the whole population escaped. Though severe, the visitation
was rarely fatal to the settlers, though it came near proving so to the settlement-
For rumor flew abroad with the news and dropped perilous exaggerations everewhere.
But the city outlived them as the citizens outlived their cause. An unfortunate result
of the general prostration was that nobody had been able to keep up the cultivation
of the "caterpillar deadening," and when the bright days of October brought return-
ing health it brought also starvation. There was no mill and nothing to grind if
there had been one. Game alone was poor eating. Flour or meal could only be had
by packing it on horses from the Whitewater, sixty miles off, through a pathless wil-
derness. But the courage of the settlers rallied to the work, and a system of horse
transportation was established which furnished a meagre supply, eked out by the pur.
chase of corn from the Indians up the river, which was brought down in boats.

The " social -events "of the year were the birth of a child to Mr. Harding, who
was given the name of Mordecai, and he "still lives," hearty and vigorous. This is
claimed by some to be the first birth in Indianapolis ; others claim the honor for a son
of Mr. Corbaly. The other, even more interesting event, was the marriage of Jere-
miah Johnson, to Miss Jane Reagan, the first marriage in Indianapolis. An-d it would
be memorable if it were the last in last week's list in the daily papers. For the gallant
Jerry, with a devotion unknown in these degenerate days, walked to Connersville,
sixty miles, for his marriage license, for Indianapolis was under the jurisdiction of the
mother settlement as yet. And then he had to wait some weeks for a preacher to
perform the ceremony. The first sermon was preached by Rev. John McClung, a
"New Light," in what was afterwards the circle grove.

Business received a start during the year by the establishment of a store on the
south bank of Pogue's Creek, in March, 1821, by Daniel Shaffer, who died in June
following. John and James Given and John T. Osborn followed in the same line,
near the river, and later Luke Walpole, Mr. Wilmot and Jeremiah Johnson, began
business. James Linton built a saw mill on Fall Creek just above the Crawfordsville
road, some of the timbers are still standing and a grist mill for Isaac Wilson, on
the same stream near where the old " Patterson Mill " was. It had no " bolt " how-
ever, and its flour had to be sifted a very common necessity in those days, in the
backwoods. James Blake put up the first frame and plastered house, just east of
where the Masonic Hall now stands. Carter, Hopkins and Nowland, all had set up

J2 SOLLOWATS 1SDIASAPOLIS.

t-averns, and Joseph C. Read opened a school. The first market was held in the
circle. And thus the metropolis started in business.

One very serious annoyance to which the citizens were subjected was the mainte-
nance of the jurisdiction of Connersville over them as a part of Delaware County,
which embraced all the centre and north of the State, and was attached for judicial
purposes to the White Water jurisdiction. Every case had to be tried on the White
Water, and the expenses of attendance would eat up any ordinary demand. Probably
the effect was beneficial in repressing litigation. But it was more serious in criminal
cases, for prisoners could not well be taken sixty miles through the woods for trial
without allowing them many chances of escape. To obviate these difficulties the
Legislature, in January, 1821, authorized the appointment of two justices of the
peace for the New Purchase, with an appeal to the Bartholomew Court. Under this
authority Governor Jennings appointed John Maxwell, but after a few month's service
he resigned, and James Mcllvain was elected by the people and commissioned by the
Governor. Calvin Fletcher, who arrived in the fall of 1821, was the only lawyer,
luckily, or conflict might have made litigation. As it was Mr. Fletcher was virtually
the squire, and a wise one. Having no jail the citizens had no better policy to pursue
towards dangerous or troublesome offenders than to scare them off, and this they
practiced with good effect.

An amusing incident is related by Mr. Brown in illustration. Four Kentucky
boatmen came from the Bluffs to Indianapolis for a Christmas frolic. They soon got
drunk enough to be riotous, and began tearing down a little shanty of a goggery
kept by Daniel Larkins. The interference of the citizens was repelled with violent
threats which drove them off. But the grocery was a vital institution, and the laws
must not be outraged, so after consultation it was determined to take the rioters at
all hazards. James Blake, who seems to have been a leader in all enterprises of
"pith and moment," proposed to take the biggest and boldest himself if his associates
.would take the other three. It was agreed to and the capture effected. The prisoners
were taken before Squire Mcllvain, who fined them heavily, and in default of payment
ordered them to the Connersville jail. The idea of being taken sixty miles, in the
dead of winter through, an unbroken wilderness, was too much for their courage, and
they made their escape in the night, the guard understanding that that was exactly
what was wanted.

Running along with this current of social events and progress in 1821. was the
laying out and formal founding of the capital.

The Commissioners appointed by the Legislature to survey the donation, make a
plat of the proposed city, and sell the alternate lots, did not meet on the first Monday
of April as ordered. Only Judge Christopher Harrison attended. But he proceeded
at once to execute the order. He appointed Elias P. Fordham and Alexander Ralston,
surveyors, and Benjamin I. Blythe, clerk. Mr. Blythe, who became a resident of the
place and was afterwards agent for the sale of lots, was well known to all old resi-
dents. Ralston was a resident also, and seems to have been the active and controlling
man in the survey. He had, when young, assisted in the survey of Washington
city, and to the ideas obtained in that work we are probably indebted for the plan of
the city, and especially its wide and regular streets. He was a Scotchman, a bachelor,
and had been concerned in Burr's expedition, the failure of which left him in the
West, where he chose to remain. He died in 1827, and was buried in the "old grave
yard," though nobody now knows where.

The "donation" of four sections WAS surveyed, a fraction on the west side of the
river being added to fiil out one of the sections from which a corner was cut off by

PLAN OF THE TOWS.

13

the eastward bend of the river. In the centre of this tract a plat of one mile square
was made for the capital. It may be remarked here, however, that the donation is
not exactly in the centre of the State, nor is the old plat of the city exactly in the
centre of the donation. The latter is a mile or two northwest of the centre of the
State. The location of the city in the donation was determined mainly by the posi-
tion of Pogue's Creek. To have put the city in the centre of the donation would have
taken the creek too nearly through the middle of it, and the valley of that stream was
a very uninviting locality in those days. To avoid it the plat was located further
north and the centre placed at the circle. A beautiful little knoll further recom-
mended this point.

On this central knoll a circle of about four acres was laid off as the starting
point, and a street eighty feet wide thrown round it. From the extreme corners of
the four adjacent squares, avenues were sent out to the northeast, northwest, southeast,
and southwest. The first street south was made one hundred and twenty feet
wide, and called "Washington" then, and is so called now, but for many years it was
called " Main " street. The remainder of the square mile was laid off in regular
squares of four hundred and twenty feet, separated by ninety feet streets following
the cardinal points of the compass, and divided by alleys of thirty and fifteen feet,
crossing each other at right angles in the centre. The boundary streets, East, West,
North and South, were not included in the original survey. The Commissioner
seems to have thought that nobody would ever live on the outside of the last line of
squares and made no provision to reach any but the inside. These streets owe their
existence to James Blake, who represented their importance to Commissioner Harrison,
and he subsequently added them to the plat. The "out-blocks, " or divisions of the
donation outside the original plat, were made some time afterwards. Nobody dreamed
that the young town could grow all over the old plat, the " out-lots, " and a great deal
of the country outside of both, as it has.

The surveys having been completed and mapped as required by law, the sale of
alternate lots was advertised to be held on the tenth of October, by General John
Carr, State Agent. At the appointed time it was held in a cabin occupied as a tavern
by Matthias Nowland, a little west of the present line of the canal, on Washington
street. Although the main settlement was on the river, as new settlements always
are, the sickness that had hardly yet passed away convinced the people that they must
move farther off, and river lots did not sell well. The sales lasted several days and
three hundred and fourteen lots were sold for $35,596 25, of which one-fifth, $7,119 25
was paid down, the remainder to be paid in four equal annual instalments. The lot
on the northwest corner of Delaware and Washington streets brought the highest
price, $560, and one west of the State House square sold for the next highest price,
$500. Prices generally ranged between $100 and $300.

The progress made in the disposal of the town site and the .adjacent out-lota of
the donation, gave but a feeble promise of the future growth of the town. After the
first sales, lots, as the market phrase has it, were "dull and inactive." Of the three
hundred and fourteen sold one hundred and sixty-nine were forfeited or exchanged
for others. The reserved lots only alternate lots were first sold and those that had
been forfeited, were offered for sale repeatedly, but unavailingly. Money was scarce, of
course, as it always is, and the reputation of the town for health was bad. The
capital, though assigned to the town, might be kept away for years, as it was. The
outlook was unpromising. The growth was slow, so slow that as late as 1831, three-
fourths of the town site and donation remained unsold. In that year the Legislature,
by putting a minimum price of $10 upon the lots, managed to get rid of most of them,

14 HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

and when the sales were closed in 1842, it was found that the whole of Indianapolis
had brought but $125,000. Out of this fund, the State House, Court House, the
Governor's House, in the circle, the Clerk's office, and Treasurer's house and office
were paid for. The agency for the sale of city lots was held successively by General
Carr, James Milroy, Bethuel F. Morris, Benjamin I. Blythe, Ebenezer Sharpe, John
G. Brown, Thomas H. Sharpe and John Cook. It was then transferred to the State
Auditor.

The city &a thus sold out was a forest, except where a clearing here and there
had opened the ground to the light.

To get the streets cleared it was proposed to give the timber to anybody who
would cut it. A man by the name of Lismund Basye took the contract for Washing-
ton street, expecting to make a "good thing" of such a superb lot of timber trees, and
then began to calculate. There were no mills and his trees were of no use without
them, so he rolled his splendid logs together and burned them as well as his
"fingers."

The year was closed by the inauguration of a county organization. The sales
made by Judge Harrison were confirmed by the Legislature, and on the last day of
the year 1821, an act was passed organizing Marion county, and attaching to it for
judicial purposes the territory now constituting the counties of Johnson, Hamilton,
Boone, Madison and Hancock. The present Court House Square was dedicated to
judicial uses, and $8,000 appropriated to build a two story brick Court House, fifty
feet square, to be completed in three years, and used by the State, Federal and County
Courts, and by the Legislature for fifty years, or until a State House should be built.
Two per cent of the lot fund was set apart for a County Library. William W. Wick
was elected the first Judge of the Circuit Court, and Hervey Bates appointed the first
sheriff. Both came out early in the following year, 1822.

h ap t er II*

CONDITION OF THE TOWN THE WANT OF ROADS CHARACTER OF THE POPULATION THE

PRIVATE POSTOFFICE THE FIRST PAPER THE FIRST ELECTIONS THE FIRST COURT,

COURT-HOUSE AND JAIL PROGRESS OF THE TOWN.

''HE beginning of the year 1822, is a convenient point from which to glance at
the situation and prospects of the city. The capital had been located, the town
named, its plan completed, enough of its lots sold and population collected to
warrant it against dying of inanition, and the political 'existence of the county had
just been recognized and a place within the law given it. It was ready for emigration
and emigrants were ready for elections, though no representation in the Legislature
had been allowed. The town was a fact, but an almost imperceptible one in the dense
and limitless woods into which it had crawled. It made little more change in the
face of the region than the boring of a few grubs makes in a white oak log. Scattered
cabins seemed to have dropped down with no order or purpose, thickening a little
near the river, and thickening still more toward the East, but they marked no street
except the line of Washington, which still bore dismal testimony to the fate of
Basye's speculation in timber. It was crowded with stumps and heaps of logs and
limbs, which, in places, the close undergrowth of hazel, spice brush and pawpaw made
impervious to all penetration. To travel along it was impossible ; to cross it, except by
long and devious ways, very difficult ; to see across it a feat of little easier performance
than looking through a stone wall. Mr. Brown notices that a spectator standing in
the door of Hawkins's tavern (old Capital House site) could not see a house where
Hubbard's block is on the corner of Washington and Meridian streets. No other
street was visible at all, or only by patches of ineffectual clearing. Neighbors went
from house to house through paths as hard to follow as a cow track in White River
bottom. One could walk right over the places where are now depots, churches and four
story houses, but he had to bend out of the way an intrusive root, or an inconvenient
log. It is hardly a score of years since the last vestiges of this troublesome thicket
disappeared, and on Pogue's Creek, near West street, there are ^still some honey
locusts surviving the destruction.

The means of communication between the town and other portions of the State
were no better than those between neighbors in the town. There were no roads.
The river was useless except for such trading as necessity might create with the
Indians ; and the Cumberland, or National, Road, though on its way westward, came
slowly and was by no means certain of being able to come beyond the Ohio State
line at all. For the government was building it by contract with Ohio, with money
reserved from the proceeds of public land sales in that State, and when the contract
should be finished at the western boundary, there was no power to go further, except
by such a construction of the Constitution as would, and did, arouse one of the
warmest and most protracted political controversies in our national history, and ended
by dropping the tail of the road in the mud a little west of Big Eagle Creek. The

16

UOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

State Legislature petitioned Congress for a continuance of the road through the newly
chosen capital, within two days after the choice had been confirmed, but no attention
was given the request. It was not till about Christmas, 1828, when Hon. Oliver
H. Smith, then a representative in Congress from the White Water district of this
State, by a resolution directing a continuance of the road westward beyond the limit
of the contract with Ohio, woke up the sleeping lion of party conflict, that attention
was effectively called to the matter. Even then, but for Hon. William McLean,
of Ohio, the road would have left Indianapolis a tier of counties to the north, for Mr.
Smith's resolution directed the " existing location to be followed " and that was
tending southward. Mr. McLean changed the direction "from Zanesville, through
Columbus," and sent it to this place. But this really great (for that day) work came
too late to relieve the necessities of the mud and wood bound town. We got but
little good of it till 1838, and by that time, though it was the only good road we had,
railroads were acquiring too firm a grasp of public feeling and hope to allow its indis-
putable value to encourage the improvement of other roads. Its direct advantage
beyond macadamizing Washington street, was not at all equal to the anticipations of
the citizens. It became a thoroughfare for emigration to the Mississippi and beyond,
but it left here little of the deposit that was borne along by its current. It did a vast
deal for the West but not much for Indianapolis.

There were other roads, or rather places for them, laid out to the Ohio and White-
water rivers by the Legislature, in the winter of 1821-2, and one hundred thousand dol-
lars appropriated to build them, and still others were asked for by a petition of the citizens
in the fall of 1822, but all were little better than none till long after the town had ceased
to be dependent upon them. The " Michigan State Road" from the Ohio river to the
new capital through Greensburg, was one of these, and at the lower end it was made
a very good road, but the upper end was mud or "cross way," impassable in winter
and intolerable in summer. The Madison road through Franklin and Columbus was
even worse. So were all the Northern lines to Pendleton. Noblesville and Crawfords-
ville. And so they remained till neighborhood thrift and convenience gravelled or
planked them into passability. It needs no very long memory to recall the merchant's
journey to Cincinnati, consuming double the time and ten fold the comfort of a
trip now to New York; or the voyages of goods wagons quite equal to an Atlantic
voyage now; in the days when the Stucks, Lemasters, Perrys and their associates
ruled transportation with the wagon whip as absolutely as Vanderbilt or Fisk can do with
their tariffs; and those who can recall those days and scenes can easily understand what
the isolation of Indianapolis was when it had no roads at all. Attempts to improve
the river were made at intervals for years, but never accomplished anything but a
demonstration that nothing could be done at all except upon a scale unlikely to be

attempted.

The town was hidden and out of reach. We who see it the greatest railroad

centre on the earth, accessible from more directions and to greater numbers than any
other city that ever existed, find it hard to understand the motives that could have
impelled the settlers of this period to try to get to it. Immediate profit they could
not count upon, for there were no mines or promises of unusual development. What-
evey they got they knew they would have to get by hard work or shrewd manage-
ment, as they could anywhere else. Real estate promised a poor speculation, even in
an embryo capital to which access was difficult always and almost impossible for half
the year, and where sickness and starvation were visitors of most unpleasant fre-
quency. There was not much to look to as remuneration for a great deal that must

POPULATION, AND FIRST POST OFFICE. 17

be endured. Whether it was a higher motive than personal advantage, or merely an
irrepressible feeling of unrest, that sent our first settlers here, it is certain that if the
upbuilding of the town had depended upon similar efforts of their descendants and
successors it would have remained unbuilt. It is not necessary to look for greater
virtues among pioneers than among their children to account for their contented
endurance of privations, or ready daring of danger; but more striking virtues we certainly
shall find. Doubtless we of this day have qualities better suited to our times, and an
average of endowments and deficiencies of one generation would probably differ but
little from that of the other, but those of the pioneers, whatever they were, were
not ours. That is certain. No other town in the State has had to encounter so many
and so serious obstacles to improvement. Those which once rivalled it had infinite
advantages, either in navigable streams or easy access to other settlements. Indian-
apolis had nothing, and lay among hostile Indians where scalps were little safer than
they are now" on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Isolation, sickness and endless
forests were serious drawbacks to a town that offered no better inducements than,
could be found in every township of the State. There is no just parallel between it
and the cities of the far West that have sprouted out of the gold traffic. Great risks
for great gains are frequent enough anywhere, and nowhere more frequent than at the
faro table. There were no such chances and no such efforts here, yet no gold town
can show a history of greater difficulties surmounted by more indomitable resolution;

The population at the beginning of 1822, numbering not far from five hundred,;
was quite as well provided with mechanical and professional skill as any young town,
could be, and there was very little, if any, admixture of the fierce ruffianism too often,
nourished by remote settlements and unforgotten Indian cruelties. All were workers r .
and if there were any drones they were not troublesome as well as useless; The con-
dition of the town is exhibited accurately enough in a paragraph of one of the earliest
copies of the first newspaper published here. Forty dwellings had been built during
the past year; several workshops had been erected, and two saw mills and a grist
mill were in operation in the vicinity, while others were in course of construction.
There were thirteen carpenters, four cabinet makers, eight blacksmiths, four shoe-
makers, two tailors, pne hatter, two tanners, one saddler, one cooper, four bricklayers, .
two merchants, three grocers, four doctors, three lawyers, one preacher, one teacher,
and seven tavern keepers. The nttmberof the last class seems to indicate a tendency
towards speculating on the possession of the Legislature for three months in the year.
There could have been but very few of the adult male population outside of this list
of sixty-one working men.

In the remote and almost inaccessible situation of the little community, the wajit
of postal facilities was, next to the supply of the necessaries of life, most keenly felt;
and one of its first efforts, after settling into the form and substance of a village, was
to open communication with the world ! they had. left. A meeting ci the citizens was
held at Hawkins's tavern, on the thirtieth of January, to establish, a private mail,
which, ineficient as it must be, was better than the chance of trusting to new emi-
grants or occasional visitors to carry letters. A. postmaster, whose chief duty was mail
carrying, was chosen, in Mr. Aaron Drake, and he notified postmasters to forward'
Indianapolis matter to Connersville, where he would receive it and take it to its
destination. He heralded his first arrival by an. uproarious blowing of his horn, and"
though it was after nightfall the people turned, out in mass to welcome him and his
budget of news. The government, in a few weeks, completed the work thus irre-
sponsibly begun, and in February sent Samuel Henderson as a regularly commissioned!

(2)

1Q HOLLOWAY'S ISD1ANAPOLK.

postmaster, to displace Mr. Drake's enterprise. He opened his office on the seventh of
March, and a month after published the first list of five uncalled for letters, a number indi-
cating, with about equal clearness, a meagre correspondence and an eager inquiry for what
there was. Henderson held the place till 1831. The office was moved about with
the changes made by the growth of the town, but was, on the whole, much less
vagrant than might have been anticipated even by those who could have forseen the
stages in its course to its present magnitude. It was first kept near where the canal
now runs, that then being a half-way point between the earlier settlement on the
river and the later and larger to the eastward. It was next kept in Henderson's
tavern, on the site of Glenn's block; then in what used to be called "Union Row,"
a line of two story brick buildings of surpassing splendor for that day, of which John
Cain, the postmaster, owned one and put his office in it ; later in the building on the
west side of Meridian street, near Washington, now incorporated in " Hubbard's
$lock;" at one time it was kept on the west side of Pennsylvania street, in the same
building with the JOURNAL office, and a fire which broke out in the Washington street
.front of the block endangered it greatly ; subsequently it was removed to Blackford's
building on the east side of Meridian street, opposite to a former location, and there
it remained till its removal to the building which the government erected expressly
.for it. Of the history of its business more will be said in another place.

Almost simultaneously with the establishment of the first mail came the first
newspaper of the town. It was issued on the twenty-eighth of January, and an-
nounced that its owners and editors were George Smith and Nathaniel Bolton. The
former was rather a conspicuous character aside from the notoriety attaching to a
magnate of the press. He wore a queue carefully tied with an eel skin string. The " old
settlers" believed fully that some sort of virtue lay in such a string that no twine or
strip of buckskin could boast. Old women always tied their " back hair" with eel
skin, and many an eel has died a victim to this fancy that might have lived till now
if only sought for his meat. Mr. Smith, moreover, had a most sonorous sneeze, which,
to all the inhabitants in the vicinity of his residence on the corner of Georgia
and Tennessee streets, where the Catholic institutions now stand, proclaimed the early
dawn as regularly as cock-crow, and could be heard nearly as far as the arsenal gun.
He was a man of some eccentricity of character, and esteemed of a rather intellectual
cast in that day of material interests and influences. Mr. Bolton is better known as
the first husband of Mrs. Sarah T. Bolton, not unfrequently called the " poetess of
Indiana," and, unquestionably, for many years more widely known than any other
literary personage in the State. He was State Librarian at one time, and subsequently
Consul at the city of Geneva, Switzerland. He was more or less connected with the
press for many years, but though a man of sound sense and fair attainments, he never
made a very broad mark either on the press, or, through it, on the public. The first
office of the Gazette, was a cabin near where the present Fifth Ward school stands on
Maryland street. It was soon changed to the site of the Metropolitan Theatre ; and
thence to a building near Pennsylvania street on Washington; and later to a one-
story brick on the site of Temperance Hall, which became afterwards a theatre, and
the headquarters of recruiting for the Mexican war.

Very few papers have encountered or withstood greater difficulties so early in life.
Its ink was compound of tar, and realized the printer's description of a paper " worked
with swamp mud on a cider press." It appeared as it had a chance, for the lack of
mails made it difficult to gather matter, and as for local news every tongue told that
to every ear, and the accidental paper must have been as empty as a last year's bird's
nest. Seven numbers were published between the twenty-eighth of January and the

FIRST NEWSPAPER F1KST ELECTION. JQ

fourth of May, an average of one every two weeks. After that the roads and mails
enabled it to appear regularly. A notice of the press of the city will give further
information in regard to it, its rivals and the successors of both.

Following closely after the first mail and the first paper, came the first election.
The county had been organized, but it had no officers, except the Judge and Sheriff,
who served by appointment of the Governor. On the 22d of February Hervey Bates,
the Sheriff, issued a proclamation ordering the election on the first of April following,
of two Associate Judges, a Clerk, Recorder, and three Commissioners, and designating
polling places, which show what a very extensive county we had then. One was in
the town at the house of General Carr, the State Agent for the sale of town lots, on
Delaware street, opposite the present county offices; one at John Finch's, near Con-
ner's settlement, four rn'iles south of Noblesville; one at John Page's, Strawtown, in
the northern part of what is now Hamilton county; one at John Berry's, Anderson,
now Madison county; and one at William McCartney's, on Fall Creek, near Pendle-
ton. The list of candidates would have shamed even the formidable array of names
that "Many Friends" announce every two years at this day. 'For Judges, James
Page, Robert Patterson, James Mcllvain, Eliakim Harding, John Smock, and Rev.
Jolin McClung announced themselves. For Clerk, James M. Ray, Milo R. Davis,
Morris Morris, Thomas Anderson, and John W. Redding. For Recorder, Alexander
Ralston, Joseph C. Reed, Aaron Drake, John Givan (still living), John Hawkins,
William Vandegrift, and William Townsend. For County Board there were about
five candidates for each of the three memberships. In a voting population of three
hundred and thirty, a list of thirty-three candidates indicates that if there is any dif-
ference, we "have degenerated a little from the ambition of our predecessors. Partisan
differences, though resting on no questions of policy, were pretty well marked, and
followed the line of nativity closely. Kentucky and Whitewater, represented by
Morris Morris and James M. Ray, were the contestants, and they fought as eagerly,
though hardly so unscrupulously, as later rivals for the same offices. Every voter was
brought out, and pretty nearly every one was taken back drunk. In respect of
temperance, later elections are a decided improvement on those of the first twenty
years of our history. The Kentuckians were mainly the sufferers, from too recent
residence to be entitled to a vote, and Whitewater was victorious. James M. Ray
became the first County Clerk ; Joseph C. Reed, the first schoolmaster, became first
County Recorder; John T. Osborn, John McCormack and William McCartney first
Commissioners; and Eliakim Harding and James Mcllvain, first Associate Judges.
James M. Ray got 21 7 votes, out of an entire poll of 336 in the county. At the Indi-
anapolis precinct, 224 votes were cast, of which something over 100 belonged to the
"donation." The vote shows that some addition had been made to the adult popu-
lation of the town since the Gazette's list appeared. In August, the election for Gov-
ernor was held, and William Hendricks received 315 votes, out of 317. Harvey Bates
was then elected Sheriff, and George Smith, Coroner.

The County Board organised on the 15th of April, and formed thirteen town-
ships Pike, Washington, Lawrence, Wayne, Center, Warren, Decatur, Perry and
Franklin, as at present, with four others in the outlying portions of the county Fall
Creek, Anderson, White River and 'Delaware. Some of these were attacited to the
administration of larger townships for a time. In Center, Wilkes Reagan, Obed
Foote and Lismund Basye were elected Justices on the 23d of May.

The first term of Court commenced on the 26th of September, and the session was
first held in Carr's Cabin, already alluded to. Judge W. W. Wick presided, assisted
by his new associates Harding and Mcllvain; Clerk Ray produced his first docket as

20 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

Clerk; Hervey Bates introduced business with the first official "Oyez," as sheriff;
and Calvin Fletcher acted, by appointment, as the first Prosecutor. The Court, after
organizing, adjourned to Crambaugh's house, west of the Canal, and there tried the
first case. Daniel Bowman vs. Meridy Edwards. Richard Good, late of Ireland,
was naturalized. The Grand Jury returned twenty-two indictments, six of them for
unlicensed liquor-selling; and John Hawkins was granted a license to keep a tavern
and sell liquor. As debtors were then liable to imprisonment, "bounds" were fixed;
which allowed unfortunate poverty a chance to move about, but confined it to der-
tain streets.

The appropriation of $8,000 and a square of ground, made by the Legislature, for
a Court House, was first applied .by the County Commissioners on the 22d of May,
when a call was made for a plan of the proposed building. That of John E. Baker
and James Paxton was selected, and the contract for erection awarded them in
September. What the plan was could be seen a few weeks ago. The work was
begun the following summer, and completed in the fall of 1824, at a cost of $14,000.
At the same session of the County Board, Mr. Sheriff Bates was directed to procure
proposals for a jail, and for clearing the Court House square. The latter was done
partly by the axe and partly by the wind. A fine selection of large trees was left
standing when the forest was cut away, but they were blown and broken oif so badly
that it was thought best to clean them out entirely. The jail, of hewed logs, two
stories high, was finished early in the fall. It stood on the northwest corner of the
square, a little north of the present temporary Court House. It was burned in 1833,
by a negro, who a short time before had paraded the streets riding on the back of a
buffalo, to the amazement of all the school children, and distinguished by a red mo-
rocco band on his cap, and the name of " Buffalo Bill." He was not burned iu the
jail, but it would have been little matter if he had been. A new brick jail, so long,
identified with Andrew Smith, Deputy Sheriff and Jailfer, and with Mr. Mattingly,
was then built east of the old Court House, on Alabama street, and enlarged in 1845
by an addition made of three concentric courses of hewed logs, each a foot "thick, the
fiiiddle one crossing the others transversely, and making quite as safe a prison, except
against fire, as any stone or brick contrivance yet attempted. Both gave place, in
1852, to the present costly and inadequate structure. The Court House will soon be
replaced by the building, a cut of which forms the frontispiece to this volume.

Along with other interesting first observances or inaugurations, that of the first
Fourth of July celebration deserves notice. It had been arranged at a meeting at
Hawkins' tavern two weeks before, and was held on the old "Military Ground,''
where subsequently the "Bloody Three Hundred" rendezvoused for the Black Hawk
expedition. Rev. John McClung preached a sermon from Proverbs xiv. and 34, Judge
Wick read the Declaration of Independence, prefaced with some appropriate remarks,
and 'Squire Obed Foote read Washington's In'augural Address, John Hawkins read
the Farewell Address, and Rev. Robert Brenton, with a benediction, dismissed the
meeting to a barbecue of a buck, which Robert Harding had killed the day before in
the north part of the donation. The banquet was enlivened with whisky, and toasts
and speeches by Dr. Mitchell and Major Redding, and the whole affair concluded with
a ball at Crumbaugh's.

Militia musters were deemed important in those days, and Hot a few of our
statesmen have won their way to national prominence through the popularity first
gained with a militia plume or epaulet. James Paxton was the first Colonel of the
regiment assigned to this section of the State the Fortieth ; Samuel Jtforrow Lieu-
enant Colonel, and Alexander TV. Russell. Major. These titles clung to their

IHPROVElfEXTS FIRST BBICK BUILDJNG.

21

victims t<Kthe last day of their lives, except where they wtre changed, as in Russell's
case, for a higher one.

The first camp meeting was held for three days, beginning on the 12th of Sep-
tember, by Rev. James Scott, the first Methodist pieacher of the town, who was
sent here by the St. Louis conference. During the fall one of those singular phe-
nomena of animal instinct, a migration of squirrels, took place. The town was
filled with them, and myriads crossed the river, a feat which, except- in these
monstrous processions, squirrels rarely attempt. Another occurred in 1848, within
the memory of many now living, when the animals were seen frequently in the
remoter streets and ehot out of shade trees.

Though the health of the town had been better than during the preceding year,
and not worse than that of western villages usually was in those days, the ill repute
of the universal prostration of 1821 clogg. d its progress. The unsold lots remained
unsold, and many that had been sold showed signs of a coming forfeiture. Times
were hard, as they always are in a new country, and the list of tax delinquencies
much longer in proportion than it is now, for sums ranging from a quarter of a
dollar to three dollars, showed it unmistakably. Men who hold lots for a specula-
tion, as well as those who hold for homes, do not willingly incur the liabilities of a
tax sale. To encourage settlement, even on probation, the Legislature, early in
January, authorized the unsold lots to be sold upon condition that they were cleared
within four months. The tract on the west side of the river (thrown in to make
up the complete four square miles of the Government donation), though it prom-
ised rather better than it does now, was thought so unlikely of settlement as a town,
that it was leased in lots big enough for moderate farms, ranging from five to twenty
acres. A lease was also made for three years of the ferry across White River. It
ran very nearly across from the foot of Washington street to the opposite bank,
some hundred yards below the National Road bridge. Two acres were also autho r,
ized to be sold for a brick yard. Whatever may have been the effect of these
encouragements, there is but one of them that has left a trace to our day, and that
is the last. The brick yard furnished the material for the first brick building
erected in the city, and it is standing yet, opposite the no;th end of the Post Office,
on the north side of Market street. It was erected by John Johnson, begun in 1822,
and completed in about a year. The first two-story frame was erected in the spring
of this year, by James Linton, on Washington street, near the alley east of the
Metropolitan Theatre. For a number of years it was stored full of old documents,
and was occupied sometimes for public offic s, but a portion of the time as a book-
bindery. The cellar under it eaved in, on the street side as well as on the other,
and the hogs used to wallow there. Then it was abandoned, or used for any chance
purpose that it suited, till about 1840, when it was repaired and additions made to
it, and a tavern for a long time known as the " Buck Tavern," from its sign, was
kept tliere by Mr. Armstrong. It was burned down in 1847. A market house was
placed in the circle grove in the spring of 1822, but was soon transferred to the pres-
ent East Market place.

Though the town was the chosen capital cf the State, the county had no repre-
sentation in the Legislature. A petition to obtain it was adopted by a meeting in
the fall, and an effort made to obtain a weekly mail from the actual capital, Cory-
cen, by way of Vernon. Neither met with success, nor did a later effort to have
the town incorporated. The citizens were not agreed about it, and no further steps
were taken in that direction for ten years.

SECOND PAPER LEGISLATIVE ELECTION IMPROVEMENTS FIRST DRAMA FIRST
CHURCH AND SUNDAY SCHOOL ORDER TO REMOVE THE CAPITAL THE
INDIAN MURDER GREAT FRESHET.

beginning of the year 1823 was signalized by the admission of the county
to the Legislature, and the preparations for the election in the following
August. Two newspapers are, of course, essential to any well regulated polit-
ical contest, and as tbere was but one (the Gazette), when the contest opened,
another became inevitable and appeared on the 7th of March. It was called " The
Western Censor and Emigrants Guide," with that peculiar inverse proportion of
length of name to intrinsic value that distinguishes young country newspapers
everywhere. Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire were the proprietors and edit-
ors. Mr. Gregg has passed from the memory of all but a very few of the present
generation, but he was known as a lawyer of decided ability, and like his rival,
Mr. Smith, of some personal eccentricity. Mr. Maguire is still well remembered
by many as one of our prominent citizens, a capable and faithful State officer
(Auditor,) a true friend, and a most kindly and genial gentleman, though irritable
withal, easily vexed and as easily placated. His connection with the paper, in one
capacity or another, continued till 1835, but that of Mr. Gregg terminated in 1824.
Mr. G. was succeeded by John Douglass, then recenily from Corydan, the capital,
where he had been printer to the State, Mr. Maguire acting as editor. Early in 1825
the name was changed to the " Indiana Journal," which it still retains, and seems
likely to retain as long as a newspaper shall be published in Indianapolis. Samuel
Merrill subsequently became editor. His successors and the changes in proprietor-
ship will be noticed under their proper head.

The Censor and Guide took tbe political path that finally led to whigism, as the
Gazette's did to Democracy; but this was the "era of good feeling," as it has been
called, when parties were in a transition state, solidifying from the break up of the
old Federal and Democratic parties into the future Whig and Democratic parties,
and differences were less defined and less bitter then than they have become since.
Parties had not been disciplined to the accuracy and unanimity of movement of
armies, even where parties were distinctly formed, and elections were in a good
degree contests of personal popularity. No man knew exactly what anybody else
believed about politics, and was not always clear as to what he believed himself, or
whom he agreed with, and his choice was naturally enough decided by personal
inclination. Electioneering, though a less expensive, was a more delicate, operation
than now, when a nomination gives a candidate about all the strength that any
quantity of ability and personal popularity can gain. The solidity of parties is too
great to be easily affected by any individual quality. But in that day a man carried
himself, consequently the "ingratiating" element came powerfully into play, and
was aided by the paucity of voters which made a personal acquaintance with every

HOTELS THEATRICAL PERFORMANCE. 23

one not only possible but easy. The day of child-kissing;, dinner-eating, wife-flat-
tering electioneering is pretty well over now; but in 1823 and for many a year
afterwards, it was a candidate's " best hold," and a good fiddler or '' go' d fellow"
pretty much the same thing has beaten a good orator and a sound legislator more
than once. But these were the exceptions then, as the choice of really inconppe'-
tenfc over competent men is the exception and not the rule, whatever their personal
acceptability may be, in all intelligent communities. The election made our firt
legislators of two men who would have done credit to any State. James Gregory
of Shelby, was our Senator, and Col Paxton our Representative.

The vote showed that the town was gaining but little. At the preceding
August election, when Hendricks was chosen Governor, 317 votes were cast in this
county. The total vote was now but 270. The Censor estimated the population of
the town at 600, probably quite as much as a census would have made good. A
year had done nothing but settle and fix the elements already collected. But
improvements were made, and a look of age and steadiness was gradually coming
upon the callow capital. A woolen mill was set in operation in Wilson's mill, by
Townsend & Pierce, in June. Woolen manufactures in the form of a supply of
yarn for socks and thread foi linsey and jeans, are among the first efforts of young
communities, and apt to appear beside or close after the saw and grist mill. In
this unpretending form they are as significant of a pioneer, as their larger succes-
sors are of the wealthy and well-grown, community. A new "tavern" for the
dignity of "hotel " was not claimed by the primitive establishments of those days
was built \)y Thomas Carter, on Washington street, opposite the Court house. It
was burned in 1825, during the first session of the Legisf&ture held in the capita].
A still larger and more famous tavern was erected about the same time by James
Blake and Samuel Henderson, the Post master, on the site of "Glenn's Block." It
was called "Washington Hall," a name which was perpetuated by its brick suc-
cessor, till the demands of business and the rise of more pretentious hotels sup-
planted it. Henderson's old frame was moved eastward in 1836, to make way for
the brick building, and was long occupied as a shoe and tailor shop, and by Gov.
Wallace as a law office. Gramling's block stands in its place now. In another
place will be found a fuller notice of our early hotels. These preparations for the
Legislature were not indications of equal activity in improvements in all directions-
Washington street was still encumbered with trees, and the others were only chopped
out in places. The town was mainly a collection of illy cleared farms, reached by
cow paths; still, it seems, by the complaints of the Censor, to have provoked the
envy or rivalry of other towns, though for what, it is not easy to see.

But the prospect of the acquisition of the capital exerted a sort of metropolitan
influence, and the close of the year brought the first Theatrical entertainment ever
witnessed in Indianapolis. It was given in Carter's tavern, on the night of
Wednesday, the 31st of December, and consisted of the "Doctor's Courtship or the
Indulgent Father," and the farce of the "Jealous Lovers." Price of admission,
thirty-seven and a half cents. In deference to the religious notions of the people
Mr. Carter insisted on the performance only of serious music, "hymn tunes" and
the like, by the single fiddle that constituted the orchestra. Several performances
were given with, we are left to infer, moderate success, as the "enterprising mana-
ger," Mr. Smith unhappily his first name is not known, or it was "John" and
might as well have not been any name at all came back next year, and repeated
the experiment with less success, as he ran off without paying the printer. The
Censor intimated on the return of Mr. Smith in 1824, that popular feeling was not

24 HOLLOWAY'B INDIANAPOLIS.

prepared for the levity of theatrical exhibitions, though its own opinion was not
adverse to them. This hint explains Mr. Carter's incongruous selection of ' serious
music." It was a compromise between scruple and curiosity.

The religious sentiment among the early settlers of the West, even when no
profession of religion was made, was always strong, and never yielded to fashiona-
ble solicitations or the hints of ' Mrs. Grundy." As already noticed, the circle
grove was used as a meeting house for the first attendants on public worship, and a
camp meeting , was held in 18-22, by the Methodists, east of town; but though s.ev-
-eral denominations were fairly represented, no church edifice was erected till this
year of 1823. The Presbyterians, early in the spring, held a meeting, and took
steps both for a church organization and building. The former was completed in
July, and the latter, at a cost of $1200 for building and lot, in the year following,
though the frame was raised pretty nearly simultaneously with the congregation.
It stood, till some ten or twelve years ago, where it was first placed, on Pennsylva-
nia street, about midway of the square north of Market, on the west side. It was
regularly occupied till superccded by an $8,000 brick structure, on the north-east
corner of Circle and Market streets, where The JOURNAL office now stands. Botk
have had to make way for increased congregations and the necessities of trade, and
are now represented by the superb edifice on the corner of New York and Penn-
sylvania streets.

This year was further marked, in its religious developement, by the organiza-
tion of the first Sunday School, as well as the first church. It met on March 6,
in the cabinet shop of Caleb or, as he was better known, "Squire" Scudder, on
the Washington street siife of the State House Square. No attempt was made to
introduce denominational differences. It was a Union School, so called, and so in
fact. Its anniversary has been often celebrated with much interest, no inco sid-
erable number of the first scholars being still alive to relate their experiences. The
attendance averaged about forty during the first year; but it was a sort of luxury
not deemed necessary to be kept up through the winter, and on the approach of cold
weather it was suspended till the following spring. It re-appeared on its first anni-
versary, and never was suspended again. Alter the completion of the Presbyterian
church in 1824, it was held there, and continued there till the growth of other
churches, and the obtrusion of denominational feelings, called off first one colony
and then another, leaving to the old place little more than its Presbyterian
collection. The Methodist school was separately organized April 24'h, 1829, and
the Baptist in 1832. After that each church formed its Sunday school to itself.
But the Union lived alone six years, as useful an institution as ever was established
anywhere. From an average attendance of forty the first year, it rose to an hun-
dred an fifty before the Methodist "swarm" left the "old hive," and had a library
of one hundred and fifty volumes of the now long-forgotten rnarble-paper covered
books of the type of the "Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." To this union of Sunday
schools we owe the long-prevalent fashion of celebrating the Fourth of July by a
procession of all the Sunday school scholar's of the town, a march to some conve-
nient grove, reading the Declaration of Independence, a speech by some prominent
lawyer or public man, and a dinner of "rusks" and water. This celebration con-
tinued till the excitement of the war banished it utterly, and it has never been
repl "ced by any general observance. The Fourth of July in the capital has dis-
appeared except as an idle holiday, or the occasion for some Society's pic-nic. But in
1823 the day was the great day of the year. Everybody celebrated it. A barbecue was
made by Wilkes Reagan, at his residence on Market street, near the creek. Rev.

ORDER FOR REMOVAL OF TIIE CAPITAL. 25

D. C. Proctor, the Presbyterian pastor, and the first regular pastor in the town,
officiated as chaplain, Daniel B. Wick as reader, and Morris Morris as orator. Rev.
Isaac Read closed with a benediction. The "barbecue," or roasting of a deer or
beef whole, was the staple entertainment of all public assemblages of these early
days. Political barbacues were frequent, and the reader may remember the noted
one giveu on the occasion of the viit of Henry Clay in 1842, in Gov. Noble's pas-
ture, east of town. That was about the last of those old-time festivities.

In the spring an organization of physicians was formed called the Indiana
Central Medical Society, with Dr S. G. Mitchell as president, and Dr. Livingston
Dunlap as secretary. Its purpose seems to have embraced one point more than its
euceessor of this day ; for under the law of that day doctors were licensed, and this
association was authorized to examine applicants and issue licenses.

Although, at the beginning of 1824, the rather disproportionate amount of hotels
to other improvements indicated an expectation of the removal of the capital, the
change was held off by several influence* the inaccessibility of the town, its repu-
ted bad health, its lack of suitable buildings or any at all sufficient for the Legisla-
ture, and not least, probably, by the fact that until the session of 1824 the new
county of M>irion had no representative in that, body. But when Senator Gregory
and Representative Paxton took their places, attention was effectively directed to
the matter, ai.d on the 28th of January, 1824, an act was pas ed transferring the
seat of Government to Indianapolis, ordering the removal, under the direction of
Samuel Merrill, State Treasurer, of the offices and archives, by the 10th of January
following, and fixing that day for the meeting of the Legislature in the new capitol,
the unfinished Court house. This was final as far as authority went, and the trans-
fer needed nothing but a wagon or two to be complete. Our members, upon their
return home after the adjournment of the Legislature, were given a complimentary
banquet at Washington Hall, at which the usual enthusiastic anticipations were
indulged, with the unusual fortune, however, of being at once above and below the
truth. So far as the influence of the acquisition of the capital went and the ban-
queters, of course, thought of no oth<er hope ran high over the reality. So far as
the ultimate growth and importance of the city, independent of the capital, was
indicated, the reality has outrun the wildest anticipations. The enthusiasm climbed
too high to see clearly what was at its feet, and not high enough to see what lay
a half century away. The interval, till the momentous wagon with Mr. Merrill's
boxes of papers arrived, was filled up with some improvements, and some incidents
that deserve to be remembered.

The streets were still in course of being opened ifco the light, and the Court,
house, a school house, the Presbyterian church, and a building for the State offices,
were going up. The population had shifted considerably, and while the county
grew daily larger arid stronger, the town stood pretty nearly where the .impetus
given by the lot sales had left it. Emigrants made it a stopping place where they
could look about and choose a location, and thus manj came who did not stay. A
census taken by the Union Sunday School Visitors the first of a series of rather
useless statistics that were regularly collected for many years indicated that the
"Donation" contained about one hundred families, an average population of six
hundred, of which one hundred and seventy-two were voters, and forty-five
were unmarried women.

This was not a very formidable strength if a collision should occur with the
Shawnees, whom the excellence of the hunting grounds still retained near their old
town on Fall Creek, in Madison county. A war could hardly be said to have been

26 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

possible, but a " row " certainly was ; and the town was easier to hurt, and had
more to lose, than its possible assailants. Consequently a feeling of insecurity was
never entirely allayed, and it was sometimes excited to a painful degree. The worst
and last of these alarms occurred on the 22d of March, 1824. This was the mur-
der of nine Seneca or Shawnee Indians, two men, one named Ludlow, three women,
two boys and two girls, by five whites, Harper, Sawyer and his son, Bridge and
bis son, and Hudson. Hon. Oliver H. Smith, in his " Early Indiana Sketches," gives
an account of the affair, and the serious commotion it excited even as far as the
national seat of Government. These Indians had encamped a short time before eight
miles above Pendelton, the seat of the then recently organized county of Madison,
and were watched with the usual disquietude of the whites. They had been hunting
and trapping only a week, Mr. Smith says, and were just ready to catch the rac-
coons as they issued from their winter holes to hunt frogs in the newly thawed
swamps and streams. But their collection of furs excited the cupidity of Harper,
who, doubtless, as did most frontiersmen, also retained the memory of some injury
inflicted by the Indians to aggravate his hate, and he led his companions into the
scheme to massacre the party and take their peltries. They entered the camp under
the pretext of hunting their horses, and got the Indians to go out with them to help
in the search. Harper took one Indian with him and Hudson took the other, and each
cruelly shot his companion dead within hearing of the women and children. The
whole party then went back to the camp, where (Sawyer shot one of the squaws and
Bridge and his son shot the other two. The children were shot with the same
fiendish deliberation, but the oldest boy not being quite dead when found, Sawyer
took him by the legs and knocked his brains out against a log. The bodies were
thrown into a pond, where the settlers found them next day, one of the women still
showing signs of life. The camp was robbed, and the murderers escaped, but not
long. Harper got away to Ohio, and in those days, at such a distance, he was as
safe as he would be now in Europe, and he never was caught. The others were,
and caught again after an escape in July.

This terrible crime produced serious apprehensions. The people in the vicinity
took refuge in the Pendleton mills, and the authorities thought it neeessary to take
especial measures to placate the Indians. Col. John Johnston, the Indian Agent at
Piqua, Ohio, and Mr. William Conner were dispatched on a mission of concilia-
tion. They assured the tribes that the murderers should be punished, and obtained
a pi-omise from the chief that nothing hostile should be done till they saw what the
"Great Father" would do. Whatever might have been the laxity of popular
notions of justice to Indians, in this case there was no escape from a rigid adherence
^o the law. The Government employed General James Noble, then United States
Senator, to assist Calvin Fletcher, the prosecutor, in the prosecution, and General
Noble brought with him his son-in-law, Philip Sweetser, a name well known in
after years at the bar of Indianapolis and in the Legislature. Nearly all the promi-
nent men of the bar were retained for the defense, among them Mr. Smith mentions
Harvev Gregg, editor of the Censor, Lot Bloomfield, James Rariden, Charles H.
Test, Daniel B. Wick, and William R. Morris, of this State, and General Sampson
Mason, and Moses Vance, of Ohio. Hudson was indicted and tried in November,
"in a new log building, with a puncheon floor," in Pendleton, before Judge Wick
with Associate Judges Samuel Holliday and Adam Winchell, the latter a black-
smith, who ironed the prisoners on their arrest. Mr. Smith states that W. R. Mor-
ris, for the defense, moved for a habeas corpus for the prisoners when the case was
called, Judge Wick being absent. Judge Winchel!, after questioning the propriety

THE INDIAN MURDER GROWTH OF TUE TOWN.

27

of the motion, refused it flatly with the quaint remark, "It would do you no good
to bring out the prisoners. I ironed them mself, and you will never get them irons
off until they have been tried, habeas corpus or no habeas corpus." Hudson was
convicted and hung in the winter, a number of Indians attending the execution.
This is memorable as the first instance in the history of the United States of the
legal execution of a white man for killing an Indian. The elder Bridge and
Sawyer were hung in the following June. Young Say wer escaped with a verdict of
manslaughter, and young Bridge was pardoned by Gov. James Brown Ray, an
event which is still remembered as an illustration of the eccentricities of that able
but wayward man. It is said that when young Bridge was placed under the rope
that had hung his father, Gov. Ray, who had given no intimation of his startling
design, mounted the scaffold, and after a speech on the enormity of the crime and
its danger to the peace of the community, announced directly to the condemned,
" No power now remains but that of the Almighty and the Executive of Indiana, to
save your life," and announced to the people his pardon. The Indians were content
with the justice of the whites, and gave no further trouble. Indeed, from tha^
time Indian alarms, on any account whatever, ceased.

The spring of this murder was unusually wet, and the river rose enormously,
higher than has ever been known since, except in 1828. The flood of 1847, the
next highest, was not thought by Mr. Nathaniel Cox (who was thoroughly familiar
with the river,) to have been quite so high. In the sparsely settled s'.ate of the
country such an overflow was rather interesting than alarming, and a keel boat
called the "Dandy" increased the interest the town took in the event by coming
up with a load of backwoods necessaries, whisky and salt. But neither the freshet,
nor the excitement caused by the Indian massacre, stopped the slow movement of
such enterprises as were attempted, and religion received a full share of whatever
effort was made. The Methodists held their first quarterly meeting in the Presby-
rian church on the 25th of May, under James Scott, a missionary sent out, as before
stated, by the St. Louis Conference in 1821. Before this the meetings had been semi-
occasional gathering^, as zeal and opportunity suggested, and held at private houses.
Camp meetings had been collected every year, but still the Methodist growth de-
manded something fixed in the fashion of settled religious communities. But
though they organized their church in 1824 they were not able to get a bouse till
the next year, when they built on Maryland street east of Meridian. In secular
affairs it is to be noticed that a military school was opened in January by a Major
Sullinger, for the instruction of militia officers and soldiers, an enterprise that
would seem to be about as urgently demanded as a teacher of painting in a blind
asylum. A real estate agency was also established this year, by W. C. McDougal,
but that seems to have been nearly as far ahead of the times as the premature West
Point. But the country, as before remarked, was filling up, new farms were appear-
ing, trade growing, and emigrants coming and scattering. The Fourth of July
brought the usual celebration, and, as before, at Wilkes Reagan's. One speech was
made by Gabriel J. Johnson to the citizens, and another by Major Redding to the
militia. Obed Foote read the declaration, and Reagan of course furnished the bar-
becue. In August there was a warm contest for the office of sheriff between Major
Alexander W. Russell and Morris Morris. The old rivalry between Kentucky and
Whitewater had disappeared. It was Kentucky against Kentucky now. Russell
was elected by 265 votes to 148. In November the great contest between Clay,
Adams and Jackson, occurred. The Kentucky influence was paramount, and Claj
got 217 votes to 99 for Jackson, and 16 for Adams. The Clay men made a regular

gg HOLLO-WAY'S IXDIASAPOLIS.

organization on the 17th of July, with James Paxton as President, and Hiram
Brown as Secretary.

In November Mr. Samuel Merrill, with the aid of a heavy wagon, traveling at
the rate of twelve and a half miles a day, brought^ our new capital here. He put the
Treasurer's office and residence in the brick building, long a well known remnant of
early days, on the southwest corner of Washington and Tennessee streets, and there
it remained till the little office got too small for it. The new State offices occupy its
place. The Governor had to live like anybody else, where he could get a house, and
this unfixed condition of the Executive household continued till the administration
of Gov. Wallace, in .838, when the residence, then the finest in the town, erected by
Dr. John Sanders, on the northwest corner of Market and Illinois streets, was pur-
chased for a Governor's mansion. The Court House was not finished, but it was
hurried up to allow the first meeting of the Legislature to be held there. The ap-
proach of the capital, in all the glory of the State seal, and legislative wisdom, sug-
gested to the citizens to get a foretaste of the coming pleasure by organizing a legis-
lature of their own. They did it, called it the Indianapolis Legislature, and, with
all the leading citizens in it, made it a really entertaining assembly, and an instruct-
ive one, too. It had the same offices and rules, received messages, and discussed
State measures, as the authoritative body did, and did it better The Governor's
election was fixed to take place whenever a new subject of debate was needed, and
his message would furnish it. When the re.il Legislature met, many of its members
joined the other, and, as both discussed the same topics, the action of the former was
not unfrequently settled in the debates .of the latter.

SZCOND PERIODTO 1

h a p t

REMOVAL OF TUB CAPITAL FIEST MEETING OF THK LEGISLATURE SALE OF

RESERVED LOTS.

E transfer of the capital to Indianapolis, though really accomplished in No-
vember of .1824, with the coming of the State offices and officers, made little
more difference in the condition of the town than the arrival of any other four
or five new settlers. It was not till the meeting of the Legislature, on the ICth of
January, 1825, in pursuance of the act noticed in the last chapter, that the change
showed itself visibly Then the addition of nearly a hundred men, with all the
hangers on of If-gislative bodies, the families of snch n& could easily bring them, or
would not come without them, and the influx of those w^)o then, as now, had "axes
to grind," made such a stir in the sluggish Tillage as one of this day can form no
conception of. Ib was very much like doubling the population, as well as giving it
new and exciting topics of talk, and incentives to speculation. Business becama
lively and society animated. Religion found new objects of exhortation, and litera-
ture a new audience of no trifling cultivation. The vices too bad their sources of
nourishment in the ehange, and the effect was generally an exhilaration not a little
like that following a "square drink." No wonder the little town while it lay idle
and unapproachable in the woods looked with longing fur this change. But prop-
erty was shrewder than the population, and touched speculations lightly. To the
cool eye, formed of a dollar, the'e was not much promise in an acquisition that
came for two or three months in the year, and left nothing when it went away.
Crowds came in from the adjacent country to see the " big bugs," as the legislators
were generally called in the Hoosier vernacular, but as they came to stare and did
not stay to trade they benefited nobody but the "grocery," the predecessor of the
"saloon," and use soon made the "show" too cheap to go through the mud and
snow to see. There was no permanent growing influence visible in the great acqui-
sition, after all. So town lots stood pretty steady, and were first stirred into a fever
of speculation on the approach of the Internal Improvement system of 1836. Pop-
ulation grew slowly. Indianapolis was merely a county town, with one unusually
largj and interesting session of court more than other county towns, that was all.
And thus it remained till 184-7, or rather till the influence emanating from the work
completed in 1847-, first showed itself. Thus it would have remained till the last, so
far as any change depended on the possession of the capital. This advantage was
something like a fairy's bad gift, which would only do one thing, and prevented the
owner from doing anything with anything else. It was the town's main deden-

3Q HOLLOWATS 1XDFAXAPOLIS.

ence, after the local trade that every settlement had in an equal measure and the
meeting of the Legislature was looked to as anxiously, and made the condition of
bargains, the prospect of clearing off stock?, or opening new trades, as regularly as
the arrival of a caravan in a desert town, and yet it was a dependence that prom-
ised nothing more in 1870 than it had accomplished in 1825. Its first and only
permanent addition to the property of the town was the location here of the Benev-
olent Institutions. This was not much, but it was' permanent, so far as it went.
These twenty-two years formed a period of legislative dependence.

The unfinished Court house (now gone), was put in such order as was possible
to receive the General Assembly. The House met in the court room on the ground
floor, the Senate up stairs. And here the sessions were held till December, 1835,
when the new State House was first occupied. Being brought face to face with the
unimproved condition of the capital, and compelled to endure its evils in their own
persons, the legislators naturally enough concluded to do something (o alleviate it,
and on the 12th of February ordered the laying off and sale of a range of ten four-
acre out-lots on the north, and another on the south, side of the town plat. Similar
ranges had been ordered the year before by the Legislature, and sold at an average
price of about $100 each, the highest bringing $155, and the new ranges lay out-
side of these. The reserved lots on Washington street were also ordered to be sold,
the "bottom" of Pogue's Creek cleared out to the extent that $50 would do it, and
the ferry leased for five years. The sale of out and reserved lots was made in May,
at rates which indicated, as has already been said, no enthusiastic hopes of a specu-
lation from the possession of the capital. The best Washington street lots went
for $360, and the lowest at $134. Only seventeen were sold, and they brought only
$3,328 into the treasury of the town agent, Mr. B. I. Blythe. The twenty four-acre
out lots brought but S18 an acre, and an aggregate of $1,467. The valley of the
creek was not very largely cleared, for $50 would not go far towards it, and though
but a corner of the plat was cut off by it, there were trees and thickets left on it
for many a year afterwards. Between its muddy borders and regular overflows, it
was about as uncomfortable a'stream of its sue a* could be found in the State. But
"every little helped," and the work of the Legislature and of the citi/ens was
slowly getting the town out of the woods; and suggesting the direction of streets to
the nearest farms off Washington street Tke churches were busy, and several
societies for benevolent purposes were organized. On the 18th of April the Indian-
apolis Bible Society was formed; and, except the two churches, it is the only organ-
ization of that day that remains. It was a woman's affair mainly, and was promo-
ted zealously by the wife of the eccentric and since greatly distinguished Oriental
scholar, George Bush, the second regular pastor of the Presbyterian church. The
Marion County Bible So:iety was also organized, with an auxiliary tract society;
and these seem to have been the men'a share of the same work that the women
were doing in their Society. Bethuel F. Morris was the first president, and James
M. Kay secretary of it. An Agricultural Society was formed, too, with Henry
Bradley and Calvin Fletcher at its head; but it was, like the Medical Association
and the theatre, premature, and died soon. There was not enough agriculture
within easy reach of the town to have furnished the Society with a subject, if it
had been ever so well attended. The land Office was removed here from Brook-
ville, and the new capital then had the benefit of the patronage of the General Gov-
ernment, such as it was. The first Methodist church was built, or rather bought,
in the summer of this year. It was a hewed leg building on the south side of Ma-
ryland between Meridian and Pennsylvania streets. It was supplanted in 1829 by

SHIFTING SETTLEMENT POPULATION IN 182fi. gj

the old building on Meridian street on the site of the Sentinel office, which was
succeeded in 1846 by Wesley chapel, and by Koberts chapel, on the northeast corner
of Pennsylvania and Market streets, three years earlier, the original church dividing
in 1842 into two congregations, Wesley and Huberts.

The indifferent progress the town evinced by the low price of the reserved lots
on Washington street, sold in 1825, and the frequent forfeitures of lots bought at
the first sale, induced the Legislature, in 1826, to enact a protection for purchasers,
which would, without it, have lost their first payments, and probably have left the
place. Besides the usual scarcity of money in new settlements, a good many pur-
chasers were cramped by a desire to exchange their river lots for others further east,
where it was thought the annual visitation of chills and fever was less severe. The
act of the Legislature endeavered to meet both difficulties, by extending the time
on the deferred payment?, and allowing purchasers of mere than one lot to surren-
der such as they desired, and transfer the payments to others in better situations.
Under this permission river lots were rapidly abandoned, and the town moved
eastward so entirely that it is only within the past ten or fifteen years that the
growth of manufacturing establishments in that direction has largely filled up the
site of the river settlement. A growing doubt of the navigable capacity of the
river strengthened this eastward tendency. There was little probability of such
river trade as would counterbalance the disadvantages of its neighborhood to resi-
dences. It was, in fact, rather a drawback than a benefit to the town ; for it cut off
the settlements on the west, in a measure, hy crippling their means of communica-
tion. There was nothing but a ferry to connect the opposite banks, and it was a tax
on the pockets as well as the patience of the people, though the Legislature did
what it could to make it efficient by erecting a brick ferry house in the summer of
the year following (1827) at the foot of Washington street the National Road had
not at that time come alon^, to turn the line of travel and residence away from the
street,' as it is now, and the latter was the main thoroughfare which considera-
bly changed and improved, is still standing, though partially burned fifteen years
ago. This eastward movement of population and business is not the only fluctua-
tion that has marked the growth of the city. The Internal Improvement system
of 1836 excited a wild speculation in lots along the site of the Central Canal and
drew settlement in that direction, till 1840. Then it shifted eastward again; then,
with the completion of the Madison Railroad, it pushed southward, leaving busi-
ness mainly along Washington street; and then, with the completion of other roads,
it scattered in other directions, and began marking the outlines of that develop-
ment which have been since so astonishingly filled up.

But all that the Legislature, and all that the prospects of the future capita^
could do, added but little to the growth attained directly after the first sale of town
lots. The population in February, 1826, was seven hundred and sixty-two souls,
of whom two hundred and nine were children, and one hundred and s'xty-one
attendants upon the Union Sunday School. The unfortunate reputation for sick-
ness created by the epidemic of 1821 was still an active retarding influence, and
occasional general attacks of other diseases kept its strength undiminished. A
very wet spring, in this y^ar, raised all the streams, stepped the mails, interfered
with farming, and the influenza joined forces with the weather to resist immigration.

The local incidents of this year are few and of no special interest. An artillery
company was formed under Capt. James Blake, and a cannon obtained from the
Government, mainly to make a noise on the Fourth of July, and provide cripples
for charity and^ublic support. Two or three of the latter were the trophies of the

32 EOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

first ten years of its existence. A fire company -was formed in June, with John
Hawkins as president, and James M. Ray secretary. Mr. Ray's experience is a not
unusual one in older settlements than Indianapolis, He was not gifted for show
and parade, but he was a roost serviceable worker, and he was accordingly made
secretary of pretty much every association that was formed, just as he is now put
forward in every movement of public interest or directed to benevolent objects.
The fire company operated with buckets and ladders, because the town could not
afford to buy an engine, and did not till 1835, when the Marion Fire Company was
organized and took its place. Lorenzo Dow, the eccentric itinerant preacher, who
could probably boast with more justice of the extent of his travels than the good
they had done, preached in June, in a grove south of South street, a little east of
Pennsylvania, and from the Court house step.?. There was a large emigration
through the town during the fall, as there continued to be for may years afterwards,
but little stopped near enough to benefit it. The celebration of the Fourth of July
was the event of the year, after the meeting of the Legislature, and this year it
brought out the Rev. George Bush since known throughout the learned world for
his scholarship and religious vagaries as chaplain, Dr. Livingston Dunlap as
reader of the Declaration, and Calvin Fletcher as orator. Tbe coincidence of the
deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on that day would, with our tele-
graph, have added an intense and mournful interest to the occasion, but it was a
month before it was known in the heart of the White River wilderness. On the
12th of August a public demonstration was made in honor of the illustrious dead,
so singularly associated and opposed in all the great events of our national history,
and still more singularly associated in their deaths. The meeting was held at the
Courthouse, and B. F. Morris and Douglass Maguire pronounced eulogies on the
departed.

The opening of the year 1827 was signalized by an attempt of our Indian
Agent, General John Tipton, to procure a lot of stock, farming cattle, hogs and
wagons for the Indians, of whom some considerable land grante had been obtained
by the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1826. It created some activity in business, but the
failure to deliver the articles, caused by the high waters of the spring, disappointed
the Indians, and did as much harm as good. But a worse disappointment was pre-
pared for the whites, though it was longer coming. Premature enterprise is almost
as bad as no enterprise at all. Probably it is worse, for it leaves a forbidding pre-
cedent behind it. The beginning of this year inaugurated by far the greatest of
the efforts that was ever made, till the railroads came, to establish manufactures
here, and the most deplorable failure. It is not easy, looking back from this time,
to understand how prudent men could have imposed on themselves the notion that
manufacturing, on any considerable scale, could be carried on without any means to
obtain raw material or dispose of the manufactures; but some of the shrewdest men
of that day, or a later day, thought it could be done, and tried it. The Legislature
led the wav, on the 26th of January, by ordering the sale of seven acres of land
fronting the river and Fall Creek bottom, as a site for a steam mill. During the
year an association was formed called the' Steam mill Company, with 20,000 capi-
tal in $50 shares, which was chartered by the Legislature on the 28th of January,
1828. The active men were James M. Ray, James Blake and Nicholas McCarty;
but with all the confidence felt in their integrity and judgment, there was a healthy
doubt in the public mind whether they were not, in the language of the country,
"setting their coulter a little too deep." Tfc profit was not visible, where the cost
was so evident and the returns so uncertain. Stock was slowly taken during the

THE OLD STEAM MILL. gg

two years following the granting of the charter, and in 1831 the work was com-
menced. It was to comprise a grist mill, a saw mill and a woolen mill, and it
made preparations equal to its pretensions. The saw mill was to be placed on the
west side, on the slope of the bluff, and the other building on the plateau abov e
with three full stories, and two formed in the high sloping roof, making five in all.
The grist mill was to occupy the lower, and the woolen mill the upper, stories.
James Griswold, a gigantic carpenter, still famed in local tradition for honest work,
made the frame, and it was so well made that it might have stood a life time longer,
when it was burned in 1853. It took a hundred men two days to raise it, and it
was noted as a memorable incident that no whisky was used on the occasion, which,
on the " Brick Lane Branch" theory, will account for the soundness of the timbers.
The steam apparatus was "wagoned" out from Cincinnati in 1831, a feat but little
less in magnitude than hauling Pittsburg over the Alleghanies in these days. It
was to have come by steamer, but the steamer could not come. This was the first
steam engine ever brought to the place. It was set to work in the saw mill soon
after it was put in place, and later, in 1832, the grist mill was set running. The
woolen division never did much. The enterprise showed in a year that it was not
going to pay. Wood was handy and cheap, but not cheap enough to compensate
for the lack of business. There was no sawing or grinding to do except for local
consumption, and so large a mill soon did that and was left idle. In 1835 the thing
was given up, the machinery offered for sale, but much of it never sold, except
for old iron, and the vast building left as a haunt for idle boys on rainy days, who
played cards in the saw pit, and taken for an extemporaneous brothel and hiding
place for thieves and their plunder. For many a year the boilers, that it had cost such
tremendous effort to get here through the mud, lay and rusted, and the really fine
engines were battered and broken as it pleased the destructive whims of loafers. In
1847, when the railroads opened up a prospect of business, the Geisendorffs took
the old mill, and made a little headway with it in their business of wool carding
and spinning, but they left it in five years, and the next year after, on the night of
the 26th of November, it was set on fire and utterly destroyed, and came very near
destroying the National Road bridge too. Ho speedy a collapse of so great an
enterprise had a dispiriting effect, and nothing in the manufacturing way was
attempted till facilities for transportation opened a reasonable prospect of business.

At the same time, January 26th, that the Legislature ordered the sale of the
steam mill site, it ordered several other improvements. First among these, proba-
bly to raise money for the others, was the sale of all the unsold, forfeited and reserved
lots, and the vacation of several alleys and squares. These sales were made in May
following, 7th and 8th, and one hundred and sixty were sold, at $180 an acre, and
thirty-eight four-acre blocks at $23 an acre. The fund thus raised or secured,
helped to build the Supreme Court Clerk's office on the site of the present county
building, and a residence for the Governor on the Circle, which he never occupied.
The Clerk's OfBce was a little one story brick building, placed close to Delaware
street, on a line with the Court house. It was eighteen by thirty-six feet, and was
divided into two rooms, the eastern one used as the working office, the other as a
depository of records, and of what was left of the Indiana Historical Society. It
was torn down in 1855 to make room for the present county offices, and the Clerk's
office was removed first to the Governor's Circle, and afterwards to the Supreme
Court room at the State House.

On the 26th of January an appropriation of $4,000 was made to build a resi-
dence for the Governor in the "Circle" lot. Why this location was never deemed
(3)

34 HOLLOW ATS INDIANAPOLIS.

suitable for the State House, it is not easy at this day to conjecture. It is large
enough, it is the highest point in the original plat of the city, it is central, and it
lies off the main business street with its disturbing uproar and constant crowd of
passengers. But it was here that the Legislature resolved to place the Governor's
house. The act making the appropriation ordered the Circle to be enclosed by an
elegant and tasteful " rail " fence, by the first of May of that year, so as to be ready
for the work on the house which was let on the 17th of March, to Smith, Culbert-

son, Bishop and Speaks. The building never was finished. It was found to be
utterly unsuitable for a private residence, and no attempt was made to carry the
work beyond the point necessary to suit it for public offices. It was a large square
building, two full stories high, with a low slightly inclined roof, covering an attic
story which was lighted by a dormer window on each of the four sides. On the
roof was a "flat" about twelve feet square, surrounded by a low balustrade, which
was intended fora resort in the "cool of the evening," and a pleasant place to
overlook the town. The floor of the first story was raised some four feet or so
above the ground, and was reached by a broad flight of steps at each side. The
basement was about half cellar and half ground floor, and was for many years the
resort of school boys for playing l 'hide-and-whoop," and "circus," and whatever
fun was uppermost. One of the rooms was used by the Union Literary Society,
until the State Auditor gave it permission to occupy a first-floor room. These
basement vaults were used for worse purposes often, and were held by school girls
-and the younger boys in some dread, as a place of unclean spirits, which supersti-
tiyn was only so far wrong as it disallowed the spirits to be in the flesh. The first
floor was divided from north to south and east to west by two wide halls, crossing
at right angles, making a large room in each of the four corners. The second story
was formed into smaller rooms. The attic was open, and used chiefly for a place
of deposit for abandoned United States mustcets and equipments, placed there at
some ui.known period, and plundered by the boys as they saw anything in the arms
they wanted. The upper rooms were occupied as "chambers " by the Supreme
Judges, and Judge Blackford kept one from the time the house was built until it
was torn down. A bachelor lawyer, also, occasionally had a room there. The first
floor was used by the State officers for many years, and contaimd, at different peri-
ods, the State Library, the State Bank, the State Engineer's office, the Clerk's office
of the Supreme Court, the Common Pleas Court when first created, the Union Lit-
erary Society, Cox and Waugh's Temperance Panorama, and nobody now knows
what besides. In 1829 a proposition was made to add wings to the east and west
sides and turn it into a State House, but. it was hardly pretentious enough for that,
and the project failed. In 1857 it was ordered to be sold at auction, and in April
it was sold and torn down, the material going to build the Macy House.

The Marion Fire Engine House also stood on the Circle, on the north side if
there is a side to a Circle and was for many years a spot of no li'tle interest to the
emulous and devoted young gentlemen who ran " wid der machine." The old
house was frequently bruken into and occupied by prostitutes, and it was once or
twice set on fire, and was finally destroyed in 1851.

The Circle was made a park by the city, but misused for a cow pasture and a
play ground till its trees and grass were ruined, and then (1867), it was closely and
elegantly fenced and shut out from the public entirely. Now it is a beautiful spot,
and annually becoming more beautiful. It will soon be as pretty a little park as
can be found anywhere. Handsome residences and imposing business houses are
rising round it, and making it the center of the most impressive portion of the city.

VXIVEBSITY SQUARE AND <fOUNTY SEMINARY. 35

Another appropriation of lots to public uses was made on the 26th day of
January by the Legislature, that of square 25 for a State University, and square
22 for a State Hospital. This was done in connection with an order for the sale of
forfeited and reserved lots and the vacation of certain alleys and squares. The his-
tory of one of these appropriated blocks, that now called University Square, has
been even more eventful than that of the Circle. In the first place its dedication
to a "State University," has enabled the State University at Bloomington to make
a color of claim to it, and out of that claim has grown a succession of controversies
that have ended in nothing but a determination on the part of the city that the
Bloomington institution shall not have it, and this determination is mainly based
on the sufficient argument that Bloomington has no right to it. The arguments on
both sides, though interesting enough, are rather voluminous for this work, and,
besides, are hardly relevant. It is enough to say that legal opinions have been
expended on it at the proverbial length of legal documents, without deciding any-
thing, and the Legislature has authorized the city to make a park of it till some
better use can be found for it, and the city has done it.

The first purpose to which it was applied was as the site for the county seminary ^
In 1832 the Legislature authorized the lease of it to the trustees of the seminary
for thirty years, with the proviso that they should build on either the south east or
south west corner, and if it should be needed for Unversity purposes before the
expiration of the lease, a half acre about the building should be sold or otherwise
secured to the school. In 1833-34 the trustees built, on the south west corner, the
old county seminary building, which to many a man of middle age in the city
embodies the best recollections of his youth. It was two stories high, fronting New
York street, with a projecting lobby at each end, ostensibly for stair cases to the
upper story, but really for the boys to put away their shinny clubs and ball bats.
It was divided into two rooms of unequal size below, and a lecture room, and a
teacher's private room, with a small room adjoining, above. The lecture room was
the scene of annual terror and joy to the pupils for many a year, as there were held
the examinations and exhibitions, which, in those days of primitive simplicity and
few public pleasures, constituted nearly as attractive an entertainment as the opera
does now. It was also the first church of Henry Ward Beecher, and of Rev. B.
F. Foster, the Universalist. In fact, in very early days, the lower room of the
seminary was used as a meetiug place for several churches which were too weak to
erect a building. The Christian congregation, or what afterwards became so, used
to hold meetings in the larger of the lower rooms, and there the Kev. James
McVey, who will be remembered by many of the older members of the church, as
a very eloquent and rather "uncertain" preacher, first held forth in this city.

The lower rooms were first put in charge of Mr. E. Dumont in September,
1834. But then, and for several years afterwards, the school had formidable rivals,
for, though owned by the county, and the teacher was appointed or approved by
the trustees, it was essentially a private school. Mr. Dumont was succeeded in the
following January by Mr. W. J. Hill. He by Thomas D. Gregg, in the following
May. William Sullivan next took the school, in December, 1836, and Wm. A.
Holliday in August, 1837. Up to this time no teacher had kept the school a year.
But Mr. Holliday managed to retain it till October, 1838 and he had a formidable
rival in Gilman Marston, since well known as Hon. Oilman Marston, member of
Congress from New Hampshire, and as General Marston, who lost an arm early in
the war, and now as Gov. Marston of one of our new Territories. He taught in
the frame building erected on Circle street, on the lot next to that where Beecher's

3g HOLLOW ATS INDIANAPOLIS.

church, now the High School, was built. In October, 1838, the seminary fell into
the hands of Kev. James Sprigg Kemper, destined to make it memorable as the
best school the city had ever had then, or has had since, till the public schools
were established. He was fresh from the Cincinnati College, a thorough scholar,
and possessed of the requisite tact to manage boys and make them study. Mere
than one prominent man now living here owes the spirit that pushed him ahead to
Mr. Kemper. He left the school in 1843 or 1844, and studied for the ministry
(Presbyterian), and has been for many years pastor of a church in Dayton, Ohio.
He was succeeded by Kev. J. P. Safford, in 1843, who gave place to B. L. Lang in
1844. He retained it about two years, and after he retired the building was often
unoccupied for the next four or five years, when it was made the City High School.
It was used for that purpose from 1853 to 1859, and was torn down in 1860.

Authority was given in 1837 to lease the north west corner for twenty years to
the Lutheran church, but the site was not deemed eligible, and the church was
built on Ohio street, just east of where Mr. Pyle's boarding house stands now.
Another abortive lease was made of the same corner for a Female Seminary in
1838. In 1850 the Governor and State Officers were authorized to sell an acre of
the block to Indiana Asbury University, for the medical department of that institu-
tion, but the appraisement, $3,566, was deemed too high, and the sale was not made.
The west half of the square north of the school house was reserved, or used, as the
play ground of the pupils. The east half was for a long time a clover field or
cow pasture. Subsequently a lumber yard was established upon the south end. In
1850 Mr. J, B. Perrine built a very high fence round the eastern half of the square,
and with the addition of seats and a shed roof, made a grand show place of it for
balloon ascensions and fire works. The finest exhibition of fire works ever given *
in the city was made there on the 4th of July, 1860. Subsequently the square was
cleared and used as the drill ground of the 19th Regular U. S. Infantry, and in 1863
as the parade ground of the Home Guards, who were assembled to do battle with
the redoubted John Morgan. As before stated, it is now, by authority, handsomely
railed, planted with trees, and made a park, and such it is likely to remain.

The town, as heretofore stated, received an impetus from the acquisition of the
capital in 1825, but a slighter one than might, have been anticipated. Its growth
had been but little more rapid than that of any other county town, and it was des-
tined to expect as much, and be as grievously disappointed, in the location of the
National (or Cumberland) Koad, made in July, 1827, as in the possession of the
capital. The year 1827 was the high-water mark of speculative growth, and what
that was may be judged from an estimate, or rather inventory, of the town, made
in February, 1827. The JOURNAL of that date stated that they then had a Court
house (also State house) ; a Presbyterian church, with thirty members ; a Baptist
church, with thirty-six members, using a cabin as a church building ; a Methodist
church, with ninety-three members, just putting up a new brick building; a Sab.
bath-school, five years old, (the Union), with twenty teachers, and one hundred and
fifty scholars. There were .twenty-five brick houses, sixty frame and eighty log
houses, hewed and rough, in the town ; the Governor's house was going up ; six
two-story and five one-story brick houses, with a number of frame houses, had been
built within a year; manufacturing establishments were needed. The town had
received and consumed $10,000 worth of goods in the past year, embr icing seventy-
six kegs of tobacco, two hundred barrels of flour, one hundred kegs of powder, four
thousand five hundred pounds of spun yarn, and two hundred and thirteen barrels of
whisky, to which was to be added seventy-nine barrels made here. One hundred kegs

THE TOWN IN 1827. 37

of powder is such a proportion as shows that the people still largely depended on
the rifle for their meat, while two hundred and eighty-four barrels of whisky shows
that they did not largely depend on milk or water for their drink. A census taken in
November gave a result of four hundred and twenty-nine white males, and thirty-
four colored males, a total male population of five hundred and sixty three; and
four hundred and seventy-nine white females, and twenty four colored females, a
total female population of five hundred and three, and a total of both sexes of one
thousand and sixty-six. This is a fair showing for a town only seven years old, but
not by any means promising of great future results. The streets were mainly cleared
on the plat, but there was no clearing on the donation outside, and many lots still
retained through necessity the large trees that the owners would be glad to pay to get
replaced now. Hunting was good all around the town, as proved by the sale of
powder, and there were no marks of town life off "Washington street. The streets
were muddy, but as Mr. Brown justly remarks, the drainage was better than the
engineers have since made it.

rl

Y SCHOOL CELEBRATIONS METHODIST SUN

SCHOOL ARRIVAL OF THE
THE RIVER INDIANA DEMO-

HOUSE SMALL POX BLACK

CBAT CHARTER OF^*AILROADS NEW STAT

HAWK WAR, AND THE " BLOOWCJPHREE HUOTJRED " FIRST MUNICIPAL GOV-
ERNMENT AND MARKET HOUSE F^RSV^M/RDEK CHOLERA METEORIC DIS-
PLAY.

[HE year 1828 was marked by no striking local event, except the establish-
ment, in July, of a stage route to Madison by a Mr. Johnson. About the
same time the Indianapolis Library Association was formed, upon the very
easy plan, where the members are liberal and able, of having all the books donated
by the members. It was kept up for several years, and when it died its books re-
mained uncared for and unclaimed in fact few of them were Worth claiming till
about the year 1845, when the remains of them passed into the hands of the Union
Literary Society, the precursor of all the Literary and Lecture Associations we
have had. When it died the books were scattered among the members. And thus
disappeared the remains of the Indianapolis Library Association of 1825. A cav-
alry company was organized by Captain David Buchanan, in August. A musical
association called the Handelian Society, was also formed, and furnished the sing-
ing at the celebration of the Fourth of July, which was maintained in those early
days with a zeal in singular contrast with the observance or rather indifference to
it now. The review of tBBnMft-prjncipally interesting now from the names of the
men whose prominence gave them.a place in them. In that of 1828, Hiram Brown
was President, Henry Brenton lj^ President, -Rev. George Bush, since so widely
known for oriental scholarshto ana theological vagaries, was Chaplain, Andrew
Ingram reader, and Bethuel r. Morrijr opsmfr. The Sunday Schools took part in
this celebration for the first time, thoiJgn stAsequently, and till near the breaking
out of the war, they constitu/ed the^ain part, if not the whole, of the affair. A
rifle and artillery company /Iso tooK part, and ate their customary dinner in Bates'
Grove in East street, above/Market, whil/the school children marched back to the
churches and were sent hone. In 1829/the year following, the children took the
"show"' out of the olden hands entirety, forming a procession of two town and
five country schools on the circle, anfl marching, under the direction of James
Blake, who, for thirty A^ears afterwards held the same conspicuous position, to
Bates' Grove, hearing s/prayer from Rev. Jamison Hawkins, reading the Declara-
tion from Ebenezer Soarpe, and a speech from James Morrison, and getting the
long stereotyped feasf4if rusk and wfter.

At the August electioiKof 1828, mine hundred and thirteen votes were cast in
the county, and in tfie followm^JToyember election nine hundred and sixty-one
were given, of whic$ Adams got fiJ^ehundred and eighty-two, and Jackson three

ARRIVAL OF THE FIRST STEAMER, " ROBERT HANNA." gg

hundred and seventy-nine Very much of the original plat of the town, twenty-
eight blocks and seventy-two lots, remained unsold in the winter of 1828. But
little of the donation outside had been sold. A severe winter, with an unusually
heavy snow, ushered in the year 1829.

During the year, as has been briefly noted before, the Methodist Sunday School
was organized and separated from the Union School. It began April 24th, with
eleven teachers and forty-six scholars, and at the close of the year it had twenty-
seven teachers and one hundred and forty-six scholars. The Indiana Colonization
Society was organized in the fall, with Judge Isaac Blackford as President. This,
except the churches and Sunday schools, was the only association of that day that
survived till ours. It seems to have been endowed with a vitality proportioned to
its uselessness, for a more thoroughly useless affair was never known. The Legisla-
ture, by the exertions of a trifling little minister, Mr. Mitchell, was induced to ap-
propriate $5,000 a year to the thing, and if any of it went for anything else than
Mr. Mitchell's salary as secretary, it did not go to the colonization of negroes, for
in twenty years the society sent to Africa from Indiana but one solitary negro.

There was a great deal of sickness and very little growth in the town in this
year, 1829, and there was a vast deal of emigration passing through on its way to
Illinois and Missouri. In the fall many of the contracts on the National Road
were let. That for the bridge, still standing and still serviceable, was given, in
1830, to William H. Wernwag and Walter Blake, for $18,000, and it was completed
in 1834. The work on the road was fitfully prosecuted for nearly ten years, and
then was abandoned, at the same time the State's Internal Improvement system
failed, in 1839. But one of these contracts was the direct cause of an event that
startled the town and excited more enthusiasm and more reasonable hope than the
arrival of the capital. This was the arrival of the steamer "Robert Hanna" in
April, 1831.

General Hanna and others bad taken a contract on the National Road, and to
facilitate the transportation of stone and timber necessary to the work, resolved to
have a steamer brought up the river to tow barges and do other like service. The
result was the arrival, April llth, 1831, of the "Robert Hanna," a small steamer,
but too big for our river, as it soon appeared, for during an excursion, on the 1 2th,
with a crowd of delighted passengers, the limbs of the overhanging trees knocked
downher chimneys and pilot house and smashed a wheel-house, and when she started
on her down vojage, on the next day, 13th of April, she ran aground at Hog Island,
where she lay six weeks, and did not get out of the inadequate stream till fall.
But as the people did not foresee all this, chiefly because they did not think of the
water being considerably lower in the summer than the spring, they received the
" Hanna" and a barge she was towing, with every demonstration of joy. Captain
Blythe's artillery company greeted her with a noisy salute, which the crowd
equalled with their shouting. All along the river, as she came up, the noise of her
"scape pipe" drew spectators from both sides for two or three miles inland. She
excited confident hopes of a commercial prosperity that had never been cherished
before or had been given up. She confirmed for the time all that Mr. Engineer
Ralston had asserted of the navigable capacity of the river. Even the most mod-
erate anticipated that for half the year light draught boats could run, and that
was but little less than is done on the Ohio, eCHjL a good deal more than is done on
the Wabash. A public meeting was called, oveX^hich Judge Blackford presided,
and of which James Morrison was Secretary, urging the improvement of the river,
and inviting the owners and oificers of the boat to dinner. This finished naviga-

40 HOLLOW ATB INDIANAPOLIS.

tion on "White river till the construction of the " Gov. Morton" in 1865, and the
navigation of White river finished her after a few ineffectual attempts to run up
to Cold Spring, and one to run down to Waverly. Nobody expected much of her
before they saw her first trip, and after that they expected nothing but her entire
loss to her owners, unless she could be converted to the ignoble use of scraping up
and carrying boulders for paving the streets.

But though the navigation of the river ended thus indifferently, the arrival of
the " Hanna " in 1831 was, as already said, but a confirmation of one opinion that
many had long entertained. So confident was Gov. Noble of the navigability, or
capacity to be made navigable, of the river, that in 1829 he offered a reward of
$200 to the first steamer that should reach the town. In the spring of 1830 two
steamers got pretty well up, the " Traveler," Captain Saunders, reaching Spencer,
and the " Victory " reaching within fifty-five miles. As has been heretofore noticed,
keel boats had several times got safely up and away. In 1822 the " Eagle " came
up with fifteen tons of salt and whisky from Kanawha, the "Boxer" with thirty-
three tons of goods from Zanesville, and the " Dandy," in 1824, arrived with
twenty-eight tons of salt and whisky. In 1825 the Legislature appointed Alex-
ander Ralston, the Scotch surveyor, who had done most of the work of planning
the plat and laying out the town, Commissioner to survey the river, and report
the practicability and cost of keeping it in navigable condition. He reported
that from Sample's Mills, in Randolph county, to the Wabash, four hundred and
fifty-five miles one hundred and thirty to this place, from hereto the fork two hun-
dred and eighty-five miles, and from the fork to the Wabash forty miles could be
kept navigable for small boats, three months in the year, at a cost of $1,500.
Backed by this report the Legislature memoralized Congress for the improvement
of the river, and made appropriations to be expended under tne direction of the
authorities of the counties along its course. Some years later, one John Matthews
proposed a system of slack water navigation, including dams, locks, levees, and the
necessary means, and urged arguments enough for his project if the feasibility of
it were left out of view. But while it was easy to prove that the navigation of
the river would be a good thing, it was hard to prove that the navigation would be
an easy thing. But he pressed his suggestions constantly, and in 1851 the Legisla-
ture chartered the White River Navigation Company. The company ha? done noth-
ing, simply because no power less than Omnipotence can do anything with so un-
promising a case as White river. It falls annually lower and lower. It has but
few reaches of deep water, and very many of very rapid ripples, up which it would
be no little job to tow a skiff, and an impossible job to row a skiff. These are
worse every way, shallower, swifter, more impassable, than they were ten years
ago. It is. very doubtful if there is much more than half the water in the stream
now that there was in 1840. The reasons heed not be discussed here, but the
fact is palpable to those familiar with the current and condition of the river. Its
navigation never was practicable, except on so small a scale as to leave little
chance of benefit, and now it is utterly impracticable on any scale at all.

The year 1830, like that before it, was uneventful. The town was stationary'
and beyond trivial local incidents, there is little to notice. The usual Legislative
session was held, with less than its usual attendance of hangers on, for a winter of
great severity made traveling, always uncomfortable, a serious evil; and some com-
pensation for customary excitements was sought in a legislative celebration of the
8th of January. A. F. Morrison, subsequently so long and well known in the pol-
itics of the State, delivered an address on the occasion. A theological debate fol

THE FIRST " SHOW" CHARTER OF RAILROADS. ^

lowed a week or so afterwards, between Rev. Jonathan Kidwell, a Universalist,
and Rev. Edwin Ray, a Methodist, with the usual result of convincing nobody of
anything he didn't believe before No theological debate since Luther ever did.
The Indiana Democrat was established in the spring by A. F. Morrison, and took
the place of the Gazette, which was discontinued after eight years of the languid
life of a country paper in a new town and a poor country. This paper, in 1841,
was superseded by the Indiana Sentinel. A history of the changes in both will be
found in the detailed notice of the newspapers of the city. The Fourth of July,
the great event of the year, was this year made the source of dissension, that came
near ending fatally. The Sunday Schools were celebrating, and so were the citi-
zens, the former under James Blake, the latter under Demas McFarland, and each
leader attempted to enlarge his own crowd at the expense of the other, by speeches
at opposite street corners. The result might have been a fight, if a fortunate rain
had not separated the crowds, forcing the schools into the' Methodist church to
complete their celebration, and sending the citizens to a neighboring grove to com-
plete theirs. They did it by a speech from Judge W. W. Wick, and reading by
A. St. Glair, under the presidency of Judge Isaac Blackford, and with the usual
dinner and drinking. They attempted to enhance the divided interest of the oc-
casion by firing a salute from the cannon, but the artillery company was Captain
Blake's, and be was "in the opposite" in this case, and the gun had to be handled
by raw hands, one of whicb, belonging to Andrew Smith, long county jailor, was
blown off in the third round. The year was further distinguished by the arrival
of the first " show," McComber & Co.'s menagerie, which was exhibited at Hen-
derson's tavern, July 26-27th, and was followed a month afterwards by another.
The Indiana Historical Society was organized in December, with Benjamin Parke
for President and B. F. Morris for Secretary. This association "spread itself' in
a fashion that promised to make it permanent and of constantly increasing value.
It elected Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Lewis Cass, John Calhoun, and pretty
much all the political notorieties of that day honorary members, and received neat
little autographic acknowledgments of the honor, which were a long time in the
ofBce of Henry P. Coburn, the last secretary. John Farnham gave the society its
most vigorous life and power while it lasted, and enabled it to make some important
collections of documents and other material of the history of the State and the
Northwest. A gift enterprise by T. A. Langdon, who offered the Indianapolis Ho-
tel as the highest prize, closed the year, which was exceedingly cold, a state of the
weather that continued the whole winter, and in February covered the ground
with more than a foot of snow, and brought the thermometer down to 18 below
zero.

The year 1831 was marked by several events of no little importance in them-
selves, but promising far more in their consequences. On the 2nd and 3rd of Feb-
ruary the Legislature chartered companies, recently formed, for the construction
of no less than six railroads, to center at Indianapolis. They were the first active
manifestations of the spirit of enterprise engendered by the then recent introduc-
tion of railways, exhibited in the State, and led the way for that wholesale system
of internal improvements four years later, which, promising such ample benefits, at
first loaded the State with such unmitigated evils. They were immature as well as
premature. No adequate means had been provided, or even forseen, for their con-
struction, and in the condition of the country at that time, there would have been
no profitable use for them all. Twenty years later, with ten times the population, the
country was unable to maintain even a smaller number of centralized railroads, and

42

HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

if these could have been built, there is no doubt they would have been disastrous
failures for a time long enough to have rusted the rails off. But new settlers and
settlements are enthusiastic, confident and uncalculating, and they took little
heed of any consideration but that a railroad to every point of the compass from
the capital would do a vast deal of good. The necessary condition " if it can be
made to pay and kept up " was not thought of. So charters were granted for
the Madison & Indianapolis, Lawrenceburg & Indianapolis, Harrison & Indianap-
olis, New Albany, Salem & Indianapolis, and Ohio & Indianapolis railroads. The
wild character of these enterprises can be seen from the proposition to make rail-
roads from New Albany and Harrison (Corydon) to Indianapolis, two lines that
would start but a few miles apart, and inevitably "cut each others' throats." Sur-
veys were made on four of them, the Madison, Lawrenceburg, Jeffersonville and La-
fayette, but nothing more done, and their obvious impossibility caused them to he
given up. But the growing favor of internal improvements impelled a new effort
on a larger scale, and later they were re-chartered and some work done upon them.
But in 1836 the State took several of them into her own hands, together with the
combined canals and turnpikes of the great system, and carried them on till she
broke down under the load.

On the 10th of February it was resolved to build a State House, on the report
of a committee at the preceding session. The unsold lots of the donation, it was
supposed, would furnish $58,000, and the house, it was estimated, would cost $56,-
000, and as a proof that the wild calculations of the railroad mania did not affect
Other business, it is to be noted that the house actually did cost but $60,000, a very
little advance upon the estimate for a public work of any kind. James Blake was
appointed commissioner to supervise the work, obtain plans and materials, and
prepare generally for active operations, with an appropriation of $3,000 for these
preliminaries. The plan (for which he was authorized to offer $150) was to include
a senate chamber for fifty members, a hall for one hundred representatives, rooms
for the Supreme Court and the State library, with twelve committee rooms and the
necessary appurtenances, at a cost of $45,000. The commissioner did his work,
and obtained a plan from Ithiel Town and I. J. Davis, of New York, which when
reported to the Legislature of 1832 was approved, and Gov. Noah Noble, Morris
Morris and Samuel Merrill, appointed to superintend the construction. The build-
ing was to be finished by November, 1838, and received upon the examination and
approval of a committee of five from each house. These commissioners contracted
with Ithiel Town, the architect, for the work at $58,000. He began early in 1832,
and finished in December of 1835, in time for the meeting of the Legislature. The
work was well done, but of bad material in the foundation. It was blue Bluff
stone, far less durable than brick, but easily obtained and easily worked. It was
slaty, and showed its disposition to scale in a few years after it was put into the
building. It has now decayed so greatly as to disfigure, if not endanger, portions
of the walls. The style of the building is Grecian, following the Parthenon, ex-
cept in the preposterous little dome. If that had been left off it would have been
handsome and tasteful, though the Grecian style is not fitted for a level country
Its heavy architrave, low roof, square form, and lack of elevatioa, make it look
squatty in a plain. It is intended for hilly and broken countries, where, capping
natural elevations, it will harmonize with the scenery, which high and peaked
buildings would not. Like all productions of real genius, it is adapted to its cir-
cumstances, and shows to less advantage anywhere else. This would have been a
grave but not insuperable objection to the style of the State House. But the in

SEW STATE HOUSE BLACK HAWK WAR. g

congruous, contemptible dome should have condemned it utterly. It don't belong
to the Grecian style, it is Roman. The Greeks knew nothing of domes or arches.
And it looks just as well with the columns, pilasters, deep architrave and inclined
roof of- a Grecian structure, as a duck-billed cap on a Quaker coat. 1 he stucco,
too, was a bad suggestion. No plaster work will last in the extreme vicissitudes of
our climate. It is wet one day, frozen the next, thawed the next, and rotting off
in a few years. So the building soon looked ragged and old. Now it looks dis-
gusting. But it was thought a fine thing thirty-five years ago. It cost $60,000,
but $2,000 more than the contract. It is 200 feet long and 100 wide, or about these
figures. No doubt it will be soon replaced. It is in constant need of repairs. In
December, 1867, the vaulted ceiling of the Representatives' hall fell, and if there
had been anybody in the "bar" it would inevitably have killed them. It made a
work that cost several thousand dollars to repair completely. 'In 1834 a plowing-
match began the work of throwing dirt from the outer side of the square to the
center, and this, with a good deal of foreign addition, made the elevation on which
the State House stands. The ground was raised about nine feet, and the trees, the
larger ones now growing, planted the year following.

About the same time that the construction of the State House was decided, the
Agent of the State was ordered to divide the donation outside of the town plat into
out lots and sell them in the May following. The subdivision included about nine-
teen hundred acres, offered for sale in lots of two to fifty acres, at the minimum
price of ten dollars an acre. A portion only was sold. As if to concentrate into
the month of February all the startling events possible, Samuel Henderson, the
Postmaster since the establishment of the office in 1822, was removed to make room
for John Cain. And Mr. M. G. Rogers, Ihe first artist, a portrait painter, visited the
capital. The steamer " Robert Hanna," arrived on the llth of April, producing, in
conjunction with the newly awakened spirit of railroad enterprise, an extraordi-
nary excitement, and great hopes of a commercial importance destined to be real-
alized only in the next generation. A case of small pox, in May, created an
excitement of a less pleasant kind. A public meeting was called to consider the
case of Sophia Overall, a colored victim of the dreadful malady, and Dr. S. G.
Mitchell, Isaac Coe, L. Dunlap, John E. McClure, C. McDougal, John S. Mothers-
head, Win. Tichnor and John H. Sanders, were appointed a Board of Health, to
see that the disease did not become epidemic. But the case, if it was small pox,
was deterred by these formidable preparations for resistance from spreading, and
the matter ended. The first soda fountain was put up by Dunlap & McDougal
the first elephant was exhibited, and the first three-story brick house, near the cor-
ner of Meridian street, on the north side of "Washington, was erected during the
summer. The August election brought out 950 votes. The first Methodist Confer-
ence was held in October, and ttie Indianapolis Lyceum, for the delivery of scien-
tific lectures and d-ebates, was organized about the same time.

The spring of 1832 brought with it nothing important. But in June came
news of the Black Hawk war, and the then celebrated but now forgotten " Bloody
Three Hundred," who deserve a place beside Tennyson's "Six Hundred," organized
to represent Indiana in the fatal fields of that last of the Indian wars east of the
Mississippi. One hundred and fifty mounted men of the fortieth regiment of mili-
tia, and as many from the regiment in the adjoining counties, were called for by
Col. Alexander W. Russell, and rendezvoused in the grove on Washington street*
where John Carlisle's residence now stands, then part of t'he military ground.
They came with the regular equipments of Indian fighters, backwoods rifles, torn-

44 HOLLOWArS INDIANAPOLIS.

ahswks, knives, a pound of powder in each man's horn, and a buckskin "shot-
pouch," with an adequate quantity of bullets. They were organized into three
companies under Captains J. P. Drake, J. W. Redding, and Henry Brenton. Col.
John L. Kinnard was one of the party. Col. K. was subsequently elected to Con-
gress over W. W. Wick, and was blown up in a racing explosion on the Ohio, on
his way to his second session of Congress, and scalded to death. He was one of the
most popular and decidedly the most promising young man of his day in the
State. He began as a school teacher. The morning before the march to Chicago
the grove was full of boys throwing tomahawks, and soldiers preparing arms and
knapsacks. The street (for there was but one) was full of crying women and
wondering children, and Col. Russell, as he rode up with a big sword in a leather
scabbard, was regarded as a second not a third Napoleon. The "Bloody Three
Hundred" marched for Chicago, but never got any further. They met no adven-
tures, and did no duty except marching, and came home ag'ain covered with dust
if not glory. It was told of them, at the time, that one of them, who was standing
guard at night up near the Lake, got frightened at a cow and fired, raising an alarm
and bringing out the whole valorous host to the perilous encounter, but it was
probably a calumny. The war was ended before they " got a smell." They got
back on the 3d of July, and had a share of the celebration and dinner the next
day, where they were regarded as " veterans." They were guided for there were
no roads up north in those days by Mr. W. Conner, the same whose early settlement
in the White River region was noted in the first chapter of this history. He was
certainly capable, if any man was. The troops were paid in the January follow-
ing, by Major Lamed. Their departure was signalized by more blood shed than
their campaign. In firing a salute from the cannon, William Warren had both his
arms blown off. Injuring its gunners seems to have been about all the service that
Captain Blake's gun ever did.

In August and September meetings were frequently held, under the inspiration,
of John Givan and Charles I. Hand and others, to build a market house at some
convenient point, and it was done the year following contracted for in May and
finished in August on the half square north of the Court house. Josiah Davis,
Thomas McOouat and John Walton were charged with the supervision of the work.
Dr. L. Dunlap, J. L. Hall and Demas McFarland were appointed the first Trustees
of the County Seminary The first Foundry was started in August, in Stringtown,
by R. A. McPherson, and continued in operation some years. The cholera created
a good deal of alarm this summer, and public meetings were held and sanitary
measures suggested, but the epidemic passed us by.

On the 3d of September the first steps were taken to form a municipal govern-
ment for the capital. Before that it had been simply a more densely populated sec-
tion of the wilderness, with no cohesion or control more than any other square
mile of land. It was governed by State laws and State officers. On that day it
was resolved to become an incorporated town, under the general law, and an elec-
tion was held shortly after for the five Trustees provided by the law for towns thus
organized. Samuel Henderson, late Post master, was made President of the Board)
J. P. Griffith Clerk, and Samuel Jennison, Marshal and Collector. It was an
exceedingly loose organization, but it answered well enough for a little town of a
little more than a thousand inhabitants. Five wards were formed, divided by Ala-
bama, Pennsylvania, Meridian and Tennessee streets, running the whole length of
the plat. Certain ordinances were adopted, and a certain portion of townly dignity
assumed. A connected history of the municipal government will be given, with

VISIT OF GENERAL HARRISON FIRST MURDER. 45

all Its appurtenances, in another place, and nothing more need be said of it here.

Early in the ensuing year, 1833, General Harrison visited, for the first time,
the capital of the State, of which, in its territorial condition, he was so long Gov-
ernor, and in which the greatest achievements of his honored career were accom-
plished. He was given a public dinner at Washington Hall, on the 17th of Janu-
ary, where he made a speech touching the exciting political issues of that day
nullification and its accompaniments and of course for the Union. His visit, with
the usual excitement created by the session of the Legislature, gave a deg'ee of
animation to social life and public feeling certainly not equaled since the arrival
of the Hanna in 1831. He came back in 1835, but never afterwards.

There was engaged, at this time, either on the National Koad bridge with Mr. Wern-
wag, or on some work on the west side of the river, a young man of good appearance
and manners by the name of William McPherson. He was accused by the scandal
of the day of licentious habits, and of intrigues that did him no credit. From
some cause he obtained the ill will of Michael Van Blaricum, the ferryman at the
"Washington street ferry. There were many reports of the origin of the difficulty,
and among others, one that inculpated McPherson with Van Blaricum's wife. On
the 8th of May, 1833, he was crossing the ferry with the ferryman, when the latter,
in the middle of the river, and in full sight of several persons, purposely rocked
the boat, upset it, and threw McPherson, who could not swim, out, and drowned
him. It was the first murder that had been committed in the town, and it created a
great deal of excitement, which was increased by the difficulty of finding the body.
Captain Blake's cannon was taken down to the bluff bank, where Merritt & Co.ugh-
lin's woolen factory now stands, and it was fired to raise the corpse, ineffectually.
It was recovered the next day after the murder. Van Blaricum, who belonged to
the family of one of the very earliest settlers, was a bad man, but from some cause,
probably the opinion that his " domestic peace " had been damaged, he was sentenced
to but three years in the penitentiary, and had served but half the term, when
Gov. Noble pardoned him. He returned and lived in the city, just at the west end
of the bridge, for several years afterwards.

The cholera panic was renewed this year. A case or two supposed to be chol-
era, with its prevalence elsewhere, created so much alarm that the 26th of June
was observed as a day of fasting and prayer, and in July a public meeting sub-
scribed $1,000 to provide hospital conveniences, appointed a committee often half
doctors, half citizens to act as a Board of Health, and assigned minor committees
to each ward. Suitable measures were taken; the Governor's Circle building was
taken for a hospital, and Dr. John E. McClure appointed to the charge of it. No
case occurred, and the preparations were, happily, lost. Following the cholera
came the first circus, in August (Brown & Bailey's circus and menagerie), and
placed itself in the open lot south of Henderson s hotel, then and for several years
afterwards the only spot used for these exhibitions. It created a great deal of talk
among the religious, who were willing to see the animals, but condemned the circus
as immoral and irreligious. The feeling was almost universal then, and is not
wholly dead yet. The "show" did a good business, as "shows" of all kinds almost
invariably have done from that day to this.

The great meteoric shower of November 13th excited an alarm, not quite so
general, but in some minds far moye intense than did the cholera. It was deemed
a portent of some great Divine display of wrath, if not the herald of the Last Day
itself.' It was certainly the most awful exhibition, to an uneducated mind, and the
most sublime to an educated mind, that can be concieved. The sky rained fire aa
thickly as it ever did rain drops, apparently, till the rising day put the lights out.

CHARTER OF OLD STATE BANK SINKING FUND BANK OF THE STATE RAILROAD
ENTERPRISE FIRST FIRE COMPANY FIRST AGRICULTURAL, SOCIETY COUNTY
FAIR SPECULATIVE SPIRIT PROPERTY RISING BENEVOLENT SOCIETY LIT-
ERARY SOCIETY INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FAILURE STATE DEBT
AND BANKRUPTCY PAYMENT OF STATE DEBT RUIN OF PRIVATE BUSINESS

THE SECOND MURDER WASHINGTON HALL FIRST INSURANCE COMPANY

CHAIN GANG RACING AND FIGHTING.

, N the 28th of January, 1834, the Legislature chartered the State Bank of
Indiana, with a capital of $1,600,000, in $50 shares, the State taking half the
stock, and private holders the remainder. The charter was to run twenty-
five years. The State raised the money for her interest by the sale of what were
known as "Bank bonds," and her share of the dividends, after extinguishing these
bonds, it was provided should go to the establishment of a general School Fund.
A Board called the Sinking Fund Board, was constituted to manage this fund of
dividends, and was authorized to lend it, in any desired amounts, upon landed secu-
rity, at seven per cent, interest. By this wise provision, poor borrowers, settlers
who desired to buy land, and all who wanted loans on long time, were accommoda-
ted, and during the whole life of the Bank the Sinking Fund was a most important
adjunct. Its loans went into every county of the State, and being amply secured)
and renewable ad libitum, they made at once an immense profit for the ultimate
school fund, and an incalculable benefit to the people. When the magnitude of the
fund began to be apparent, on the recommendation of Gov. Wright its avails were
ordered by the Legislature to be invested in the State's five per cent, bonds, issued
in the place of those issued in 1836 for internal improvements. By this arrange-
ment a double advantage was secured. The public debt was extinguished to the
amount of the avails of the school fund, and a permanent investment of the fund
was made in the credit of the State. The foreign debt became a domestic debt, at a
low rate of interest, and the taxes that would otherwise go abroad remained at
home to teach our children. It was paying a debt and levying a school tax both.
The final yield of this fund of the State's dividends, thus vastly increased, was
$3,700,000, after paying the " Bank bonds."

Of the Bank itself the history belongs rather to the State than the city, but a
general sketch of it will not be out of place here. The Legislature reserved the
right to elect the President and half the Directors. The stockholders elected the
other half of the Directors. Samuel Merrill, late State Treasurer, was elected the
first President, and Calvin Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Morrison and Thos.
R. Scott Directors. The organization was made on the 13th of February, begin-
ning with ten branches, but ultimately increasing them to sixteen. Books for stock
subscriptions were opened on the 7th of April following, and remained open thirty

THE OLD STATE BANK. Afi

ctays. The stock was, of course, readily taken. James M. Eay was made Cashier,
and he held the position till the bank was " wound up."

The Bank and its branches began business on the 20th day of November, 1834.
The " mother bank," as it was called, was first kept in the Governor's Circle build-
ing. It was afterwards removed to Washington street, and kept there till 1840.
In the meantime the Directors had been building a very substantial, and by no means
unornamental, structure on the narrow peak between Illinois street and Kentucky
avenue, on the site of an old pottery establishment, one of the first erected in the
city. In 1840 a removal was made into this building, and there the bank remained
during the remainder of its corporate life. The Bank of the State of Indiana a
sort of successor, or meant to be, of the State Bank of Indiana next occupied the
building, and remained till it collapsed under the National Bank act. The build-
ing has since been occupied as an insarance office and head quarters of one of the
political parties. The Indianapolis Branch of the State Bank was organized on
the llth of November, by the appointment of Hervey Bates, President, and B. F.
Morris, flashier. They were succeeded in a few years by Calvin Fletcher as Presi-
dent, and Thomas EL. Sharpe as Cashier, and these very efficient officers remained
in the management of the Bank till it was wound up. Very few institutions of
any kind have continued so long in the same hands as this bank. It was first kept
in a building belonging to Mr. Bates on Washington Street and Virginia avenue,
but in 1840 the building on the corner of Pennsylvania street and Virginia avenue
was completed, and the bank removed to that. When the bank was wound up,
this building (which contained the Cashier's residence as well a? the bank), was
sold for $16,000, to the Sinking Fund, which, though an adjunct of the bank in
its origin, had an independent existence and business, and many a year to run
before it could close out its wide-spread loans, and secure its mortgages. But in
1867 the Fund had worked its way through so nearly to the end that its business
was transferred by the Legislature to the State Auditor, the building became unne-
cessary, and it was sold to the Franklin Insurance Company, for $30,000.

No Bank ever organized in the United Siates vas managed more prudently
or to greater advantage both of the borrowers and of the stockholders than the
Stat^- Bank. The Indianapolis Branch would loan but $200 to any one person, except
when engaged in hog or grain buying, and then it would lend liberally. Tbis reso-
lution caused a good deal of complaint of " narrowness" and "stinginess," but it
prevented wild speculation, and saved the Bank from many a loss. The effect
of it was that business men in need of immediate accommodation were accommodated,
and those whose annual traffic in stock was the life of the farming interest, were
supplied as far as a perfect knowledge of the trader's judgment and means indicated
would be safe. In 1837, May 18th, the State Bank suspended specie payments, and
resumed again on the order of the Legislature, June 15th, 1842.

In 1855, in anticipation of the expiration of the charter of the State Bank, the
Legislature, by a close vote, and after a vast deal of intriguing and management,
suspected to be not entirely free from corrupt elements, chartered the Bank of the
State of Indiana, an institution somewhat like its predecessor in general features,
but solely a stock holders' affair. The State had no interest in it. Gov. Wright,
believing it to be the work of speculators, who had arranged to snatch all the stock
and allow no fair competition for its possession, vetoed the bill, but it was passed
over his head. When the stock books were opened for the seventeen branches, there
was s'ome appearance of the "grab game" which the Governor apprehended, and
at the next session of the Legislature he made a long argument before the Senate

48 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

to show that fraud had been practiced, and that the charter should be canceled.
But the Bank was too strong then to be overturned, and lived till the National Bank
system of Mr. Chase killed it. Its branches were generally converted into National
banks. It was organized on the 1st of November, 1855, with Hugh M'Cullough,
late Secretary of the Treasury, as President he was, also, President of the State
Bank during the last four years of its existence and James M. Ray, also of the
State Bank, Cashier. It began business with the beginning of the year 1857, with
a capital of $1,836,000, and continued prosperously till, as before remarked, the
National Bank system overwhelmed it. In 1865 it was authorized by the Legisla-
ture to " wind up," and did so as soon after as practicable. It was kept in the old
State Bank building on Kentucky avenue, which it bought, and subsequently sold
to the Franklin Insurance Company. Hugh M'Cullough, G. W. Rathbone and
James M. Kay were Presidents, and Mr. Ray and Joseph M. Moore Cashiers. The
Branch in this city was organized July 25th, 1855, with $100,000, capital, afterwards
doubled, and with W. H. Talbout for President. It began business in 1857, with
the "mother"' bank, in the room. where Cobb's drug store now is. George Tousey
was then the President, and C. S. Stevenson Cashier. In 1861 Stevenson was
appointed Paymaster in the army, and David E. Snyder was made Cashier. The
bank was shortly before removed to the corner room of Yohn's block, Washington
and Meridian streets, where it has since remained. D. M. Taylor was made Cashier
in 1866, and Oliver Tousey President. As a branch of the Bank of the State it
was wound up soon after this, and converted into a National Bank, in which charac-
ter it still keeps its old place. A general notice of Banks will be found in another
place.

In the spring of 1834 a railroad meeting was held here to obtain subscriptions
to the Lawrenceburgh road, and the practice, now so general, of making county
subscriptions by county Boards, to be paid by taxation, was inaugurated. The
railroad fever, which reached its climax two years afterwards, was now rising fast.
As stated in a preceding chapter, lines had been projected from Indianapolis, La-
fayette and Madison, as well as Lawrenceburg and other points, and nothing hav-
ing been done with most of them, they were rechartered in this and the following
year, and in 1836 assumed by the State. Nothing came of the Lawrenceburgh
line, except a little grading at one or two points.

Besides the chartering of the State Bank, and of the several railroad compa-
nies, the year 1834 witnessed the first local organization of the "Whig party. The
first meeting was held May 17th in the Court house which continued to be the
common political forum as long as it lasted under Robert Brenton, familiarly
known in the " unrespective " vernacular of the backwoods as "Old Bob Brenton,"
and speeches were made by Hiram Brown, a most unwavering Whig to the last
hour of his life, and a man of extraordinary, though not persevering, talents, and by
Wm. Quarles, a greatly overrated criminal lawyer, John H. Scott and John Hobart,
the latter the first native poet of whom our city or its vicinity could boast. The
first brewery did not grow out of this "Whig movement, as we of the "lager beer
period " of politics might easily conjecture, but out of the enterprise of John L.
Young and Wm. H. Wernwag, and was got ready for work during this summer
It was located just west of where the canal was afterwards run, at the west end of
Maryland street. It did not do a very large business, and Mr. Young subsequently
failed in it, when it passed into other hands. A few years ago it was abandoned.
A rope-walk was also established during the year, near the market house, and the
Pension Agency was removed here from Corydon.

FIRE COMPANY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 4Q

The completion of the State House in 1835, in time for the meeting of the
Legislature in December, was the most noted event of the year, though less
directly connected with our municipal history than another event that sprang from
it. As it approached completion, and the invaluable deposits of public laws and
records which it would contain began to rise into full appreciation, the Legislature
saw the necessity of protecting it, not only by insurance, but by preventive agen-
cies, and authorized the Treasurer to procure twenty-five buckets, with suitable
ladders for reaching the roof, and to pay half the expense of getting a fire engine,
if the citieens would make up the other half. A meeting was held on the 12th of
February to effect this object, and the existing fire- bucket company which had
done little more good than furnish the harness-making establishments with pretty
fair contracts for leather buckets like small barrels, awkward in shape and unman-
ageable in service, for it was hard to throw water out of them on account of their
contracted mouths was reorganized as the Marion Fire Engine, Hose, and Protec-
tion Company, with Caleb Scudder as the first captain. The meeting requested
the town trustees to raise their half of the cost of an enine by a tax, and to levy
at the same time enough to construct five public wells. The engine called the
"Marion," an "end-brake," of the best construction, by Merrick of Philadelphia,
and by far the most serviceable "machine" the city ever had, was bought during
the year, and received in September. It was placed, as before stated, in a small
frame house on the north side of the Circle, subsequently enlarged to a two-story,
and made the Council chamber, in the upper story. Thus was commenced the City
Fire Department, always a prominent feature of a city government and history. A
detailed account of it, and its abrogation for the present paid steam department,
will be found in another ptace.

About the same time that the engine company was formed, the first State Agri-
cultural Society was organized, with James Blake, Larkin Simms, John Owen and
M. M. Henkle as directors, of whom Mr. Blake was President and Mr. Henkle Sec-
retary. Steps were taken to diffuse a knowledge of, and interest in, agriculture by
premiums. for essays, and to organize county auxilliary societies. A State conven.
tion was held on the 14th of December, in the State House, at which little was
accomplished, and not much more was done at the few meetings which followed, and
the affair died. It was premature. The country was too new, the means of
transportation too inadequate, to allow of Fairs and a competition and comparison
of agricultural efforts, and without these practical results and illustrations a
Society can not hope to be mere than a debating club. A county society was formed
here in June, with Nathan B. Palmer as President, and Douglass Maguire as Sec-
retary. Some money was obtained by subscription for premiums, and the Board
of Justices donated fifty dollars of public money, so that, altogether, the society
was enabled to distribute in premiums at the first fair, held on the last two days of
October, about $180. Subscriptions to the amount of $400 were made for the next
fair, and there was enough local interest manifested to warrant the hope that the
exhibition would become permanent, but it failed with the State society in a few
years.

The internal improvement fever was now almost at its hight. Even sober, cal-
culating men began to see lines of railway stretching off to every point of the
compass, and canals with long processions of loaded boats pouring wealth into the
capital, and enterprise through every corner of the State. Speculation began to
grow vigorous. Of all the projected lines of improvement, there were few that
did not aim at the capital. Property was bound to rise in value as business crowded

50 BOLLOWATS INDIAXAPOtlS.

the streets. And as imagination saw property rising, it did rise. It had been doing'
so for a year or two. Lots had doubled in value since the first projected set of
defunct railroads had been chartered. On Washington street they were worth $69
to $75 a front foot. This was something promising; for a youth, with his first vote
to cast, may recollect when lots on Washington street, between Illinois and Meri-
dian, with buildings upon them buildings now standing as incorporated parts .of
palatial structures were sold for $120 a foot. The settlement which, since the
great ague epidemic of 1821, had been crowding eastward, began to surge back
towards the river again. Lots along the probable line of the canal became valuable,
and sold rapidly, in the proportion that the canal now impairs their value. More
than one family established itself close to the ditch, as a choice spot for a residence,
with a blindness to unsuitability that puzzles one now. Among others, William
Quarles, the lawyer, with considerable aristocratic pretensions, built a house on the
east bank of the. canal and south side of Washington street, under this strange
delusion. The fever went off, in a few years, in a prostration that came near being
fatal. This was the first speculative era in the history of the city. In the earlier
years, when lots were still sold by the State's agent, there was not money enough
to buy for speculation. Most of it was done with the purpose of holding on.

In November the Benevolent Society was organized, with very much the same
structure that it still retains. Having little to do, and appealing for support directly
to every householder by its visitors, it was kept up when more pretentious affairs
failed. No small part of its sustaining influence came from th"e character of ths
contributions it asked. Like "Bill CrowderV' charity sermon, it wanted "old
clothes, old coats, old hats, or any good-for-rrothing old thing that nobody else would
have." And these were readily given, and used with increasing benefit every year.
Money was not usually solicited at the outset, or for a number of years afterwards,
though it was often given, and of course, judiciously used.- Now it is really a very
important and indispensable institution, managing large sums of money, and vast
accumulations of clothing and other benevolent material. Its system of collection
and distribution has remained unchanged, and its management is in very much the
same Hands, except as death has removed them, that first undertook it. Visitors
a gentleman and lady of the highest respectability always are appointed t
designated portions of the city, and they apply, armed with baskets, at every house
for anything that poverty and distress can make serviceable. And these collec-
tions- are kept in charge of an officer, who gives them out on the order of the mana-
gers. A- necessitous person has only to see any one of the score of managers and
show that there is no imposition, to get adequate relief.

A literary Society was formed this year, too, taking the place of the Lyceum.
It was a young men's affair, and devoted itself to the ordinary exercises of such
associations, debates and essays. It was subsequently merged into, or compounded
with, the Union Literary Society, organized by the elder pupils of the Seminary,
and by the latter name it was known during its last and most important years,
when it was incorporated under the general law (1847), and had, by much solicita-
tion, obtained money to procure lecturers of celebrity. Its own members some-
times delivered its addresses, but the ministers of the city more frequently were
the speakers, and their churches the lecture halls. Henry Ward Beecher delivered
one, Dr. Samuel Johnson, the amiable and gitted Episcopal rector, delivered two or
three, Dr. Fisher, of Cincinnati, was obtained for a course of fjur lectures in 1848.
Horace Greeley delivered one lecture in 1853, in Masonic Hall, and Rev. J. C
Fletcher, who was one of the members that had lectured before it in 1847, on his

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT 8Y8TEM. eft

return from Brazil made an address in the same Hall. It was the predecessor, and
an efficient one, too, of the present Y. M. C. A., and other lecturing associations.

The meteorology of 1835 is noteworthy. The spring and summer were remark-
able for the frequency and volume of their rain falls. At Fort Wayne, it was reported
by Mr. Jesse L. Williams, says Mr. Brown, that ten inches of rain fell in two hours.
This was equal to a water spout. Hardly less remarkable was the occurrence of a
severe frost on the night of the 1st of July, and the succession of a period of unu-
sual heat and drouth. On August 18th a furious tornado swept over the country,
greatly damaging houses, fences, trees and stock. And the winter of 1835-36 was
almost unbroken till April.

The year 1836 is memorable both in State and municipal history, as that which
gave form and active life to the wild schemes of improvement so often adverted to.
The National road was in process of construction. The New York and Erie Canal,
a gigantic State enterprise, had for ten years been successful and remunerative.
Improvements were going on everywhere, and stimulating a spirit here which
necessity created. The country was rapidly filling up, ahd its lands thickening
with crops of grain, and teeming with hogs. But there was no outlet except
through vast forests and almost impassable roads. A railroad or canal would be of
incalculable benefit. This was clear. The difiiculty through which very few saw
clearly, or saw at all, was that every section of the State wanted a railroad or a
canal, and no one would concede its claims to another, and none could be made a
State work without the consent of the others. Thus when it was proposed that the
State should undertake the work of internal improvement, these sectional jealous-
ies, co-operating with the general confidence that every work when completed would
pay an immense revenue to the Treasury, making taxation an obsolete necessity,
forced the assumption of, or contribution of help to, nearly every enterprise that had
been projected, in which there was any appearance of life or prospect of final
advantage. The State took them all up, and issued $10,000,000 of bonds, to raise
the money to prosecute them. The act was passed and approved on the 26th of Jan-
uary, 1836, but it was ascertained by a test vote on the 16th that the Internal Im-
provement Bill would pass, and the town was illuminated at night, and a scene of
enthusiastic congratulation and jollification enacted which many now living will
remember, not only for its brilliance, but for the period of suffering and stagnation
to which it led so speedily and certainly. It was good while it lasted. The con-
sequence of that measure was a State debt of some $15,088,000, on which no inter-
est was paid for six or seven years. The great financial crash of 1 83 Y broke down
the enterprise in 1839, and at that time it was abandoned. The combined railroads,
canals and turnpikes amounted to 1,289 miles, and only 281 in the aggregate had
been completed, at an expense of $8,164,528 21, while the remaining,!, 008 miles it
was estimated would cost $19,914,244 more. The work never paid the State a cent.
The whole cost was money thrown in the water. In 1846 an arrangement was
made with our creditors to take the Wabash and Erie Canal with some 2,000,000
acres of land donated to it by Congress, to complete the work to Evansville, and to
keep it in serviceable condition, in payment of half the debt. For the other half
of the principal, 5 per cent, bonds were issued, and for the unpaid interest 2 per
cent, bonds were given. "Within the present year the last of the bonds has been
redeemed, and the last dollai of the burthen created by the measure for which the
town was illuminated in 1836, thirty-four years ago, has been paid. The State is-
out of debt, and has a surplus. As remarked in the first part of this chapter, a
large portion of these redeemed bonds have been paid out of the school fund, and

52 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

thus the State has become the debtor of her own children instead of foreign cred-
itors. The interest she pays now goes to the diffusion of free education instead of
the pockets of plethoric capitalists.

An attempt was made at the Gubernatorial election in the year following, to
stem the torrent of popular caprice, by the concentration of all opposition upon
John Dumont for Governor, against David Wallace, the candidate of the Improve-
ment party, pretty much the same as the Whig party. The Dumont men called
themselves the " Modifiers," who wanted to take up a work at a time, and, carrying
less weight, be more likely to get through. It was sound policy, but there were too
many interests involved in the combination of enterprises to be overborne by rea-
.-son, and the " Modifiers " were beaten. Gov. Wallace was eloquent and invincible on
<the "stump" in his exposition of the advantages of the possession by the State of
>these great works. Their revenue would make taxation unnecessary, the develop-
iment of business they would create would give profitable employment to every man,
-and " two dollars aday and roastbeef ' would be as little as any one would put up with.
'That " two dollars and roast beef" made a very effective Democratic war cry during
the "hard times." from 1839 to 1844, when employment was scarce and money
scarcer.

The same disaster that overwhelmed the State's credit crushed private business.
Merchants owing bills for goods in the East, made unusually large by the freshet of
speculation and the unhealthy inflation of trade of the preceding years, found them-
selves "broken," and hog speculators " went down " as fast as ever their droves did
before the slaughter house hammers of the Cincinnati packing houses. The Bank,
as already noted, suspended specie payment. Property bought at the big prices of
ithe enthusiastic era could not be sold at all. Nobody had any money. Men with
thousands of acres of rich land, and dozens of eligible town lots, were no better able
to p iy than those who had not ground enough for a grave. Several remedies were
<devised for this State of affairs, first. Eastern creditors were wise enough to see
that debts pressed to execution would realize nothing, for property could not be
sold; so they gave liberal terms of settlement in most cases, trusting to the revival
of business and the growth of the town to put their dubtors "on their feet," and
enable them to pay in full, as they did. Second. The Legislature enacted that no
^property taken in excution should be sold for less than two-thirds of its appraised
value, and a certain amount of household property was exempted from execution
^altogether. This secured debtors against the entire loss of their property with no
.material alleviation of their debts. Third. The Legislature issued bills, secured by
the credit of the State, popularly known as "scrip," bearing six per cent, interest,
and receivable for taxes, to supply the deficiency of currency. Two or three later
.issues were Aade, bearing a smaller rate of interest, and more largely discounted
than the first. This resource afforded some relief, but less than it should, for the
reason that the "scrip" had little credit or value outside of the State. This kept it
below par at home. For a long time the usual question of a customer, " What
is the price?" was answered by another, "Scrip or State Bank paper?" And a
-difference of one dollar in five was the result of the answer to it. In Cincinnati
the first issues of six per cents were long worth no more than forty or fifty cents
on the dollar, and it was a common speculation for our merchants to take an extra
iundred or five hundred dollars along when they went to lay in stock, to buy scrip
with. They could use it at home at seventy-five to eighty-five cents on the dollar,
and make twenty to fifty per cent, by the speculation. Gradually, though, the
-"scrip" passed back in taxes to the State Treasury. Its six per cent, interest

THE " CHAIN GANG." gg

added considerably to its value, and it began to command a premium. It was worth
nearly two dollars for one before it was all redeemed, fifteen years afterwards.

Business began to feel an upward impulse in 1843, but it was not till the Madi-

railroad began creeping towards us from the river that a visible and active
spirit of enterprise appeared.

In February, 1836, the Legislature gave the town a special charter of incorpora-
tion, a new board of trustees was elected in April, and the old one retired after
four years of service. Their settlement sheet showed that the revenues of the cap-
ital were not enormous enough to be worth fighting for in those days. The receipts
for the year ending April 1st, 1836 were only $1,610, and most of that had been
collected by a special levy to pay for the " Marion " engine, for public wells, and
other fire provisions. The new government inherited $124 from its predecessor, and
passed some stringent ordinances against disorderly and riotous conduct. These
would have been more important if they could have been enforced, for the town was
full of wild, reckless, dangerous men, brought here by the work on the National
Road, and increased by the influx brought by the canal.

The full fruit of the seeds of disorder sown here by these public works was not
witnessed till a year or two afterwards, but from about this period till the return
of "good times" and adequate employment for labor, the riotous population made
so prominent a figure that a history would be incomplete without a notice of it.
The central figure of the crowd was a square built, " chunky," agile and courageous
man, of a naturally generous temper, and a rioter more through reckless love of
mischief and adventure than real depravity, named Burkhart, and usually called
" Old Dave Buckhart." He was generally seen on the street with an old slouch hat,
breeches kept up by a single suspender, no coat or vest, and barefooted. His asso-
ciates were like himself in appearance, but better disposed to serious outrage. They
lived west of the canal, or near its line, in what is now called " Bucktown," and
supported themselves mainly by stealing their neighbors' corn, pigs, poultry and
potatoes. Their whisky they got by occasional jobs of rude and exhausting labor.
They dug wells, excavated cellars and moved houses. When not thus engaged,
they were rioting, and not unfrequently robbing outright. They were called the
"chain gang," and the terror of their name was not quite lost when young men
now living were born. A feud between them and the colored residents was a mat-
ter of course. They were all of that political faith which holds a negro as noth-
ing, and makes him a fit subject of outrage and oppression. They frequently
sacked negro houses and abused their inmates, and kept the northwestern corner of
the town in a perpetual turmoil. The feud culminated in a collision with " Old man
Overall," a negro of rather a plucky disposition, who had some sons as willing to
fight as any white man could be, and who lived on the open common near the pres-
sent line of Ohio street, east of the military park. The "chain gang" gave out
that they meant to "go for" the Overalls on a certain night, and the negro gathered
his forces, barricaded doors and windows, loaded guns, and prepared for a siege.
The assailants made a demonstration before the "colored " fortress, but a few shots
and the formidable preparations warned them off, and the warfare resulted in a
victory for the negroes. This was pretty near the termination of their career. It
was effectually ended shortly after by a collision as novel as it was effective. The
Methodists were holding a camp meeting in the military ground, and, under the
ministrations of Rev. James Havens, then in the prime of his enormous physical
strength and impressive but uncultured eloquence, were making many converts.
On the third day of the meeting Burkhart, barefooted, and considerably drunk

54 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

wandered into the woods and around the camp ground, keeping himself quite orderly
and unobtrusive. An additional drink or two, however, " started " him, and he
began marching around the outer line of the seats, shouting a dirty couplet of some
original rhyme, at the top of his voice. The preacher several times stopped and
kindly asked him to go off and not disturb the congregation, but without effect. At
last he came down from the pulpit, walked right up to "old Buck" a bit of pluck
that astonished him and asked him again to go off and leave the worshippers
alone. He swore he wouldn't, and Mr. Havens at once knocked him down and
whipped him till he roared. His defeat by a preacher, the object of supreme con-
tempt to the "gang," ruined the leader's power. Shortly afterwards he was arrested
for some misconduct and taken before 'Squire Scudder, where he " cavorted " and
boasted furiously, till Samuel Merrill as he used to tell the story to the writer
good humoredly took up his challenge for a scuffle, and threw him violently upon
the floor of the 'Squire's office. These successive humiliations, and the growth of
the moral element of the town, were too much for "Old Buck," and he moved off
to the Bluffy where he reformed and died at an advanced age. This was the end
of the "chain gang;" but a number of the members remained in the town and
made a hard and uncertain support by well-digging and house-moving. The lead-
ing men were " Big John Fletcher," a gigantic fellow, a perfect Hercules in form,
but not as courageous as his physical powers might lead one to fancy he would be,
and John Sparlan, a powerful man, of less stature but hardly less strength thau
Fletcher. Though they created a good deal of annoyance by irregularities and
petty crimes, the "gang" was not the formidable thing it had been, and it was
killed entirely less by actual resistance than discountenance. Sparlan was stabbed
and killed in a street fight with John Pogue, the son of the first settler of the town.
Fletcher died of dissipation, and his sons followed him, one or two by murder, one
by drowning, and one by the effects of a disorderly life.

A favorite amusement of this period was running "quarter races." The course
was a wide lane, covered with turf, except where an occsional wagon had cut down
to the soil, bordered by a "staked-and-ridered fence" the whole length, on the east
side, and a portion of the way by a similar fence on the west, and the open woods
of the Military ground. It was the portion of what is now West street, lying
north of the "mill race," and extending to the Michigan road (Indiana avenue),
at Laquatt's residence. Crowds of idle men and truant school boys would flock out
to this lane and line the fences on both sides like crows, to watch two horses, just
taken out of the wagon and stripped of their "gears," run on a bet of five dol-
lars. The races were usually, however, conducted on Saturday, so that school boys
did not have to play "hookey" to see them, and they were the bulk of the specta-
tors. "Selling races" were occasionally run on this quarter course, and provoked
ugly suspicions sometimes, and sometimes desperate fights. On one occasion a gen-
tleman somewhat known in connection with the history of the city, was thought by
some of the spectators to have helped in one of these tricks, and the celebrated
Nat. Vice, the pride and terror of the city, chased him home through innumerable
dodges and back alleys. Nathaniel Vice was so prominent a figure of this era of
the city, and so remarkable a character, that it would be improper not to speak of
him a little more fully. He was a young man, not over thirty, at the time, of the
middle hight, compactly though not heavily formed, with dark hair, eyes and skin,
and a power of muscle absolutely unequaled. No professional acrobat or gymnast
approached him, for his feats he performed with no preparation of cords or bars or
years of training. He was utterly fearless, always ready for a fight, generous in

Iff EARLY DAYS. 55

temper, manly, epen and honorable. He was a contractor on the canal in 1839,
when the public works were abandoned by the State, and found himself with a con-
siderable amount of arrears to his Irish employes, and with no money in the State
Treasury to pay them. He called his "hands" up, explained the case to them,
showed them all his money, and distributed it among them to the last cent in pro-
portion to the a'm<ount due, promising that he would pay the balance as soon as the
State paid him. For a little while the Irishmen seemed content with this arrange-
ment, but coming up town and getting a drink or two ahead, they began to feel
cheated, and resolved to punish the contractor. He came up the street shortly after,
and seeing eight or ten of his "boys" round the door of the "Union Hotel" saloon,
he invited them in and treated them. He left the room and they followed him. On
reaching the street, -they began cursing him and demanding their money. He ex-
plained to no purpose, and saw thai he would have to fight. Eight of them set
upon him together, and in two minutes he had whipped the whole of them so badly
that they were more than willing to quit. He fought with feet as well as hands,
and as he prostrated one man with a blow of his fist he sprang into the air and
kicked the leader in the face so fearfully that he fell senselss and helpless, and was
for a time thought to be dead. That was the biggest fight ever known in the town,
though " Big Bill Crowder," the son of our first restaurant keeper, and the man who
gave the name to the "Crowder farm" and "Crowder's ford" in the river, once or
twice whipped three or four of the " Waterloo," crowd' a set of uncouth country
cubs from the ague-infected -region of what is. now alled " Lanergan's Lake," in
the east bottom of White River.

The fighting in the early days of the capital was quite a feature in its social, or
unsocial, life. No Saturday passed without one, or commonly, a half dozen. And
a good deal of it was desperate and mischievous enough for the hungriest hunter of
gladiatorial fun. It was not done to attract attention and create notoriety either;
at least not in many cases. It is authentically related that Andrew Wilson and
Zadoc Smith, while engaged in the mill on McCarty's bayou a stream now pretty
much used up quarrelled, and agreed to go into the woods alone and fight it out.
They did, and came back together in a half hour, with torn clothes and fearfully
bruised faces, but no report as to the result of the fight. Nobody ever found out
which whipped. Capt. Alexander Wiley and "big Jim Smith," the tailor, once
quarrelled, and adjourned, alone, to the vacant State House square to settle the
difficulty with an amicable fight. They did it, after a fearful combat, and came back
together on excellent terms. A large, strong, surly fellow from " Waterloo," by
the name of Bob Stevens, was for a long time the terror not only of the "bottom,"
but of the town, in which he invariably had a fight whenever he emerged from the
mud and iron weeds, of his "native heath," to indulge his taste for Jerry Collins'
whisky. He had whipped and cruelly hurt so many courageous boys who were too
plucky to be "run over" by him, and not strong enough to fight him, that he was
regarded as a sort of "ogre," and was allowed to "tear about" pretty much as he
pleased. Finally he encountered a short, very square-shouldered, deep-chested
young man by the name of Eli Glimpse, and, as usual, attempted to "ride rough
shod" over him. The result was a fight, in which Stevens was nearly killed; his
face was knocked to pieces, one of his eyes destroyed and his arm broken, while his
antagonist had a thumb bitten round and round below the first joint, clear to the
bone, as a boy bites a pawpaw stick to break it. It ruined his left hand. These
will serve as specimens of the Saturday diversions of the people along about the
time under consideration.

gg BOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

The impulse given to business and speculation by the internal Improvement
system soon reached its climax. The general financial convulsion of 1837 followed
close upon it, and warned shrewd men of the peril of spreading more sail than
was absolutely necessary to give " steerage way." Speculation was checked and
soon killed outright. The costly lots on the canal were given up, and business
shrank back to its old channel of Washington street, east of Illinois. But still there
was a good deal of improvement going on, and some manufacturing growing into-
profitable proportions. The " Washington Hall," so long the leading hotel of the
State, and as well known as the Whig headquarters of Indiana as Tammany Hall
is as Demcratic headquarters in New York, was this year (1836) erected on the
site of the frame tavern of Samuel Henderson. It was, at that time, the finest and
costliest private structure that had been built or projected in the town. It was
owned by a company, and opened by Edmund Browning, on the 16th of November,
1837, and by him retained till 1851. A full account of it and of our hotels gener-
ally will be found in another place.

On the 27th of April Arnold Lashley, a fiery-blooded Kentuckian, who was
carrying on a carriage manufactory on the square of Odd Fellows' Hall and the
Post ofiice, fronting Pennsylvania street, quarrelled with a man named Zachariah
Collins, who was hauling timber for him, or engaged in some like labor about the
establishment, and in a fury struck him with a single-tree and killed him. This
murder created an intense excitement. Lashley was "aristocratic," "put on style,"
and "held himself too high for common people," and if the population of new settle-
ments hate any one thing more than another it is a man or woman who sets up a
little social superiority. Collins was a poor man, and he had been killed for
nothing. There was serious danger that the murderer would be lynched. He, how-
ever, had a preliminary examination and was held to bail, which he forfeited. He
ran off and was never heard of again.

The County Agricultural Society held its second fair on the 7th and 8th of
October, and Calvin Fletcher stated in his address that there were thirteen hun-
dred farmers in the county, and that they produced an average of one thousand
bushels of corn each. If he had only told us the average number of acres to a
farm, or assigned to corn growing, his statement would have been of real value, as
enabling us to compare the productiveness of the country at that time with its pro-
ductiveness now, and to see whether there has been a material deterioration. A
map of the town was published in the fall by Dr. Luke Munsell, and one of the
county, by William Sullivan, surveyor, since better known as 'Squire Sullivan, who
held the office of Justice of the Peace for nearly one generation, and still lives
happy and honored among us. Dr. Munsell was a " queer genius," a deeply learned
man, of various and valuable attainments, who yet never made all of them of half
as much service as an inferior man would have made one of them. He pub-
lished a map of Kentucky when he was State Engineer, before he came here. He
also opened here the first, or among the first, Daguerrian establishments. A mat-
tress and cushion manufactory was commenced by Hiram Devinney, on West Ma-
ryland street, near the canal, and a linseed oil mill was operated by his son, Frank
Devinney, in the alley south of Maryland street. In February, 1836, the first
home Insurance Company was chartered, with $200,000 capital, and valuable
banking privileges. The charter ran for fifty years. Its direction was organized a
few weeks afterwards, with Douglass Maguire as President, and Caleb Scudder as
Secretary. It never did much, and died in the "hard times." In 1865 the old
worthless stock waa bought up, the charter renewed, and a new and vigorous com-

INSURANCE BUSINESS. 57

pany organized, as the Indianapolis Insurance Company, with Win. Henderson as
President, and Alexander C. Jameson HS Secretary. The old Branch Bank building,
on Virginia avenue and Pennsylvania street, was bought and is now occupied by
it. Until within the past ten years, the business of Insurance, though considera-
ble, was trifling to what it is now. The agencies were usually held by lawyers, who
took them rather as accommodations than as profitable enterprizes, and no attempt
was made to push business. 'The companies were all of the East. Now this is a
vast interest, with a score or two of agencies, and some flourishing domestic compa-
nies and it plays no subordinate part in the statistics of the city's business.

1 f .

MILITIA MUSTERS VOLUNTEER COMPANIES SWAMP DRAINAGE NEW CHURCHES

FEMALE INSTITUTE, AND OTHER SCHOOLS NEW CITY GOVERNMENT STEAM

FOUNDRY GOVERNOR'S HOUSE ABANDONMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS CENTRAL
CANAL MADISON RAILROAD SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, AND HENRY
WARD BEECHEB.

T THE time of the organization of the State Government, Indian wars were
fresh in the memories of the settlers, and the danger of their renewal, or

at least of local outbreaks and murders, so evident, that a preparation for
military service was wisely enough deemed indispensable, and laws were enacted
constituting the State militia of all able bodied men of a certain age, forming
them into regiments, usually of counties, and enjoining general "musters" for the
purpose of drill and keeping alive the military spirit, from which no absence was
allowed without reasonable excuse, and for neglect of which fines were imposed.
The system was really too broad ever to be made very efficient, and it gradually
broke down into total disuse. But for many years the annual or semi-annual
"musters" were kept up, and constituted, next to the Fourth of July, the great
holiday and spectacle of the season. The regiment of this county usually turned
out from three hundred to four hundred men, most of them armed with squirrel-
rifles, but some with hoe-handles and others with corn-stalks, a few hours were
spent in elementary drills in the " manual," and in marching, sometimes in the
pasture north of Market street, called " Bates Groove," and sometimes in the
common south of Maryland street and west of Tennessee. The display was of lit-
tle value in any respect, as the enforeeement of discipline was impossible, and the
attention given to drilling too slight to enable even a willing tyro to learn much.
It was usually made the occasion of a great deal of boisterous fun, and the provoca-
tion to fights enough to have nourished the military spirit richly if fist- work could
do it. To the boys of those days it was a very exciting spectacle to see the long
line of men marching down the street with Glidden True playing the fife, and "old
Peter Winchell" beating the drum, at its head, while the gallant Col. Russell, with
flashing sword and brilliant epaulets, and his hat decorated with a tall plume of
white feathers tipped with red, rode dashingly along, from front to rear or rear to
front, shouting his orders and stirring up the dust distractingly. The utter useless-
ness of the militia system would doubtless have killed it sooner than it did, but for
two cause*: 1st, the "fun of the thing," which was no little matter to a hard-
working community, with few holidays, and little opportunity to enjoy even those
few ; and second, the facilities afforded by it for electioneering. The militia was
then about as straight a road to political preferment as the law is now, and there
were few Congressmen or Legislators or county officers, who did not trace their
popularity to ther militia connections and positions.

MILITARY COMPANIES. 59

The decay or desuetude of the militia parades left the town with -no military
attractions for some years, but still the spirit was only sleeping, not dead. Vol-
unteer companies -began to be formed, and as they were h-ld by a constitution and
laws framed expressly for each case, there was a good deal of effective attention
given to the dry duty of learning elementary work. They were not large in num-
bers, but they were uniformed handsomely, worked and performed the manual
well, and made a very different impression from the motley half armed mob of the
militia days. The spirit thus rekindled never again died out so entirely but that
some military organization was in existence to be stirred into occasional displays.
The first of these companies was organized in February, 1837, under Col. Russell as
Captain, and was called the " Marion Guards." Their uniform was of gray cloth,
neat and tasteful, with black "patent leather" shakos, or high, bell-shaped hats,
with short, bulbous cockades of black cotton. They were armed with the old fash-
ioned flint-lock musket, as the cap arm had not been supplied to all the States by
the General Government. They were drilled in the old stately Prussian fashion,
and were really well drilled. Their monthly or quarterly parades were a time of
general jubilee to the younger population. Thomas A. Morris, then recently grad-
uated from West Point, succeeded Capt. Russell in the following summer, and under
his thorough mastery of the art the company soon reached the perfection that
made it so attractive. A year afterwards another company was organized and
incorporated (February 14, 1838), under Capt. Thomas McBaker. It was called
the "Marion Rifles" or Riflemen, and was armed with a sort of breech-loading
rifle, which was among the first attempts to introduce that class of arms into the
military service in any country. The lower part of the barrel next to the lock was
detached from the main portion, and worked upon a hinge at the breech, which
allowed the upper end to be pushed up by a rude, awkward trigger, that protruded
below, and enabled the soldier to push his cartridge into the chamber with his
finger. A blow with the hand pushed it back to its place, and the gun was ready
for firing. But the movable breech was flat, broad and ugly, the weapon cumbrous
and unhandy, and so liable, in haste or excitement, to leave the breech with the
cartridge imperfectly pushed to its place, and thus fired, so as to endanger itself
and the soldier, that it was not retained more than two or three years. The uniform
of the Rifles was a blue fringed hunting-shirt, and blue pantaloons, with caps, a
less soldierly looking but decidedly more comfortable dress than that of the
"Guards." The latter, from their pepper and salt dress, were called " Grey Backs,"
the others were "The Arabs," a name of purely conjectural derivation. These
companies sometimes, by agreement, fought sham battles along "Washington street,
the "Guards" marching up with stately tread and firing by platoons, while the
" Arabs," practicing the "Skirmish Drill," would lie down in the dust, fire, and load?
rise, retreat in a run, drop down and fire again, to the intense admiration of all
beholders. In 1842 the two formed themselves into a battalion under the command
of Lieut. Col. Harvey Brown, and Major George Drum. The Mexican war replaced
this pacific military feeling with one more to the purpose, and company organi-
zations languished again, with short intervals of resuscitation, till a few years
before the Rebellion called for all the war spirit and skill the nation had. A more
particular notice of qur military companies will be found in another place.

Early in February Calvin Fletcher and Thomas Johnson were appointed com-
missioners by the Legislature to procure subscriptions of money from the citizens
to drain the swamp on the northeast, which frequently sent very annoying streams
down through the "bayous" or ravines spoken of in the first chapter of this his-

gO HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

tory. Sometimes, when flooded with heavy rains, or by the overflow of Fall Creek )
it became a serious mischief, filling houses along the bayous and overflowing gar-
dens, breaking down fences, and damaging property generally. The commissioners
raised the money and dug a ditch westward to Fall Creek, through Mr. Johnson's
farm, and through a portion of the present Fair Ground. This answered the pur-
pose until the extraordinary flood of 1847 occurred, which will be noticed in its
place.

In 1821 the Legislature gave the town, for a west market ground, the north
half of square 50, now lying north of the mill race, and between the canal and
West street, but needing it for the use of the Board of Internal Improvements, an
act was passed donating in its place the north half of square 48, the present West
Market space, and deeds were exchanged for the lots. At this time the first appear-
ance of a movement, which has since become quite a conspicuous feature of politics,
occurred. The carpenters formed an association and fixed a day's work at ten
hours, though there is no record that they expected to get twelve hours' wages for
it In this they differed from the demands of Mr. Trevallick and the venal, self,
seeking, half-brained fellows like him, who are trying to make labor ridiculous by
making it demand pay for what it don't do.

In the spring of the year 1837, the Episcopalians who, though not a numerous
body, were among the foremost citizens of the place in wealth, enterprise and edu-
cation, organized a church, with Rev. James B. Britton as rector. They had held
occasional meetings since 1835, making them more frequent and with increas-
ing attendance during the next year, and this spring concluded they were strong
enough to organize and build a church. Preliminary steps were at once taken, and
"ground broken" for the building, on the northeast corner of Circle and Meridian
streets, in November. On the 7tb of May, 1838, the corner stone was laid, the first
edifice in the city, the writer tninks, that was provided with that bit of ceremonial
masonry. Mr. Foster, the jeweler, then just returned from the East, deposited in
the cavity of the stone some coins of the new issue, with the "Goddess of Liberty'
upon them. They were the first that had been brought to the town. The usual
newspapers and documents were also enclosed. The church was opened for wor-
ship in November, 1838, and used till 1857, when it was sold to the African Methodist
church, removed to West Georgia street, and burned by incendiary rowdies a few
years aftewards. A superb stone building of Gothic architecture, with stained
windows and a chime of bells, replaced it in 1857-59. A further notice will be
made of it in its place.

About the time the Episcopal church was organized the Evangelical Lutherans
concluded that they were strong enough to make and maintain an organization
and they held their first church meeting on the 14th of May, with .Rev. A Reck as.
pastor. An attempt was made to put a church building on the northwest corner
of University Square, as mentioned in the notice of that square, and authority was
given by the Legislature for a lease of the necessary ground; but it was thought to
be too far north at that time and really there was but little of the town north of
the Seminary in 1837 and the location was changed to Ohio street, near the corner
of Meridian.

This year witnessed the commencement of the first female school that
approached the rather indefinite grade of an Academy, that the town had known.
It was called the "Indianapolis Female Institute," and was chartered by tht
Legislature during the preceding winter, and opened on the 14th of June by two
maiden sisters of considerable attainments and capacity as instructors, Misses Mary

SCHOOLS AND SCHOOL WASTERS. Q

J. Axtell and Harriet Axtell. It flourished vigorously for twelve years, and filled
about the same place among the future mothers and household managers of the
town that the Seminary under Mr. Kemper did among the fathers and business
managers. It was a good school, but the Misses Axtell were strongly imbued with
the rather intolerant religious ideas of the old New England dispensation, and
made them unnecessarily prominent in their discipline. Its reputation was so
high that not a few pupils came from other towns and the adjoining States to attend
it. Towards the end of its course Rev. Charles Axtell, a brother, gave his assist-
ance in some of the departments, but no help could supply the place of the princi-
pal, whose failing health withdrew her more and more from her assiduous attention
to her duties, and compelled her to close the Institute in the fall of 1849, and
betake herself to a milder climate. It proved a useless effort. She died on her
way to Cuba the same year.

In the fall of 1837, a school house was completed on Circle street, just north
of the corner of Circle and Market, and next to the lot upon which Henry Ward
Beecher's church was subsequently placed. It was a neat frame structure, divided
into two rooms by sliding doors, and surmounted with a little belfry. It was first
occupied by Mr. Gilman Marston, who had previously taught a little school in the
second story of one of the buildings east of the Union Hotel, or Capital House
recently the Sentinel office and had earned a good reputation as a faithful and
painstaking teacher, whom the boys liked because he rarely whipped. Discipline
with him was subordinate to acquisition, and if scholars studied well and made
good progress, he did not inquire with savage strictness into the exact responsi-
bility for the wad-throwing that covered the walls with little dabs of unfinished
paper-mache, or the real sinner in the buzz that broke out of some knot of young
heads and interrupted an older boy's recitation of the oration against Cataline,
or Virgil's account of the way to make bees. With him, in charge of the Fe-
male Department, was Mrs. Eliza Richmond, for many years after one of the
most energetic and efficient of all the workers in benevolent projects in the
the city. Mr. Marston remained nearly two years. He has, as noted in a preceding
chapter, since reached a position of national influence, as a member of Congress,
a gallant and disabled General during the war, and n^^ as Governor of one of
our Rocky Mountain Territories. He was succeeded by Orlando ^ ',er, who died
the year following, and the school was taken by Mr. John Wheeler, afterwards a
Professor in Asbury University. He retained it for several years, and on leaving
it for the Professor's chair, it was discontinued. It was called the " Franklin
Institute."-

Preceding this school by several years, and rivaling even the County Seminary in
point of age, was a school on the north wtst corner of Market and Delaware streets,
kept by teachers who either had taught in, or were subsequently transferred to
the seminary, except, the last one. The house had been a carpenter's shop, and was
rudely benched about with the faces fronting the wall, and provided with rough
slabs with tressels, for seats. Its last occupant was Mr. Josephus Cicero Worrall,
as incompetent a teacher and as accomplished a "blatherskite" as ever worried
either end of a pupil. He was a very iridifferent^scholar and very indifferent to
the pn>gre>s 6*f his pupils. His pay was all he cared for. His inordinate fondness for
tobacco, which he chewed incessantly even when he smoked, his penuriousness, bis
making scholars help him in his household work, to carry "water, saw wood, dig po-
tatoes aiid do general gratuitous service, with his unremitting severity, which was
as indiscriminate as it was harsh, made him the thorough detestation of every boy

62 * . HOLLOWAY'8 INDIANAPOLIS.

and girl that ever was under his care, and the ludicrous pomposity of his quarterly
announcements of a new term, invariably signed with his full name " Josephus
Cicero Worrall," made him the laughing stock of older persons. He was a "char-
acter" and a very unpleasant one. The first and only successful attempt at "bar-
ring out" ever made in the city, was instigated by dislike of him. His scholars of
both sexes "barred/' him "out" on the Christmas of 1837 and forced him to treat
to apples, which all the older ones threw contemptuously away before his face. He
was forced, by the general dislike he had created, to abandon school teaching about
the year 1843 or '44, and leave the city. He returned ten or twelve years after-
wards and was engaged in the stove and tinware trade, with little success, for a
short time.

At the same time that Mr. Worrall was teaching in the old carpenter's shop, an
old man by the name of Main, a Scotchman, of excellent capacity and attainments,
but the most completely "distrait" and absent minded creature ever, born, taught
in the house near the opposite corner, on the south, where Aquilla Noe, the black-
smith, and for many years a constable of the township, had lived. At this school
a pupil could learn if he chose, or play if he liked that better, and most of them
did. With his head squeezed between his hands, except when one of them was
shoveling great heaps of snuff, strong enough to sneeze the neck of a rhinoceros
into dislocation, from an old horn "mull," into a nose that looked as if he had
smeared it with molasses to make the tobacco stick in lumps and strings all round
his nostrils, he would pore over Stewart or Hamilton and forget that he ever had a
school. The most unruly disturbances did not disturb him. The boys could fight,
play marbles, pull pins and throw books without arousing him. To run out into
the back yard and play " hide and whoop ' among the mustard stalks was an every
day amusement. Not unfrequently he would hear but a single recitation and for-
get the others, unless a pupil reminded him a bit of thoughtfulness that pupils are
not given to obtruding upon a teacher and the best of it to the boys was that if he
did unexpectedly come out of his reverie, he rarely remarked anything wrong in
the disorder which could not possibly have escaped his eye, if it di'd his mind. He
might have sat for Dickens's delineation of the old schoolmaster in the "Curiosity
Shop." He subsequently removed with his brother, a stone mason, to Arkansas and
was never heard of here afterwards.

On May 29th a convention of the editors of the State was held in the town, in
the council chamber, and the attendance evinced considerable interest in the busi-
nes's among the fraternity; more, at all events, than can be created now. There were
twenty present, a larger proportion than has ever been collected since. Fifty-two
papers were then published in the State, and no editorial convention in the past
thirty years has had so nearly one-half of the whole "press gang" as it. John
Douglass, the proprietor of the Journal was President, and John Dowling of the
Terre Haute paper, the Secretary. A constitution and rules were adopted, of
course, and never thought of again, and rates of advertising agreed upon and nev-
er adhered to, as has been the case ever since.

The National road was now in course of being "metaled " or covered with the
broken stones of the "Me Adam" plan of road making, through the town, and in
June the trustees were urged t* improve the sidewalks too. Something was done
in this direction and a fre.-h advance made to something like municipal street pro-
priety. The sidewalks, were first made fifteen feet wide on Washington street and
ten on the others. Afterwards the former were made twenty feet to the intense
disgust of the property owners who had to pay for the extra work and the latter

REORGANIZATION OF TOWN GOVERNMENT. gg

twelve feet. Since then the sidewalks of ninety feet streets have been widened to
fifteen feet, making the clear roadway sixty feet. A hail storm of remarkable se-
verity, both for duration and the size of the hail atones, occurred on the 6th day of
June, and broke all the glass in tho town, nearly. The Ladies' Missionary Society
held a fair the first ever attempted in the town -to raise money for their especial
purpose,on New Year's Eve, in the Governor's Circle building, and obtained $230,
quite equal to a contribution of $2,000 now.

Early in 1838 the town government was re-organized by an act of the Legisla-
ture of February 17th, made more effective, and extended over the whole donation
for all purposes but that of taxation. Only property within the limits of the ori-
ginal plat could be taxed. Six Wards were formed, instead of five, and were
divided by Alabama, Pennsylvania, Meridian, Illinois and Mississippi streets. Each
ward elected a Trustee for one year, and a President of the body was elected by a
general vote. His position corresponded so closely to that of Mayor, though his
duties did not, 'that he was generally called by that title. The Trustees were re-
quired to be free-holders; four were made a quorum, and they were to be paid $12
a year for one meeting a month. They were authorized to enact all necessary ordi-
nances, improve streets, borrow money, license liquor shops, shows and theatres,
maintain afire department, regulate markets, and levy taxes, not to exceed one-half
of one per cent., nor upon territory outside of the original plat. The President had
the authority and jurisdiction of a Justice, in addition to his purely municipal au-
thority, and the Marshal had the authority of a Constable. The Secretary, Treas-
urer, Collector, Marshal, Supervisor, Market Master, Lister and Assessor, were all
elected by the Council. The town government, thus changed, became more efficient,
and prepared the way for a regular city government. On the last Saturday of
March, 1838 the first election of the "new dispensation" was held, ,and Judge
James Morrison, one of the ablest lawyers and most estimable men the city has
ever had, was elected the first President. Ordinances were at once passed to se-
cure quiet, order and safety. The town was-full of the ''hands' 1 employed on the
canal and on the National Road, and the most rigorous government possible would
not be likely to do more than was needed. It was, ia fact, a. town for a despotism.
The Irish on the canal were frequently embroiled in faction fights ; and on one oc-
casion in this year, the war assumed the proportions of a battle, all the hands on
the "sections" adjoining the town hurrying from both directions to the scene, and
" falling in " with their respective preferences, " Corkonians ' : or " Fardowns," till
some three or four hundred were engaged. Tho '.chain gang" was busy and mis-
chievous, and the whole community greatly unsettled.

The "sickly season" this year, was unusually fatal. From the first visitation of
1821, till within the last twenty years, that season, extending from about the mid-
dle of July to the middle of September, or to the first frost of fall, was a regular and
dreaded visitant. This year, the large aggregation of ill-fed, ill-housed, disorderly
and dirty men, doubly subject to the malarious diseases of the locality, spread the
epidemic wider, retained it longer, and made it more fatal than it might otherwise
have been.

In the very beginning of the year, a Mr. John Wood, who was doing a banking
business in the room of the old Branch Bank, on Washington street, established a
"Steam Foundry," in connection with Mr. Underbill, a Quaker, on Pennsylvania
street, north of the University square. It was kept in operation for many years,
and was really the pioneer of the iron business in the city. Benjamin Orr opened
the first ready-made clothing, or "slop shop," in the city, during the year.

g4 BOLLOWArS IXDIANAPOLrS.

Up to the year 1839, the Governor had no official residence. He had to live in
his own house, if he had one, or rent one, if he hadn't. Governor Noble resided in
his own mansion, about a mile east of the town plat, during his two terms, and died
there. Governor Wallace lived, when he first came here, in a two-story frame
house near the west bank of the canal, south of Washington street. On the 13th of
February, 1839, the Legislature ordered the State officers to purchase a suitable build-
ing for the Governor's house, furnish it, and keep it exclusively for an Executive
mansion. They accordingly bought a large two-story brick house, erected some
three years before, on the north west corner of Market and Illinois streets, by Dr.
John H. Sanders, and at that time the handsomest and most capacious dwelling
house in the town. It had the whole of the south east quarter of the square for its
grounds, three lots, and, being within a square and a half of the State House,
was as convenient as it was capacious and comfortable. It was first occupied by
Governor Wallace, in 1839, and successively by Governors Bigger, Whitcomb,
Dunning, (Lieutenant Governor, succeeding on Whitcomb's election to the United
State's Senate), Wright, Willard and Morton. But, as the street grades were fixed
and side walks made, it was found that the house was so far below the line of drain-
age, that in rainy "weather it was surrounded with quite a pond of water, which kept
the walls damp, moulded the paper, spoiled provisions, and created constant sick,
ness. Governor Whitcomb's wife died there; so did the first and second wives of
Governor Wright. Governor Willard's family was constantly afflicted, and Gov-
ernor Morton's suffered so severely and unremittingly that he resolved to abandon
it, whether the Legislature made any other provision for a residence or not. He left
it, and took rooms at the Bates House, in 1864; and the Legislature, at the session
of 1865, ordered it and the entire grounds to be sold. They were disposed of in
small lots, at a good price, and furnished the money to build the State Offices on the
site of the old Treasurer's Office, south west corner of Tennessee and Washington
streets. The Illinois street front of the ground is now filled with a block of hand-
some business houses. At the tinv3 the Executive residence was ordered to be sold,
the Legislature appropriated 5,000 per annum as a provision for rent and house-
hold expenses; but intended, also, to make a nece-sary addition to the Governor's
salary, which, during the great depreciation of the currency, was quite inadequate.
The Constitution forbids any increase of a State Officer's salary during the term for
which he is elected ; and the only way that the imperative addition to that of the
Governor could be made, was by this appropriation for house rent. There has been
several attempts made to build another State mansion, on some of the State's unoc-
cupied lots, or to buy a suitable residence already built; but so far nothing has been
done in this direction. Doubtless a new house will be provided before long.

In March the second election under the new municipal " dispensation " was
held, and Judge Morrison declining to be a candidate, Nathan B. Palmer, one of
the oldest and most respectable citizens, and formerly Treasurer of State, was
chosen. The total vote was 324, indicating a population of about 2,000. The
town government was not much of an affair in those days, in any respect. It had
no police force, left its ordinances but indifferently enforced, and made but few
street improvements. Indeed it had little to do anything with, for it was not
allowed to tax over fifty cents on the hundred dollars, and that was confined to the
original plat, and there were neither manufactures nor mercantile business of value
enough to pay any considerable revenue. For the year ending March 27th the
receipts were $7,012 the expenses $6,874, more than half of which went for the
erection of the West, and the extension of the East, Market house, by Elder, Colstock

COW PASTURES SWIMMING HOLES. Qfr

& Co. Something was paid for the repair of the public wells, and $145 went for
grading and graveling streets a sum that shows clearly enough how little was
then thought of a work which, sooner or later, always makes the big item in city
expenses. Printing cos' $58, and Michael Shea was paid $443 dollars for clearing
and fencing the "old grave yard," at that time the only burial place of tke town.
Portions of it were long little better than a wild forest, and many graves were
irrecoverably lost during that period of neglect. Among others that of Alexander
Ralston, the surveyor who "laid out" the town plat, has disappeared utterly, and
it ought to have been preserved, and some monument by the city erected upon it.
The town council, this year, also ordered all the streets to be opened. Several of
them were still fenced up, and the ground plowed over and planted as regularly as
any other part of the enclosure.

Cow pastures formed no inconspicuous feature of the town at this time, and
for many a year after. Quite a number of squares in all quarters were fenced, and
filled with milch cows, driven out by the boys in the morning and back again at
night. " Going after the cows" was as much a regular duty of the sons then, a g
attending base ball clubs or concert saloons is now, and possibly a little more healthy
and improving. "Sbeets's pasture," composed of two squares between Georgia and
South and Tennessee and Mississippi streets, was about the last of these relics of
primitive fashions that disappeared from the town plat. "Van Blaricum's," sojfth
of South street, and covering the site of the Rolling mill, was another, and ''Nor-
wood's," now densely covered with residences, bordered the "Bluff road," since turned,
into Illinois street. In the north part of the town there were even more so many
that it would be hardly profitable to recall them. Many a middle-aged memory
will travel back, in reading these lines, to the pleasantest days they can recall,
when, barefooted, and with "shinny-clubs" or ball bats, they played all the way
to the "pasture" and back, or left the easy-natured cows to saunter home, while
they ran off" for a swim in " Noble's hole,' 1 or " Morris's hole," in the creek, or at the
"old snag," in the river.

These swimming "holes" were so important an element of the social economy
that it is clear the citizens would have done a wise thing to provide them at any rea-
sonable expense, if nature had not done it- They filled up healthily ihe spare hours
of summer evenings, and the opportunities for mischief on Saturdays. They kept
the most inveterate mud-sprawler clean in person, however dirty his clothes were,
and they averted many a mischievous foray upon orch.irds and watermelon-patches--
that would have been bred in the heads that could not get to the water. The creek,
was the favorite resort of the smaller boys, those of the north and east flocking to-
" Noble's hole," near where Market street bridge is, and those of the centre and
south to " Morris s hole," about where the creek passes out of the culvert under
the Union depot. Another favorite place was a deep " elbow " near the Gas Works.
11 Noble's hole " was particularly affected for the advantage given its frequenters by
a stratum of blue clay in the bank, which, sloping pretty steeply to the water,
gave the boys a delightful slide, which their wet bodies made as slippery as greased
glass. An. "otter slide" was nothing to it. The facilities for impromptu imitations
of Indian war paint were an additional attraction, and the pasture adjoining the
creek might be seen on any pleasant evening horribly variegated with boys spotted
streaked, barred and striped in all directions, running, playing " leap-frog," and
splashing into the water from the steep bank as recklessly as St. Patrick's frogs.
The larger boys and stronger swimmers went to the river, usually either to the foot
of Washington street, the old ferry landing, or a long snag, bending in an arc low
(6)

66 BOLLOWAT INDIANAPOLIS.

over the water, about where Kingan's po k house stands. The latter was the favor-
ite place, as the bank was covered with line turf, the water deep, and the snag a
delightful place to dive from. Very often a visitor might see, near sundown, a
hundred boys at once, playing, splashing, diving, ducking each other, and laughing
around that snag, with as joyous an indifference to the fact that the bottom was fifteen,
feet below them, and that drowning was possible, as if they had been porpoises in
a tide-way. But fatal accidents did occur sometimes. Dr. Brown, a very estima-
ble and promising young physician, went bathing on a little bar running down
.into the deep water at the snag, without being able to swim, and without know-
ing that the shallow bar made a sudden "step off." The water was thick with
boys shouting and splashing about, and when the Doctor waded off the bar into
drowning water, and cried for help, it was thought he was only "funning," as a
score of others were at the same moment, and he drowned in the midst of a crowd
^any one of whom could have saved him as easily as he could turn his hand It
was a very sad affair. The boys and young men built fires to give light and dived
ifor the body a long time, but uselessly. It was found the next morning, by John
Morrison, son of Judge Morrison. The very short bend in the river, below the
Vincennes Railroad bridge, was, in those days, "in the woods." The town did not
^approach near it. The water was very deep, and the current very strong. Fatal
accidents occurred here frequently. The usual resort for recovering drowned bodies
was by diving. Among those always pressed into this disagreeable and dangerous
service, were Kev. Amos Hanway and his younger brother, Samuel, now well
known as a contractor of public works. Both were skillful fishermen, and almost
lived on and in the river, and both possessed the capacity of lungs which would
have made them a fortune at the Ceylon pearl banks. Samuel Hanway has
frequently dived from the east to the west side of the river, at the old- ferry,
when the river was wider than it is now. The brothers never refused to
come at call, rarely or never failed to recover the corpse, if the current had not
carried it clear away, and did their inestimable work gratuitously, generally, if not
always. These incidents are not important parts of the history of the city, cer-
tainly, but they will not be without interest to those who care to know something
.more of its early life than the records of its government and business changes.

In July 1839 the ordinances were revised, arranged, and published; and meas-
ures were taken to buy another fire engine in the fall. Three hundred dollars were
appropriated for that purpose, and a committee appointed to get one fur $600, if
possible, and obtain donations to make up that amount. The first sale of lots for
delinquent town taxes was held on October 25th at Washington Hall by James
Van Blaricum, the Marshal. A resurvey of the donation disclosed the fact that in
-the first survey a mistake had been made which included eight acres that belonged
to the United States. The lots had been sold in 1831, aud some arrangement had
to be made to save the purchasers from loss. The Legislature represented the case
to Congress, and Congress donated the extra eight acres and saved a possible "My-
ra Gaines " case. In November, Mrs. Britton, the wife of the Episcopal minister,
opened a Female Academy near University Square, and made it quite successful.
It subsquently passed into the hands oi Mrs. Johnson and was changed to the
building on Meridian street near the Episcopal church and called "St. Mary's Sem-
inary." On the 4th of November Gov. Wallace issued the first Proclamation ap-
pointing a day of Thanksgiving. He fixed the 28th, and the Thursday that is, or
comes nearest, the 25th of that month, has been uniformly fixed :for Thanksgiving
day ever since.

H. W. BEECHES CENTRAL CANAL.

67

The Presbyterian church of the town having, in May of the year before, 1838,
followed the split that was running through the entire denomination in the United
States, starting, as all church divisions did then and for long afterwards, from sla-
very, the "New School," consisting of fifteen adherents, formed a congregation on
the 19th of November and worshipped in the lecture room of the County Seminary.,
under the ministrations of Rev. J. H. Johnson. In May 1839, Rev. Henry Ward
Beecher was invited from Lawrenceburgh, where he had his first congregation, and
took the pastorate in which he was destined to lay the foundation of the fame he has
since reared so high. A year after his arrival a new church building was erected
on the north west corner of Circle and Market streets, and occupied by him until
he removed to Brooklyn in 1847, and by his successors, as will be elsewhere noted,
till a new church was built on the corner of Vermont and Pennsylvania streets at
a cost of $75,000, and the old one enlarged and improved and converted into the
City High School in 1867.

The abandonment of the public works this year (1839), as noticed in the account
of the adoption of thesystem of internal improvements by the State, g>ive the prospects
of the town a terrible blow, wh ; ch only appeared more disastrous as time devel-
oped the improbability of the completion and availability of any of the enterprises
upon which so much really depended, and so much more was speculatively built. The
canal was the only one that had reached the town, and as it was really in g od
condition "as far as it went," to use "Mr. Nickleby's" favorite qualification, some
preparation of boats had been made for the trade it might be expected to develop.
It was opened from the feeder dam at Broad Ripple June 27th, 1839, by an excur-
sion to that point. The section above to Noblesrille, and that below to Martins-
ville, were so far advanced that a comparatively small amount of money and labor
could have made a complete channel of water communication for about forty-five
miles through the center of the State, and been found of very great value to the
people. But everything was left, the spade in the dirt, the wheelbarrow on the
plank, where the news of the State's bankruptcy overtook it, and not another lick has
been struck from that day to this, except to repair the breaks and preserve the wa-
ter power which the leases made obligator}' upon the State or her assigns. All the
way are still visible the marks of this futile improvement; in some places filled up,
in some overgrown with underbrush and trees, in others still clear and capable of
easy conversion to use. Below the town about three miles, the bed of the canal was
turned into a country race course, and many a bet was lost there that would, but
for this State provision, have been decided on the town course on West street. As far
down as "Pleasant Run," where the canal was carried over that stream by an un-
finished aqueduct, the water was kept a navigable depth for some years, aird ran out
into that creek a little way from the river, and made it a choice place for fisher-
men. But gradually the wooden locks south of the town decayed, the canal through
the swamp then called "Palmer's Glade" became obstructed with weeds, grass and
mud, and the water disappeared. A small channel was then dug from the wooden
locks straight across to the river, just below the mouth of Pogue's creek, and
through that the water is discharged now, and probably will continue to be for the
next generation. It was in this little stream that Mary Hennerby and her little
companion were drowned, or thrown after being murdered, by the villains who out-
raged the elder, in June 1870.

The admission of the water into the canal for the first time, in the spring of 1839,
was the occasion of a general jubilee, not among the adults, who already began
to see that the eight finished milea were all we were likely to get, but among the

gg HOLLOWAT8 INDIANAPOLIS.

boys, who watched its coming away above the Fall Creek aqueduct,, and marched
before it, as it slowly crept down, filling the little holes, spreading out in level beds,
and purling pleasantly down little descent-, till it began to rise up along the banks,
and its yellow tide filled the bed from side to side completely. Not much traffic
was ever carried on by the canal ; but a good deal of wood came down it occasion-
ally, and some loads of grain and lumber were helped here by it. Its chief use was
as a huge mill-race. Aa arm had been dug on the west side, near the line of Market
street, which led westward about nine hundred feet, to a basin- entering it in a north
and south direction, at a declivity that gave a considerable fall and available power.
At the north end of this basin another channel led off to the west and south, and
formed abasin in the bed of one of the old "ravines," which gave ample power to mills
upon the river bank below, thus providing power upon two levels. On the llth of
June, the State leased power to one Woollen Mill, two Cotton Mills, two Paper Mills
an Oil mill, and two Grist and two Saw mills, an addition of ten mills, and a business
that could not but be a very material help to- the town. But the canal was not
as efficient as expected. It had too little fa 1 ! for a "race," and it was grievously ob-
structed by an annual growth of grass, which was only imperfectly cleared out at
the expense of some money, and turning off the water for a week or two. Mill-
owners were dissatisfied, and refused to pay their rent. Suits were defeated by evi-
dence showing constant loss from the failure of the State to supply water according
to the contract. It is doubtful if the rent pail in the ten years that the State re-
tained the canal, would cover the costs of her suits against the lessees. At last, on
the 19th day of January, 1850, the Legislature ordered the canal to be sold. A com-
pany called the "Indiana Central Canal, Hydraulic Manufacturing and Water
Works Company," bought it in October, 1851, for a trifle, from Gould & Jackson
who bought of the first purchasers; and thr-y retained it till 1859-, giving no more
satisfaction to lessees, and making no more profit out of it. than the State did. In
1859 a company, composed chiefly of citizens of Rochester, New York, bought it,
and have been at some pains, and a good deal of expense, to keep it in serviceable
condition. Several new mills have been connected with it, and now its supply of
power is a very important element of city business, though most of the mills have
provided steam machinery to supply any failure of water. About the first of the year
1870, the City Council chartered a company for water supply and fire protection,
which is now actively engaged in completing its preparations, and it will take its
forcing power from the canal. Indeed, it is now pretty evident that the demand
for this power will be limited only by its capacity. Mills are thickening around it,
and if it can only be assured of a constant and full current, it will be lined with
machinery wherever a sufficient fall can be found. The portion below the stone
lock, on Market street, will hardly be kept up long. It is a nuisance at all times;
and when the water is out of it, it is a pestilence. This year, 1870, the chills and
fever have infected the region along its banks so generally, that an "old settler"
might be reminded of the great epidemic of 1821 and the cause is certainly the
empty, feculent bed of the canal, from which a break of the Fall Creek aqueduct kept
the water during the entire summer and fall. There have been many projects, and
some serious efforts set on foot, to fill up this lower section, and restore Missouri
street to a useful condition again ; but nothing has come of them. The Company
owns it, and is bound by leases to supply the old Rolling Mill and the Grist Mill
tailed "Underbill's," near the wooden locks; and unless these obligations can be
cancelled or compounded for, there is no very clear legal way to fill it up. Some
miles north of the town, a freahet in the river, many yeare ; i l washid off a long

CANAL KB EARS MADISON RAILROAD QQ

line of the bank, where it approaches close to the stream. Breaks below have been
frequent. In 1847, during the heavy freshets, Fall Creek poured over into the
"swamp" alluded to in a preceding passage of this Chapter, and sent tremendous
streams down the old "ravine" beds, flooding many houses, and emptying a vast
volume of water into the canal. Pogue's creek, also, rose enormously, and banked
up against the mouth of the culvert under ihe canal, threatening to tear it away.
The rising water in the canal at last burst the bank, just below the site of the old
"Rolling Mill," and the whole flood poured down into the creek, swelling its torrent
irresistibly, and in five minutes the culvert was torn out. This double disaster left the
canal empty for a year. The culvert has since been two or three times torn out and
replaced, always inadequately; and another heavy freshet in the creek will repeat
the disaster and the lesson, with the same effect, probably. So much feeling was
excited against the canal, by the frequent destruction of the creek culvert, that some
years ago an attempt was made by a mob to resist the effort to replace it. The
Company would gladly surrender this section, if they could be released from their
obligation to supply water to the two mills upon it. The great State improvement
has thus become a mere mill-race, so far as it possesses any value at all, and is little
better than a mud-hole, and a deposit for the offal of slaughter houses, in its lower
section.

The only other work tending towards the capital, upon which so much labor
had been put as to make it of any use, was the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad-
This enterprise was signalized by a monstrous cutting through the hills at Madison 1
called the "Deep Diggings," where most of the money given it by the State, was
wasted; and where the use of the track was always perilous, and often fatal. It
was completed to Vernon, twenty miles, in 1839, and was run regularly by the State's
lessees, D. C. Branham & Co., till 1843, when a law was passed by the Legislature,
authorizing its sale for a "song." The State never got anything worth mentioning
for her vast outlay, and for a vast deal of really important work on this rugged sec-
tion of the road. The Company, however, made a "good thing" of it. They com-
pleted the road by instalments, first to Scipio, then to Clifty Creek, then to Co-
lumbus, then to Edinburg, then to Greenwood, and finally, in October, 1847, to
Indianapolis. And then it "coined" money. No road in any State, ever paid so
well. It did all the business of the center and North of the State, with the East,
South and West, at its own exorbitant rates; and, mad with prosperity, attempted
enterprises which, in connection with the rivalry of the Jeffersonville and Cincin-
nati Railroads, broke it down so utterly, that its stock sold for two cents on the dollar
and its old rival, the Jeffersonville Company, bought it as a feeder for the upper
end of its own line. So the great Internal Improvement system "ran out" and
disappeared.

POLITICAL EXCITEMENT, DISPLAYS AND ORATORS VISIT OF VICE PRESIDENT JOHN-
SOX CITY QBADE FIRST ARTISTS VISITS OF VAN BURBN AND CLAY JOCKEY
CLUB AND RACE COURSE MESMERIC EXCITEMENT MILLERITE EXCITEMENT
BEGINNING OF THE ASYLUMS THEATRE NEW GRAVE YARD VISIT OF GEN-
ERAL CASS THESPIAN SOCIETY MUHDER OF JOHN TUCKER IMPROVEMENTS
MEXICAN WAR GAMBLERS.

?HE local events of 1840 were unimportant, or so largely compounded of the
political excitement of the great "hard cider" and "log cabin" campaign,
that is impossible to eliminate them. From the time of General Harrison's
nomination till the Presidential election, little was done or thought of but a change
in the national administration and policy, which would restore the prosperity bro-
ken in the great panic of 1837. Party lines were rigorously drawn for the first
time since the town was founded, and campaign papers, speeches, processions, con-
ventions, and all electioneering arts, since so widely applied, maintained party feel-
ing at fever heat. In March the municipal election was carried by the Whigs, in a
clear party contest, indicating the result in the greater contest still to come. But
the Democrats had not been "unfaithful stewards" of town interests by any means,
and were washed out of ofBce by the national tide and not by currents of local hos-
tility. They had collected during the preceding year, to March, $5.975 and ex-
pended $4,753, leaving a balance for the use of their successors. The market
houses received $1,984 of this sum, streets and bridges $1.350, the fire department
$197, salaries $974, and incidentals $244. Two fire cisterns were ordered by the
new administration. They were the first of a system of water supply which has
since grown to be a very important department of the city government. They were
of three hundred barrels capacity. A horticultural society was organized, August
22d, and maintained an active and beneficial existence for several years, under the
inspiration of Henry Ward' Beecher and other devotees of good taste and local
improvement.

The " Palmer House' 1 was begun this year, by Nathan B. Palmer, on the south-
east corner of Illinois and Washington streets, and completed the year following,
when it was leased and opened by John C. Parker, of Charlestown, Clarke county.
Its site had formerly been occupied by the blacksmith shop of James Van Blari-
cum, which was removed to the open ground on Meridian street, south of Black-
ford's block. A large cabinet establishment also stood on or near its site, which is
memorable for a fire that occurred there some years before, which was kept down
and prevented from proving a destructive conflagration by showers of snow balls and
armfuls of snow gathered up and thrown upon it by the spectators. The "Palmer
House" was at first a two-story and a half building, the half story being frame.
As the ".Washington Hall" was Whig headquarters, the " Palmer House" became

POLITICAL EXCITEMENT. "7^

Democratic headquarters, and has remained so ever sinca. The Whigs, "People's
Party" and Republicans changed theirs to the Bates Ho use, on the completion of
that then magnificent edifice.

As before remarked, the principal events of the year were of a political char-
acter. As the capital and central point of the State, partisan demonstrations were
frequent in Indianapolis, and not unfrequently the occasion of serious difficulties.
The Whigs, especially, exceeded everything ever known before in the way of new
and attractive features in their displays They hauled little log cabins in wagons,
and lengthened their processions with enormous "dug-outs," arriving by some species
of partisan punning, incomprehensible in rational times, at the conclusion that the
battle of Tippecanoe, which was fought on a prairie and a bluff, was fitly symbol*
ized by a " canoe." Barrels of cider were conspicuous also, and quite as appro-
priate. Mixed with whisky at times, they added a good deal to tho excitement of
the occasion, if they did nothing else. A cabin of buckeye logs was built on the
site of the Bates House, and kept constantly provided with cider. Pictures of rude
backwoods huts, with "puncheon" doors, and latch-strings conspicuously long and
loose hanging outside, were the favorite thing for banners.- Campaign songs,
usually set to some negro air, for the first time became a prominent electioneer-
ing appliance. Choirs of vocalists, composed of ladies as well as gentlemen,
usually did this, the most pleasing portion of the campaign work. A gooi singer
was frequently interlarded between the orators at conventions, and the whole
length of enormous processions was sometimes vocal with musical inquiries as to
"What has caused this great commotion, motion, motion, the country through?"
and the answer, "It is the ball a rolling on, for Tippecanoe and Tyler too, With them
we'll beat little Van." Assurances that " Van, Van is a used up man," were always
sure of " brin ging down the house-" Speeches were more violent and inflammatory,
and with far less provocation, than those made during the war for the Union. Cap-
tain George W. Cutter, since widely known as the author of the "Song of Steam "
and " Many in One" the latter the finest and most original patriotic song we have
was then ayoung, pock-marked, fluent, unstable politician and poetaster, representing
Vigo county in the lower branch of the Legislature. He had published a poem,
now forgotten, called " Elskatawa," or the " Moving Fires," and was counted by
the Whigs as one of their ''coming men." He made a speech in the portico of
the State House, in which, after repeating and intensifying all the stereotyped
denunciations of the Democrats, he excited himself to such a pitch of animosity that
he concluded his invective in a hoarse whisper all the voice his violence had left
him while the foam flew from his lips, with the delightful sentiment: " D n the
Locofocos ! " It tells the intensity of partis in feeling prevailing at that time, far
more plainly than an elaborate description could do, to state that this bit of stupid
profanity was received with hearty cheers as a choice effort of vituperative elo-
quence. Captain Cutter subsequently married Mrs. Drake, once a celebrated actress,
but then "falling into the sere and yellow leaf," and quite old enough to have been
his mother. He was a man of genius, but unbalanced and easily led astray. He
ruined himself by dissipation, after many efforts to reform, and died a few years
ago in or near Cincinnati.

Quite an exciting incident, and one not likely to be soon forgotten by its cotem-
poraries, grew out of a monster procession during the winter of 1840. As before
remarked, ladies figured quite prominently in the demonstrations of both parties?
but chiefly on the Whig side. In the procession alluded to, a gigantic canoe was
pretty well filled with young ladies of the most estimable families in the town, and

72 BOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

two of them, at the rear end of it, attracted especial attention, by waving a flag, or a
sword, or some other apparatus symbolizing General Harrison's services. It was a
trifle, and, in the general enthusiasm of the scene, neither a solecism in manners, nor
a trespass on womanly propriety, but it was unusual, and a Democratic correspon-
dent of a Terre Haute paper made an allusion to it that fell something short of
courtesy, if not decency. A brother of the young Iadie3 went to Terre Haute
and got the name of the writer, and came back prepared to administer condign
punishment for the insult. One cold morning, when the pavements were icy and
slippery, he found one of the men concerned in the correspondence in Turners bar-
ber shop, getting shave3, waited for him to come out, and then "pitched into" him
and caned him, all hands slipping up and falling, ungracefully enough, on the ice.
The names need not be told. Those who remember the affair, know who the parties
were. Talk of duels and blood, and other dangerous results, was excited by the
affair; but it ended with the "big thing on ice," in front of the barber shop.

Two men were prominent among the Whigs in 1840, who have since disap-
peared, not only from earth, but almost from the memories of their associates.
Jonathan McCarty,. of the White Water region, was one; and he had few, if any,
superiors, on the " stump," in hard-hitting, and that sort of plain, direct talk that
fires level with the heads of a mixed audience. He subsequently removed to Iowa,
and was a candidate for Congress in the first State election held there in the fall of
1846. His political record was net clear of tergiversations; and, in spite of his abil-
ties, he was never trusted or liked by the Whigs, though he served one session in
Congress, on one side or the other. Joseph Little White, of Madison, was the
other of this pair. He was much such a man as the more celebrated Sargeant S.
Prentiss, a born orator, to whom striking phrases and impressive illustrations
came as spontaneously as flowers come to an apple tree ; and, like all really great
orators, with a strong infusion of poetical sensibility, and disposition to put facts
into the more plastic form of philosophy and generalizations. His figure was rather
comical than otherwise, short, squat, fat and waddling ; but his strong features and
intellectual head considerably impaired the comic effect of his body, and five
minutes of his speaking took it all away, and left in its place an embodied glow of
eloquence. He was the finest extemporaneous speaker Indiana ever had. In the
election of 1840, he was sent to Congress from the Madison district, and made a
mark there, which nothing but the speedy overthrow of the Whigs, and of his aspi-
rations, prevented from being placed well up to that of his leader, Clay. He
accompanied Clay in the latter's visit to this town in 1842; and of the four speeches
on that occasion, Clay's, Crittenden's, Gov. Metcalf's, of Kentucky, and White's,
the latter's was so far the best, that the others were hardly thought of afterwards.
He removed to New York a few years after he left Congress, and was prominent in
the Van Buren campaign of 1848, on the "Free Soil' 1 side. He and John Van Buren
were the leading champions of the "Buffalo Platform," and were, probably, the main
cause of the defeat of Cass and the Democracy.

Although the Whigs surpassed their opponents in the frequency and enthu-
siasm of their demonstrations, the latter made vigorous efforts to "keep even." On
the 1 4th of October, they had an immense meeting in a Walnut grove where the
Blind Asylum now stands, and were addressed by Col. Richard M. Johnson, then
the Vice President, and candidate for re-election. He was the first great officer of
the Government that had ever visited the town, and his coming attracted the largest
crowd that had then ever been collected here. The National road was crowded
with carriages and wagons, and the fences lined with spectators, for a mile or two

VISIT OF COL. B. SI. JOHNSON STREET GRADES. 73

out, waiting to catch the first glimpse of the "man who killed Tecnmseh." His
speech was a very wretched affair, and disclosed the fact that the Indian-killer was
not a man of much ability. He moreover had the bad taste to speak, in a boasting
way, of his " five wounds," and to chuckle when ho s;tid he wrote his " Sunday Mail
Report" on Sunday, as if the violation of the day were a good joke. Col. John-
son's demonstration did not help the Democrats at all. They needed better material
than a warm-hearted, fat headed, jolly, hospitable old planter, with a stronger ten-
dency to miscellaneous miscegenation than moral example, to help them out, of the
mire. And they had it in the speaker who followed Col. Johnson, Hon. Tilghman
A. Howard., one of the noblest specimens of manhood, physically and intellectually,
that ever belonged to Indiana. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor,
having resigned a seat in Congress to accept the nomination. His speech was admi-
rable, and contrasted strikingly with the mumbling imbecility of the Vice President.
He was our first Minister to the young Republic of Texas, and died there. If he
had lived to this day, he would have been one of the foremost men of the nation ; and
quite probably have been President. His personal presence was very impressive.
He was tall, straight, athletic, graceful in carriage, striking in features and expres-
sion, dark almost as an Indian, with the aquiline nose that traditionally belongs to
men of achievments; long, straight, black hair, and a smile indicative of unusual
amiability and tenderness. He was the idol of his party, and deservedly so. He
was as powerful a man as Douglas, with none of the letter's moral offsets against
intellectual advantages.

The vote at the Presidential elf ction embraced as nearly every poll in the town
as it was possible to obtain. The Township, mainly composed of the town, gave
1,387 votes, of which Harrison had 872, and Van Buren 515. The annual Metho-
dist Conference met here in October, and was presided over by Rev. Bishop Soule.

In March, of 1841, the town authorities procured Mr. James Wood, a Scotch
surveyor, to make a plat of street grades and drainage, which was approved in 1842
by the Council, and wuich has since been followed with more zeal than benefit. It
preceded upon the assumption that the whole town must be drained off at the south
west corner, into the ereek or river; and accordingly made it an inclined plane,
tilted up by high grades at one end, and sloped oft' at the other. The effect has been
to make the upper end of some of the streets pretty nearly as high as the fences,
and t<> turn the lots into permanent puddles. It has doubled the cost of street im-
provements, besides incidentally damaging city lots to an enormous amount. The
only thing that can be said for it is, that the making of it and the "profile," only
cost $300.

The death of General Harrison, within the first month of his administration,
excited here, as every where, a great deal of feeling. A funeral celebration took
place on the 17th of April, at which addresses were delivered by Governor Samuel
Bigger and Rev. H. W. Beecher, and all places of business were closed. The 14th
of May was kept as a day of thanksgiving and prayer.

The "hard times" bore hardest along through the years 1840, '41 and '42; and
though some improvements were made, the general condition of the town was one
of depression and inactivity. The resumption of specie payments by the State Bank
June 16th, 1842, made no material change. Everybody put off enterprise till the
"times got better." " The grass-hopper became a burden ; " for though the muni-
cipal expenses of 1842 were but little more than half of those of 1839, an effort was
made in '42 to abolish the town government, on account of its cost. The receipts
of 1841 were but $3,197, against $5,975 two years before; the expenses $2,975

74 HOLLOW AY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

against $4,753, salaries $767, against $974. The municipal salaries were certainly
moderate, the Council getting $12 a year, the Secretary $200, the Treasurer $100,
the Marshal $100, Supervisor $200, Collector $200, Assessor $75, Market Master
140, Fire Messenger $100. But light expenses are heavy to men who have no
money, and who owe more than they believe they can ever pay; and a tax of 25 or
30 cents on the $100, was a serious matter. The town government, however, was
not abolished.

What newspapers call a "sensation." was produced on the 25th of April, 1842,
by the attempt of a German, named Frederick Smith, to kill himself. He was keep-'
ing a grocery and beer shop in a little frame building on Washington street, near
Delaware, and appeared to be doing well. But his life was troubled by some haunt-
ing horror, which he tried to tell by writing it with a piece of chalk on the open lid
of his desk, but so unintelligibly, that all that could be made of it was that somebody
"envied him his bread," and be resolved to rid himself of it by suicide. He blew
himself up with a liberal portion of a keg of powder; but the explosion was chiefly
spent upon the building, which was made a terrible wreck, leaving him blackened
and senseless, but living, in the midst of it. He recovered, after a time, both his
health and his senses.

T. W. Whitridge, since quite widely known as an artist, opened a Daguerreian
establishment here in the summer of 1842, but soon gave it up to others, and devoted
himself to painting. Henry Ward Beecher was a frequent visitor at his studio, and
has several of his pictures in bis house in Brooklyn. Before Mr. Whitridge came,
a Mr. Brown had made an attempt to establish himself here as a portrait painter,
but with little success. William Miller, the miniature painter, also came here about
this time, and made his home with Dr. G. W. Mears. His success could not have
been great; but still the associations formed here, brought him back for a few days
every year, for several years. Joseph Eaton made the commencement of his artist
life here, during that period, in a little room over Dr. Pope's drug store, near where
George F. Meyers' cigar store now stands. Some of his pictures attracted a great deal
of attention ; but procured him more prophecies of success than patronage to assure
it, and he removed to Cincinnati, where his fame and fortune grew large enongh to
bear transplanting in New York. Mr. Jacob Cox, a citizen and most estimable gen-
tleman, was also working at portrait painting at such leisure moments as he could
obtain from the stove and tin-ware business; and with such success, that he unques-
tionably holds the first place among Indiana artists, and an enviable one among
those of the whole Union. His pictures, particularly his landscapes, -'compositions''
of our own back-woods scenery, were among the best attractions of the Cincinnati
Art Union exhibitions, during their continuance. For nearly twenty years he has
devoted himself exclusively to his art, and makes it amply remunerative.

On the llth of June, President Van Buren visited the town, on a Western tour,
and was received with as much honor as if he hadn't been ridiculed and denounced
in every form of vituperation, from stump speech to doggerel songs. A procession
of four military companies, the fire companies, and citizens generally, met him east
of Pogue's creek bridge, and accompanied him to the Palmer House, where he made
a pleasant little speech from the carriage, in reply to a formal welcome from Gov.
Bigger. In the evening, he had a "reception " at the Slate House, and the next
day, (Sunday,) attended church, once at Wesley Chapel and once at Mr. Beecher s
church. He left on Monday, by the stage, for Terre Haute, and was upset near
Plainfield. His appearance, and the general courtesy of his manners, weakened the
dislike created by the Whig songs and caricatures for the " Fox of Linden wald."

HENRY CLAY RACES MILLER JSM. 175

On the 5th of the following October, Henry Clay came. He, too, was making
an exploration of the political field; and be made it to such purpose as to secure
the next Whig nomination. The crowd that welcomed him, was unprecedented-
Nothing approaching it bad ever been seen before, and not many since have sur-
passed it. Thirty thousand was the estimate of those most likely not to exaggerate.
The procession was three miles long, and composed of all the military and fire com-
panies, the trades, with appropriate banners, several bands of music from
different parts of the State, and an army of people, from all directions. Mr. Clay
was accompanied by John J. Crittenden, Gov. Thomas Metcalfe, Joseph L, White,
and several others, and was entertained by Governor Noble, at his mansion east of
town. The crowd enjoyed itself with a barbecue of "barbaric profusion " and in-
different cooking, in a beautiful grove of Governor Noble's, east of his house. Here
two or three stands were erected for speakers. Mr. Clay spoke from the main one,
first of all, and for about an hour, but in no fashion to indicate his great oratorical
powers. His speech was thoroughly partisan all the way through, and a little ego-
tistical at times, as in his allusion to the " CLiy men " under Jonathan Roberts in
the Philadelphia Custom House. But nobody cared as much for the speech, as for
the sight of the man. He was followed on the various stands by a succession of
speeches, as alluded to in the notice of J. L. White, and the afternoon was pretty
much consumed in oratory. The next day was devoted to a military review and
parade, nnd the night to fire works, and the third to attending the Agricultural Fair
and the races.

Although the "quarter races" on West street were still kept up, they afforded
very indifferent amusement to the cultivated gambler and jockey, and an attempt
was made to establish a regular course, supported by a jocky-club, here. It didn't
succeed ; for there was not then, probably is not now, the sort of spirit prevalent
among the people, which makes gambling fashionable, or even tolerable : but it came
nearer success than any similar effort has done since, and for one or two seasons
really attracted racers of reputation from distant States. The course was located in
a field belonging to David Van Blaricum, on the west side of the river, near the
Crawfordsville road, and was a mile in circuit. Several "three mile" races were
run here during the time of Mr. Clay's visit, one between " Bertraud" and "Little
Eed ; " but no "four mile" heats were attempted. Racing has now degenerated into
a "moral" attraction of State Fairs.

During the fall of 1842, a Mr. Keeley lectured in the Court House on Mesmerism,
and excited a g r eat deal of curiosity, and no little credence, by exhibiting the clair-
voyant powers of his subjects. He held daily levees in one of the upper rooms of the
Court House, where he professed to cure some diseases of a chronic or constitutional
character, and to relieve all. He had no lack of patients, and made money. He
was followed by others, and several home-made mesmerists began experimenting;
and among them they created an excitement about diabolical influences, that pre-
pared the way easily enough, for the Millerite fancy of the succeeding winter. Two
boys by the name of Beck, became quite notorious for their facility of handling in
the mesmeric sleep, and the pleasure they took in having pins stuck through their
fingers, or the backs of their hands scarred with knife-cuts. The folly lasted for
several months.

Along with the "diablarie" of the mesmerists, came the Millerite excitement.
Of its general history, it is unnecessary to say any thing here; but its local impor-
tance forbids a dismissal of it with a mere allusion. The capital shared the feeling
of tne whole country; and while few really bolieved the prediction of the world's

7g HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

destruction, very many were so far impressed by the ingenious interpretations and
combinations of scriptural prophecies, as to give a closer heed to religious sugges-
tions of a more important character, and not a few conversions date from that era.
All ihrough the winter travelling lecturers and preachers visited the town, swelling
the excitement, and the circulation of the " Midnight Cry," and other papers devo-
ted to this subject. As the spring approached, the feeling deepened. The " dies
irte'' was coming close, and in the very crisis of the feeling, a Mr. Stevens, a young,
eloquent and thoroughly informed preacher, eame and delivered a series of lectures
in different churches on the prophecies rega- ding the second coming of Christ. The
first were given in the old Christian Church, on Kentucky Avenue, the last in the
Lutheran Church, on Ohio street, near Market. The effect of his sermons was to
nearly obliterate sectarian distinctions for a little while. All denominations
thronged to hear him, and in the common interest in the catastrophe he elucidated,
all sank their special interests and attachments. The lecturer professed no adhe-
sion to any particular church, joined in the worship and communion of all alike,
and was as readily received by one as the other. Though the world did not come to
an end, the excitement was the origin of a great and general religious revival, prob-
ably unequalled in fervor and effect by any that have followed it. The ," Second
Advent" alarm died out utterly in a little while after the fated day of April passedj
notwithstanding Mr. Miller fixed several other appointments for it; but the revival
continued even more effectively after, than before. Probably natural phenomena
lent some force to the appeals of religion. The winter was protracted far into April,
and for several days, when in ordinary seasons the flowers are opening and fruit
trees budding, the ground was covered with a heavy snow, upon which had fallen a
hard, d-ense sleet, which froze so compactly, that the boys skated all over the
commons, to school, and upon all sorts of errands, upon it. This unusual weather
was made almost horrible, to simple apprehension, by the accompanying ter-
terrors of the comet, one of the la'gestever witnessed since man occupied the earth.
Its slightly curved train, like a narrow, white cloud, stretching all across the wes-
tern sky to the south western horizon, was a nightly spectacle for two months.

The ''Second Advent" excitement was intensified by an accident into a ludierous
incident in the spring of 1843. Mr. Stevens had delivered at the Lutheran church,
a very impressive lecture on the signs and portents that should accompany the end of
the world, and his vivid descriptions, heightend by the flaming comet that glared in
the west, produced a good deal of audible sobbing among the women, and some marks
of feeling even among the men. The audience was dismissed, and as they passed the
doors they saw the whole western sky a mass of red, angry looking light, which could
be traced to no origin, and seemed spread upon, or glowing through, the thick clouds
for it was raining and filling some of the lecturer's descriptions with alarming accu-
racy to minds preoccupied with that very horror. There were some suggestions of
fainting, and a good many exclamations of pious terror or resignation. But the light
disappeared after a while, and was found next morning to have been caused by the
burning of some hemp or fodder stacks near " Crowder's farm." The position of the
clouds, as is frequently the case, allowed the light to be reflected from one to another
till the dreadful blaze covered the whole sky.

In February of this year, the Washington Hall took fire in the third story, upon
one of the coldest days of the winter. It threatened for a time the entire destruction
of the building, for water had to be passed in buckets by lines of citizens, from the
well at the corner andthe drug store where Haskitt's now is, and the intense cold made
the work doubly difficult, and the supply for the engines very inadequate. But water

FOUNDING OF ASYLUMS.

77

and mushy ice were poured on till the lower rooms were ankle deep, and supplied
the workers above as well as the engines below. Everybody worked, and everybody
was coated with ice. Mr. Beecher was one of the foremost in carrying the hose-pipes
right into the burning portion of the house, and, after two hours work, came out a
mass of soot and dirt and ice, and blood from his cut hands, but with the fire subdued.
The loss was about $4,000, much the heaviest that the town had ever suffered.

During the session of 1842-43, the Legislature took the first effective steps to
establish a State Hospital for the Insane. As early as 1839 attention had been
directed to the subject, but the State was in no very good condition to undertake new
enterprises, and an appeal was made to Congress for a grant. Nothing canae of it.
.The county assessors were at the same time ordered to make a return of the deaf mutes
in their respective counties, as a preliminary step to a provision for this class of unfor-
tunates. The State's financial embarrassments stopped all further effort in either
enterprise for some years. Early in 1842 the Governor was directed to procure all
possible information in regard to the subject of Hospitals for the Insane from the
States that had them, and a year afterwards Dr John Evans lectured before the Legis-
lature on the subject of insanity and its treatment. The result of the two efforts was
a decision to "do something" at once. On the 13th of February, 1843, the Governor
was directed to obtain plans and suggestions for a Hospital from the Superintendents
of Hospitals in other States, for submission to the Legislature at the next session.
This put the enterprise finally in motion. At the next session plans were examined,
a mode of operations determined, and a tax of one cent on the hundred dollars levied
to carry it out. On the 13th of January, 1845, Dr. John Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap and
James Blake were appointed commissioners to obtain a site containing not to exceed
two hundred acres. They selected Mount Jackson, then the residence of Nathaniel
Bolton, formerly editor of the Indiana Gazette. He and his wife, the gifted "poetess
of Indiana,'' here kept a country tavern for several years. This site, with a plan of
building, was reported to the Legislature at the next session, and approved, and the
commissioners ordered, February 19th, 1846, to proceed with the work. They were
authorized to sell Hospital Square No. 22 alluded to in a preceding chapter and
apply its proceeds to this purpose, and an additional appropriation of $15,000 was made.
The central building was begun in 1846, and finished next year at a cost of $75,000.
It has since been enlarged by wings, and still other wings larger than the main build-
ing, till it now is an immense structure, supplied by its own water works from Eagle
Creek, and contains the population of a very respectable country town, something
over five hundred. Its entire cost has been about half a million of dollars.

At the same time that the Governor was directed to obtain plans from insane
hospitals, February 13th, 1843, a tax of one-fifth of a cent on the hundred dollars
was levied to provide for the Deaf and Dumb. 'The first work in this direction was
done by William Willard, one of the assistants in the Asylum now, who was himself
a mute, and had long been a teacher of mutes in Ohio. He came here in the spring
of 1843, and in the fall opened a school on his own account for mutes, with an
attendance of sixteen pupils. In 1844 the Legislature adopted his school as a State
institution, and appointed a Board of Trustees for it consisting of the Governor, Treas-
urer and Secretary of State, ex ojficio, and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D.
Gurley, L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison and Rev. Matthew Simpson.
They rented the large two-story frame building, then recently erected by Dr. G. W.
Stipp, on the south east corner of Illinois and Maryland streets, and opened the first
State Asylum there, in October, 1844. A site for a permanent building was selected in
January, 1846, just east of the town, consisting, at first, of thirty acres, but after-

78

HOLLOW ATS INDIAKAPOLIS.

wards increased by a hundred more, for the agricultural instruction of the pupils, and
a building begun in 1849. It was completed in the fall of 1850, at a cost of $30,000.
Meanwhile the school was removed from the Stipp house to the Kinder building, on the
south side of Washington street, near Delaware, where it remained till transferred to
its own building, in October, 1850. This structure has also beea greatly enlarged
since its erection.

The Blind were not provided for at the same time that their fellow sufferers were.
The first effort on their behalf was instigated and directed by James M. Ray, to whom
the Indiana Institute for the Blind is more indebted than it is to any other man liv-
ing. By his efforts William H. Churchman was brought here in the winter of 1844-5.
and gave one or two exhibitions in Beecher's church, with blind pupils from the Ken-
tucky Asylum. The effect was so good that the Legislature, for whom the perform-
ances were mainly intended, and who attended them with astonishing unanimity and
interest, decided to levy a tax of one-fifth of a cent on the hundred dollars, to estab-
lish a Blind Asylum. James M. Ray, George W. Mears and the Secretary, Treas-
urer and Auditor of State were made commissioners to apply the fund, either to the
establishment of an Asylum, or to the providing for our Blind at the Ohio or Ken-
tucky Asylums. They set Mr. Churchman to lecturing throughout the State on the
subject, and gathering statistics of our blind population. On the 27th of January,
1847, James M. Ray, George W. Mears and Calvin Fletcher the latter, declining to
serve, was replaced by Seton W. Norris were appointed to erect buildings and put
the institution in operation. They were given 5,000 to pay for a site and defray
other incidental expenses, and they purchased two blocks north of North street,
between Pennsylvania and Meridian, and began the building in 1848. While it was
in course of erection the school was opened on October 1st, 1847, in the Stipp house,
where the Deaf and Dumb school had recently been kept. It had nine pupils at first,
but increased to thirty during the year. In September, 1848, it was removed to the
'building now used as a work shop, on its own ground. The Asylum proper was
finished in 1851, at a cost of $50,000, and at once occupied. A notice of the present
condition and attendance of the various Asylums will be made in the proper place.

During the summer of 1843, a Mr. Robert Parmlee began the manufacture of pianos
in the town, in a shop on Washington street, a little west of Hubbard's block. It
could hardly have been a flourishing business, but it was continued for two years or
so, chiefly by repairs on old instruments. In the fall a company called the " New
York Company of Comedians," gave concerts in the upper room of Gaston's carriage
shop on the site of the Bates House and concluded each entertainment with a
theatrical performance. The leading actors were John Powell and his wife, Tom
Towuley, who did the dancing, and Sam Lathrop. Mrs. Drake and Augustus Adams
appeared as stars during the season, 'which lasted pretty well through the whole ses-
sion of the Legislature. The "theatre" was fronted on the east by a wide platform,
where Mr. Gaston exposed his carriages to dry when varnished, and this platform
was unprotected by any railing on the east and south sides. One night Mr. Corbaley,
one of the settlers of 1820, coming out of the theatre in the dark, stepped off this
platform and hurt himself so severely that he died in a few days. Subsequently Mrs.
Drake and Mr. Adams played here when the theatre was ''fixed up" in the one-story
brick, where Temperance Hall no\* stands, which had formerly been the office of the
Indiana Democrat. This was managed by Mr. Lindsay, who had conducted several
theatrical seasons before this. As early as 1836 or 1837, he had opened in Ollaman's
wagon shop, on Washington street, opposite the Court house, and delighted the Capi-
talians with the "universally popular" comie songs of the "Tongo Islands," and the

NEW GRAVE YARD THESPIAN SOCIETY. ^g

" King of the Cannibal Islands," and had been back once before the New York troupe
opened in the carriage shop. These, with Mr. and Mrs. Smith's previous performan-
ces in Carter's tavern in 1823 and 1824, comprised the theatrical experience of the
town until the "Thespian Corps," composed of our own young men, appeared in
1845.

In September, 1843, Miss Lesuer opened the " Indianapolis Female Collegiate
Institute" in the Circle street house which the Franklin Institute had formerly occu-
pied, and maintained it successfully for some years. During the same year, the Rob-
ert's Chapel (Methodist) congregation divided from the parent church, Wesley Chapel,
and began the erection of their church on the corner of Pennsylvania and Market
streets, which was completed the year following, at a cost of $10,000, or thereabout.
The old building was sold in 1868, and converted into a block of business houses,
and a new one erected on the corner of Delaware and Vermont streets, at a cost of
$80,000. There is nothing else of consequence to note in tho year 1843.

The "old grave yard," though capable of containing all the dead the town
would be likely to furnish for the next ten years, was deemed inadequate in 1844,
and in April a cemetery, long known as the "New Grave yard," was laid out.
The old one at that time was in the woods. A dense "bottom" forest lay between it
and the river on the south, and a considerable width of timber separated it from the
river on the west. On the east was the Mooresville road and Dennis I. White's pas-
ture, with an open woods stretching north from the bluff bank of the "grave yard
pond." The new addition brought the living town closer to the "dead" one, and
very soon monopolized the burials. Except for those who had near relatives in the
old grave yard, or for those who had special reasons for not seeking, or not being
allowed, participation in the new one as the negroes the old one soon became almost
obsolete. North of the new cemetery was a superb forest and pasture extending to
Maryland street. The southern portion of this was laid off into a third cemetery in
1852, extending to the track of the Indianapolis and Terre Haute Raiload, by Messrs.
James M. Ray, James Blake and Edwin J. Peck. Eight years later the ground in.
the rear of this last addition, bordered by the river, was laid out into a cemetery,
and a small section along the railway was bought by the National Government for
the burial of dead rebel prisoners in 1862. This last addition was little used, and the
much more eligible arrangement of the Crown Hill Cemetery superseded it entirely,
so that within the present year (1870) the Terre Haute Railroad Company have obtained
a release of the Government cemetery, removed all the corpses, and built there a fine
and capacious engine house. The eastern half is still a cemetery, but that next the
river is returned to less melancholy uses. The "grave yard pond" was once as well
known a feature of the topography of the capital as the river itself. It was three or
four hundred yards long by a hundred wide, and was supplied partly by springs,
and partly by freshets, which made the river rise and run through it. For many
years it was a favorite skating place, and was afterwards a frog's paradise. Now it
has utterly disappeared. All the dirt, chips and refuse and nuisances of the city are
emptied into its bed, and the new Rolling Mill has covered the upper end of its site
with one of its buildings and its railway track.

On the 5th of August, 1844, a meeting was held to make arrangements for the-
visit of General Cass, who came on the 25th, spoke in the Military Ground, in reply
to a welcome from Governor Whitcomb, had a reception at the Palmer House, and
went on to Dayton the same evening.

The year following, 1845, was distinguished by the culmination of the only native
theatrical company the capital has ever had. Some two or three years before, a large

g0 BOLLOWATS IXDIANAPOLIS.

frame building had been erected on the north west corner of Market and Mississippi
streets, for a foundery, that never came to any thing, and during this rear the " Indi-
anapolis Thespian Society " took it, built a stage in it. put in seats, got sdme fair
scenery, and during the summer and fall gave some very fair performances there.
The clyef actors were James McCready, afterwards Mayor, Edward S. Tyler, James
G. Jordan, afterwards City Clerk, and first Secretary of the Bellefontaine Railroad,
Davis Miller, once Door-keeper ef the Senate, James J?cVey, and, towards the close)
Nathaniel Cook, a regular actor, and his younger brother John, sons of John Cook,
once State Librarian. The last, and Messrs. McVey and Miller, took female parts, ag
there were no ladies in the Society. The first performance was of Robert Dale Owen' 3
drama of " Pocahontas.'' which had little other recommendation than its Indiana au-
thorship. The "Golden Farmer" was "run" for several weeks, very successfully.
Mr. Tyler was the favorite as "Jimmy Twitcher,'' and Mr. McCready as "Old Mobbs,"
and Mr. Jordan as the "Farmer." Home's tragedy of "Douglass" was played when
young Nat. Cook came out; and it has been worse played by actors of more preten"
sions. Cook played "Young Norval " and James Jordan "Glenalvon; " Davis Miller
played " Lady Randolph." Jordan was a good actor, with unusual natural talents for
the stage, and in this day could have made an enviable reputation. Young Cook
was an actor by profession, but not remarkably good, and never made any figure
greater than that of a "stock" actor. His brother Aquilla was afterwards connected
with a theatre in Cincinnati, where he murdered the Treasurer, for some fancied insult
to his wife, who was a dancing girl. The Cook family made a considerable figure in
the town about this time; but it went out, as the Hoosier phrase has it, "at the little
end of the horn." John Cook, the father, who was State Librarian, led the choir
at the Temperance meetings which Mr. Hawkins, the old Baltimore reformer, held in
the Court House. The favorite air was the " Blue-Tailed Fly," to which a reformatory
and exhortatory song was adapted by some queer process. This season of Temperance
excitement was preceded some years before, by another and more important one, inau-
gurated by a Mr. Matthews, one of the Washingtonian Society. His speeches were
strong, direct and very effective ; and he made them more so. by singing some temper-
ance ditty as an introduction. " What's the News? " was one of these. His cause
was a new one in the capital, and his language, though we have become used to it
now, was then considered tolerably harsh. One night he roused old Jerry Collins,
the chief of doggery keepers, so greatly, that he interrupted the speech. Quite a "re-
vival" was instituted; and many a "soaker" was arrested, for a longer or shorter
time, by the good influences set to work by it.

On the 4th day of July, a negro by the name of John Tucker, was brutally mur-
dered by a mob of white men, for no offense except his courageous defence of himself.
A young man, named Nicholas Woods, began the difficulty in a drunken frolic, by
abusing Tucker, who tried to avoid him. Finding that impossible, he gave Woods a
thrashing. The latter followed him up, and soon collected a crowd of "roughs" and
citizens, some of whom began stoning the negro. He retorted, and hurt some of his
assailants. At this time he was on Illinois street, near where the Bates House now
stands. Here he was driven upon the east side walk, when a saloon keeper, named
Bill Ballenger, struck him down with a club. Ballenger made his escape. Woods
was sent to the penitentiary, which he has since re-visited once or twice, on the so-
licitation of juries in larceny cases.

The celebration of the 4th was enlarged this year, by a military addition, and
speeches were made, on the part of the companies, by Edward Lander, Judge of th
Court of Common Pleas, and William Wallace, in Henry Ward Beecher's churc .

MEXICAN WAR GAMBLERS.

81

The report of the murderous affray going on but a hundred yards from the church,
greatly disturbed, and nearly destroyed, the meeting. During the summer, Washing-
ton street was graded and gravelled. The old McAdamizing was pretty well worn
out, and the improvement raised the street, too much, probably, in the middle, and
covered it with coarse gravel. The building on the'south west corner of Meridian and
Washington streets, was erected this summer, by Seton W. Norris. The " Locomo-
tive," a little weekly paper, was started this summer, by Daniel B. Culley and David
R. Elder. It was nothing but a boyish affair at first, and was filled with boyish "bread
and butter" articles; but in 1848, after a suspension of a year or so, it was revived by
* Elder & Harkness, conducted by Mr. John R. Elder, and made a paper of considerable
1 influence. Its circulation, for some years, exceeded that of any other paper in the
town. The old Methodist church, built in 1828, on Meridian street, near the Circle,
had, in 1845, become unsafe, as well as inadequate, and it was torn down. Wesley
Chapel succeeded it, during the fall and ensuing summer of 1846. In 1869 the Chapel
Vv~as sold to Mr. Richard J. Bright, and by him converted into a large and very hand-
some business house,, mainly occupied by the "Indianapolis Sentinel" establishment,
and that of the " Evening News.'' A new church has just been completed on the south
west corner of Meridian and New York streets.

The interest of the next year, 1846, centered in the Mexican war. Governor
Whitcomb's proclamation, calling for the State's quota of volunteers, was published on
the 23d of May, and was responded to with great alacrity. Three regiments were
soon raised and organized, of the first of which our town furnished one company, under
Captain James P. Drake, and Lieutenants John A. McDougall and Lewis Wallace.
Captain Drake was made Colonel of the regiment, in the rendezvous at New Albany.
This regiment was kept at -the month of the Rio Grande, during pretty much all of its
years service, and suffered greatly from the diseases incident to the climate and camp-
life. A year afterwards, two other companies were raised by Captain Edward Lan-
der and John McDougall, and were attached to the fourth and fifth regiments, which
-\vcre taken by General Scott in his march upon the City of Mexico. These five regi-
ments constituted the whole of Indiana's contribution to the Mexican war. The
regiments raised during the rebellion, were numbered from these, the first being the
sixth.

The Madison Railroad was now coming so close to the town, that its impulse was
felt in business ; and the first throbbings of the energy which was to develop such
great results, began to stir the little county town with the hopes of greatness and pros-
perity which the visit of the " Robert Hanna" created and disappointed. The Com-
pany had selected its depot-ground on South street, east of Pennsylvania, then clear
out of town. But the ground was high, and cheap, and convenient; and the first
angry complaints of the citizens at this mislocation, soon died out in the bustle and
excitement of the actual arrival of the road in 1847. The depot would not come to
the town, so the town went to the depot, planted heavy business houses all around it,
and created, for a time, a sort of commercial center there. The creek was straightened
from Virginia Avenue to Meridian street, by the property holders, and the streets
graded and filled across the low muddy space of the creek "bottom."

The gamblers, who were bold and bad enough for Vicksburg, had become very
offensive during the year, and the citizens held a meeting, and resolved to clear them
out by constant prosecutions under the statute. A committee of thirteen or fifteen was
appointed, consisting of the best and most respected citizens, to carry on the war.
They began by securing the services of Hiram Brown, one of the ablest members of
the bar in the days when it was strongest, to prosecute the scoundrels, and raised a
(6)

Q2 HOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

considerable sum of money for expenses. These preparations had their effect, and the
gamblers were chased out without any prosecutions at all, or not more than one or
two. Lemuel Frazier, who kept the "Capital House," having been stirred up for
allowing gambling in his hotel, retaliated by suing the committee for malicious pros-
ecution ; but nothing ever came of it.

FE!\IOD TO l86o,

h apt

CONDITION OF THE CITY IN 1847 THE GREAT FRESHET CITY GOVERNMENT

STREET IMPROVEMENTS MASONIC HALL MADISON RAILROAD SCHOOLS

MISCELLANEOUS.

fflE year 1847 marks the first great change in the condition and prospects of
Indianapolis. Heretofore it had been a mere country town, which owed all
its importance to the possession of the Capital. Its business was purely local.
It produced little, and it distributed little that it did not produce. A small amount
of "jobbing" was done in an irregular way among the smaller dealers and manu-
facturers of the neighboring towns, but it was neither large enough or certain
enough to be considered a branch of trade. The manufacturing, except for home
demand, was even more trifling than the mercantile, business. Occasional attempts
had been made at iron, wool, oil, tobacco, hemp, and even ginseng manufacture, but
none of them amounted to much or lasted long. The only attempt on a large scale,
that of the Steam Mill Company, was a conspicuous failure. The town was isola-
ted, and its only chance of trade was like that of the two boys locked up in a closet,
who made money by swapping jackets. It lacked a way out and in. When this
opening came, with the opening of the Madison Railroad, there came with it much
such a cbange as comes upon boyhood at puberty. There was a change of features,
of form, a suggestion of manhood, a trace of the beard and voice of virility. Manu-
facturers appeared, and would not disappear. "Stores" that had formerly mixed
up dry goods, groceries, grain, hardware, earthenware, and even books, in their
stock, began to select and confine themselves to one or two classes of their former
as^oitment. Dry goods houses which kept neither coffee nor mackerel, appeared.
Grocery establishments which sold neither calico nor crockery became visible. Busi-
ness showed its growth in its divisions. The town itself showed the forecoming
shadow of manhood in larger business houses, and the dropping down, here and
there, in remote corners, of "family groceries." The price of property advanced.
A city form of government was adopted. A school system was inaugurated.
Everybody felt the impulse, without exactly feeling its direction, of prosperity.

In the first decided development of this change the year 1847 opened. On the
7th of January the " great freshet" reached its highest point. The river had never
been so high before, except once, and has never been within three feet of the same
mark since. It covered all the bottoms, and swept away miles of fences, and thou-
sands of cattle, hogs and horses. Many fine fields were so covered with sand and
seamed by the rapid currents that they were ruined, and many a prosperous farmer

84

HOLLOW AITS INDIANAPOLIS.

was nearly ruined by its devastations. So great and general were its ravages that
the Legislature allowed a reduction of taxes to the sufferers. In the Capital the
mischief of the river freshet was confined to West Indianapolis, or "Stringtown."
It was covered entmly, from the bridge to the bluff at " Palmer's Farm." Many
houses were filled nearly to the second story. The water rose high enough to cover
the National Road, and in two places currents ran so fiercely that they cut through
the road-way, and made ugly gaps fifty feet wide and eight or ten feet detp. On
each side of the road at both breaches, the soft alluvial soil was dug out by the
whirling eddies into huge holes like the craters of small volcanoes. They were
fully thirty feet deep, and the southern hole, of the largest gap, was so large that a
two-story frame house, which had been floated from its place by the current, was
left sticking against its eastern bank, all askew, and ready to slide to the bottom
at any moment. Nearly a half mile of the National Road was covered by the
water. A considerable breadth of the high bank, along where the pork houses and
railroad bridges now stand, was cut away, making the first approach to the change
which has since brought the river to the very edge of the cemeteries. There used
to be a small island a hundred or two hundred yards long, in the river, opposite
the "Old Grave- Yard," and separated from the eastern bank by a narrow stream,
sometimes entirely dry in summer. This island. was covered with large trees, and
at the head of it was a drift which for many years was a favorite place for catching
"red-eyes," cat-fish, and bad colds. Between the "chute" east of that island and
the Grave-Yard was a considerable breadth of forest. Now that island and that
whole breadth of forest are on the west side of the river, on McCarty'a sand-bar,
and the water has actually cut into the Grave-Yard. The river has come one
hundred yards eastward since the freshet of 1847 began the removal. Although the
river did not directly damage the town, the freshet in Fall Creek and Pogue's
Creek did. The former tore out the canal aqueduct, and the latter tore out the
canal culvert, and between them ruined the canal for a year. Fall Creek, too, sent
surplus water into the swamps north-east of town, and they poured out a flood into
the "ravines" which filled a number of lots, and damaged a good many houses on
their way through to the river. They emptied into the canal, and caused it to make
a third break, as before noticed, below where the Rolling Mill now stands.

The news of the famine in Ireland created here, a? elsewhere, a great deal of
feeling, and successful efforts were made by public meetings, committees, and news-
paper appeals to raise contributions for the relief of the sufferers.

As if to prepare for the material change hastening up the Madison Railroad,
the town now took measures to form a city government. The Legislature on the
13th of February voted a city charter, appointing the 27th of March for an election
to determine whether it should be accepted. Joseph A. Levy, a blacksmith, Presi-
dent of the Council, published a proclamation ordering an election on the appointed
day. It was held, and resulted in a vote of 449 votes for the charter, to 19 against
it This was a very light vote, as it would indicate a population of less than 3000,
and as it was 8000 in 1850, it is clear that either the town nearly trebled its popu-
lation in three years, or the citizens of 1847 deemed the adoption of the charter a
foregone conclusion and did not trouble themselves to vote. The population at the
time of the adoption of the new charter and city form of government, and the com-
mencement of the new era in its history, was probably about 6000. The new char-
ter extended the government over the whole donation, except the "make-weight "
fraction in Stringtown, and divided it into seven Wards, four north, and three south
of Washington Street. Those north were divided by Alabama, Meridian and Mis-

CONDITION OF THE CITY. g^

sis&ippi Streets ; those south by Illinois and Delaware Streets. The Mayor was not
to preside in the Council, but had a veto power on its acts. He served two years
and had the jurisdiction of a Justice in addition to his municipal authority. There
was one Councilman for each Ward, who was paid $24 a year for his services. The
Council elected their own President, and held monthly meetings. It had all the
customary power? of such bodies, with one now taken from it, that of electing the
subordinate city officers, as Marshal, Treasurer, Secretary, Street Commissioner, At-
torney, and all other officers they needed. No tax could exceed 15 cents on the
$100, except by authority of a special vote of the people. The first election was
held on the 24th of April, and resulted in the choice of Samuel Henderson for
Mayor, in favor of a tax for free schools, and of the following Councilmen : First
Ward, Uriah Gates; Second, Henry Tutewiler; Third, Cornelius King; Fourth,
Samuel S. Booker ; Fifth, Charles W. Cady ; Sixth, Abram W. Harrison ; Seventh,
William L. Wingate. The new Council organized on the 1st of May by electing
Mr. Rooker President, and James G. Jordan Secretary, salary $100; Nathan Lis-
ter, treasurer, $50; James Wood, Engineer, $300 ; Wm. Campbell, Collector, paid
by fees; Wm. Campbell, also, Marshal, $150 and fees; A. M. Carnahan, Attorney,
fees; Jacob B. Filler, Street Commissioner, $100; J. B. Filler, also, with David
Cox, Messengers for Fire Companies, $25; Sampson Barbee and Jacob Miller,
Market Clerks, $50 ; Joshua Black, Assessor; Benjamin Lobaugh, Sexton. With
this crew and organization the good ship " Cit&of Indianapolis" set sail on the 1st
day of May, 1847.

The new city government, whatever pretentions might be involved in the litle,
started with as little support of metropolitan dignity as any cily ever did. The lax
duplicale showed a possible revenue of only $4,236, and one-fifth of that was made
by past delinquencies; and street improvements had accomplished litlle beyond
what might have been seen in any country road. Stumps and mud-holes were ugly
disfigurements of the streets, and the first efforts of improvement were naturally di-
rected to their removal. The means, no less than the unenterprising disposition of
the authorities, prevented anymore general or permanent effort. Side- walks were
not common off Washington Street, and elsewhere were merely strips of gravel
with depths of mud on either hand. Large spaces of open gi-ound, or common,
-could be seen in all directions covered by "dog-fennel" of luxuriant growth. The
ditches were shallow furrows, bordered, and oftentimes choked up, with "dog-
fennel." Except where travel had worn away the sod, in a sinuous line that dodged
a stump in one place and a mud-hole in another, the streets were masses of " dog-
fennel," pleasing enough, possibly, in a picturesque point of view, but decidedly
otherwise in any view that contemplated the prosperity of the new city. It is only
within the past few years that this characteristic growth of the city has disappeared,
and even now there are scattered patches of it clinging, like the Indian, to the
territory which it once occupied alone and supreme. In any proper sense we had
no streets. They were merely openings which might be used or not, as the weather
made them impassable mud or insufferable dust. The town was gathered in a loose
way, in the center of the donation, huddled pretty closely together for four or five
streets, divided by Market Street, and sprangling off in clumps of settlement at
other points, while much of the " donation " outside of the original plat was pretty
good hunting ground for quails and squirrels. Only four or five years before, the
woods west of Samuel Henderson's farm, where the "Home for Friendless Women"
now stands, was a favorite resort for wild turkeys, and they had occasionally been
.driven, in the fury of the chase, clear into town. One was caught, in this way, in

gg nOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

the Governor's Circle as late as 1841, by Mr. A. D. Ohr. On the south, the pasture
where the Old Boiling Mill stands, was a capital squirrel ground, and visits of
quails into the heart of the town, and their capture in back-yards and about stables,
a very common occurrence. It happens occasionally even now.

Into this still half village, half forest city, the new government determined to
introduce a general system of improvements. The plan of grading proposed by
Engineer Wood in 1841, and adopted in 1842, was readopted, with the addition that
it should be carried out systematically, by improving the central portion of the city
first, and extending improvements outward as opportunity permitted. The cost of
grading and graveling the streets and side-walks was taxed against the owners of
the property, and, of course, caused a good deal of ill will and litigation But as it
had the advantage of making only those pay who were benefitted, it stood firmly
against the numerous complaints of its injurious operation. The cost of making
crossings, which consisted then, and do yet, of little wooden bridges across the.
gutters, was paid out of the Treasury. In this way began the improvements which
have since made tolerable thoroughfares of one hundred and forty-six miles of
streets, and very good ones of a number of them. Bouldering was not attempted
until 1859, when Washington Street was paved in this way from Illinois to Meridi-
an, and in 1860 from Mississippi to Alabama. This year (1870) Delaware Street
has been paved with wooden blocks, upon the Nicolson plan, from Washington to
North Street, and its superiority to the noisy, rough bouldering is so marked that it
is possible it may be extended to all the principal streets. Notwithstanding the
laudable efforts of the first city government, but little, comparatively, was done in
street improvements until 1860. What is now to' be seen has been mainly accom-
plished since then.

With the introduction of the first general system of street improvements came
the free school system. The State fund yielded barely enough to maintain the schools
for a single quarter, and left teachers and pupils to provide for themselves for the
remainder of the year. It was hoped that a local addition might be made which
would enable the schools to be kept open all, or the greater part, of the year. To
this end a provision was made in the new charter authorizing a vote at the election
of city officers upon the question whether a tax should be levied for school purpo- .
ses. It was decided, to the credit of the citizens, almost unanimously in the affirm-
ative. The tax having been assessed, and a provision thus made for a complete
and permanent system of free education, steps were taken at once to apply the
provision effectively. Donations of lots for houses, and money for tuition, were
asked, to eke out the inadequate supply of both the State and city fund. The Coun-
cil in the winter passed a vote of thanks to Thomas D. Gregg for the donation of
$100. Others may have been more or less liberal, but no Council vote indicates it.
Luckily real estate, though rising under the general impulse, was cheap, and lots
were obtained for $300 to $500 in all the Wards during the following two years.
Of course provision had first to be made for the erection of houses, and until that
was done, by the accumulation of the city tax, the Ward schools were merely State
District schools under city supervision. But the city tax came in, slowly at first,
but rapidly enough by 1852 to have completed small brick houses, of one or two-
rooms each, but so adjusted as to allow future enlargement, in all the Wards. The
yield of 1847 was $1,981; of 1848, $2,385; of 1849, $2,851. By 1850 it was $6.160
of which $5,958 had been expended upon houses and lots. Nothing being left for
tuition beyond the provision of the State fund, it was paid by fees. In other words,
the State provision was merely divided among the Wards and maintained in that

CITY SCHOOLS MASONIC BALL. Q7

form until the city provision had become considerable enough to permit the inaugu-
ration of a system of city free schools. This was done in 1853. Three Trustees,
Henry P. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher, and Henry F. West, were elected by the Coun-
cil to take entire control of the schools. The separate Ward Trustees were abol-
ished, and the whole system brought together and made compact and manageable.
Calvin Fletcher drew up a series of rules and regulations, and a plan of operations,
teachers were obtained, matters set in order, and on the 28th of April, 1853, the
city free schools were really opened, with two male and twelve female teachers.
This was the beginning of what has since grown through many difficulties and em-
barassments into one of the most perfectly constructed and admirably conducted
school systems in the United States. The detailed account of the changes and dif-
ficulties through which it has passed will be found in another place.

Like all country towns, the capital had, up to this year, been compelled to hear
its lectures and concerts in churches or the Court House, with an occasional diver-
sion to the Hall of Representatives in the State House. No special provision had
been made for so important an element of city life as a place of public entertainment.
One of the first manifestations that a new order of things was approaching, was the
resolution of the Grand Lodge of the Free Masons to erect a splendid edifice to
contain not only rooms for the Grand and city lodges, but a large hall for public
uses. In May they purchased the southeast corner of Washington and Tennessee
streets, and formed a company, of which they themselves took a large share of the
stock, to carry out this purpose. A plan of building proposed by Mr. J. Willis,
one of the first architects who became a resident here, was adopted, and 'measures
taken at once to proceed with the work, under the supervision of the Hon. Wm.
Sheets. On the 25th of October the corner-stone was laid with imposing Masonic
ceremonies, and the singing a song written for the occasion by Mrs. Sarah T.
Bolton. The work was not very energetically pushed, however, and it was not till
the spring of 1850 that it was so far completed that the public hall could be opened.
It was first occupied if the writer's memory is not at fault by Mrs. Lesdernier for
a concert or dramatic reading, and was in frequent request afterward, although the
upper or lodge rooms were still unfinished. They were completed during the fall
and winter, and the hall was dedicated by the Grand Lodge, at its annual meeting,
May 27th, 1851. The Constitutional Convention of 1850, after a few days' session
in the Representative's Hall of the Capitol, finding its accommodations inadequate,
and, moreover, having to give place soon to the Legislature, adjourned to the new
hall which had been prepared for it as fully as possible, and continued there till its
labors were completed. From its opening until the erection of Morrison's Opera
Hall, the Masonic Hall was the scene of nearly all public displays and entertain-
ments given in the city. Political conventions, religious meetings, concerts, theatric-
al entertainments, lectures, balls, fairs, and panorama?, occupied it in turn. Hor-
ace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, John B. Gough, Theodore Parker, Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry Giles, lectured there, and Alexander Campbell preached there.
Madame Bishop, Bochsa, Strakosch, the now celebrated Adelina Patti, Carlotta
PattJ, Ole Bull, and a long list of musical celebrities, performed there. In fact,
for fifteen years it may be considered the embodiment of the intellectual and esthe-
tic life of the city. The stock has all long been absorbed by the Grand Lodge, and
recently the building, and hall, too, have been repaired and greatly improved. For
a while after the opening of the Opera Hall, more centrally situated, and in some
respects better adapted to public uses, Masonic Hall fell into disrepute, and became
the resort of second-rate exhibitions. But since its repair, and the burning of the

gg HOLLOWAY'S IXDIAXAPOLIS.

Opera Hall in the winter of 1869-70, it has resumed its old position. As the Opera
Hall has been left out of the new building on its site, it is likely that the old hall
will retain its long supremacy a while longer.

The return of our volunteers in Mexico being anticipated, a meeting was held
in May to prepare a reception for them, but as they did not come back in a body,
the reception failed. Subsequently a public demonstration in their honor was made
in the State House Square, at which Hon. Edward A. Hannegan made a speech,
but a very rainy, inclement day spoiled it, to a great extent. A number of the vol-
unteers came out, however, and brought their old battered and honored flags with
them. In July the body of Captain Trusten B. Kinder, of this city, but who re-
sided in one of the south-west counties of the State when he entered the army,
and who was killed at the battle of Buena Vista, was brought home, and received
with one of the most imposing popular displays ever witnessed in the city.

The lack of female teachers for our schools led to efforts this year to get up a
sort of " Koopmanschaap " emigration scheme, to supply the deficiency, or rather it
induced an application for help to Governor Slade of New Hampshire, who had for
some time been conducting s;jch a scheme. He sent on a small supply of teachers
in June. They were distributed through the State, and, of course, soon married off.
So the result, however beneficial in the end, left the schools little better ofl'.

The Madison Railroad, now advancing rapid'y from Franklin, would reach us
on the 1st of October, and on the 25th of September a meeting of citizens was
called to make preparations to celebrate the great event really great for it realized,
all and inoro than was anticipated by the wildest enthusiasm inspired by the visit
of the ' Robert Hanna " in 1831. About 9 o'clock, on the morning of the 1st, the
last spike was driven, just in time for the passage of two large excursion trains from
below, and the locomotive came, for the first time, into the town which has since
been justly enough known as the " Eailroad City." Its arrival was witnessed and
cheered by thousands of the "natives," most of whom had never seen a railroad or
engine, and whose notions of a speed of twenty miles an hour were so indefinite as to
be slightly mixed with the fabulous. Many of them improved the opportunity to
make an excursion to Franklin, while the thousands who remained joined in swell-
ing the monster procession which was to be the feature of the day's ceremonies.
Spalding's circus was " showing " in the city at the time, with the band of the cele-
brated bugler Ned Kendall, and the whole troupe, with a cavalry company from
the country, lent their attractions to the display. Governor "Whitcomb made a
speech from the top of'a car in conclusion of this portion of the ceremony, and then
all made for the hotels ' up town !: for dinner. At night there were fire-works, an
illumination, and a general "good time/' 1 he rejoicings were not extravagant,
and if they had been they would not have exceeded the importance of the occasion
which for the first time rendered the Capital independent of mud, ice and freshets.
The long reign of the "wagoners : ' the Peereys, Stucks and Ritchies was ended.

The Madison Railroad depot was built, as heretofore stated, on the elevation,
the site of the old " Hawkins" place, on South Street, east of Pennsylvania, then
entirely oat of town. The whole unoccupied, "bottom "of Pogue's Creek inter-
vened, and it was then, as it had been from the first, a muddy, unwholesome inter-
vale, which bade fair to remain unsettled till long after the town had spread illirnit-
ably northward. Consequently, the location of the depot was generally censured
as unwise. It was built during the preceding year, and speedily gathered a col-
j ection of groceries and commission houses, saloons and boarding houses, round it,
and made a little city quite to itself. It, has only been within the past ten year-'

MADISON BATLBOAD TELEGRAPH, gg

that any considerable progress has been made toward consolidating it with the
parent city. But it is accomplished now, and Pogue's Creek valley has measurably
disappeared under foundries, machine shops, mills, and railway tracks. The Com-
pany erected their machine shops in 1850, and built a frame car house over their
track, which a hurricane blew down for them a few years afterwards. For five
years the road was run upon a flat rail, a little more rapidly, but not much more
pleasantly than a stage coach upon a "corduroy" road. But between 1850 and
1852 it was replaced by the T rail, and such a business, so far as profit goes, done
upon it as no road is ever likely to do again. A detailed account of our railroads

will be found in another place.

r

We may note, in concluding the sketch of 1847, that it witnessed the establish-
ment of the first wholesale Dry Goods Store in the city that of Joseph Little & Co.,
in the building, or next the building now occupied by James Sulgrove's Saddlery
Hardware establishment. The firm subsequently became Little, Drum & Andersons
and in their hands the store was burned in May, 1848.

In January, 1848, Andrew Kennedy, an ex-member of Congress, and at the
time a member of the Legislature, died of small pox, at the Palmer House. As his
disease was not known at first, his fellow- members had called upon him frequently;
and, supposing themselves liable to the infection, created a panic, in which the Le-
gislature adjourned. There was some cause for alarm ; and the City Council, stimu-
lated by a few fresh cases, set to work to provide a hospital. Universal vaccination
was ordered, a Board of Health established, a hospital lot bought, material for a
hospital got together, and a contract made with Seth Bardwell to erect it. But the
panic disappeared, for the disease never spread widely; and the Council paid Mr.
Bardwell two hundred and twenty-five dollars for his contract, and gave him the
material, and thus the hospital enterprise failed. The contractor built a three-
story frame house of the material, nearly opposite the Governor's House, and it is
. now used as a Hotel, and called the Indiana House.

The first Telegraph Company, under the charge of Henry O'Reilly, was char-
tered on the 14th day of February,' 1848, subscriptions of stock received, and a line to
Dayton built by the 12th of May, on which day the first dispatches were sent through
it to Richmond. Newspaper dispatches were first published by the Sentinel, on the
24th of May. The first office was in the second story of Hubbard's block, and the
first operator was Isaac H. Kiersted. Other lines have since been built, and, until
recently, were all consolidated in the hands of the Western Union Company. But
within the past year or so, another collection of lines, called the Pacific and Atlantic,
has been made, which is operated in direct competition with the old one. Its office
is on Meridian' street, opposite Blackford's block, and is under the charge of
E. C. Hewlett. The first line, after opening in Hubbard's block, was removed
to Harrison's, on Washington street, subsequently to the rooms nearly opposite,
then to the second story of the building on the north west corner of Washington
and Meridian streets, and lastly to Blackford's block, where it has an office on the
ground floor, and operators' rooms above. It has been in charge of Mr. Kiersted,
J. W. Chapin, Anton Schneider, S. B. Morris, J. F. Wilson, and J. F. Wallick.
When the Magnetic Telegraph was first suggested as a suitable subject for Congres-
sional encouragement, Governor Wallace, of this State, was a member of the House,
and of the committee to which the matter of an appropriation was referred. His
name coming last in the alphabetical order of the committee, it was his luck to de-
cide a tie vote in favor of the appropriation. As little faith was felt by the great
body, even of intelligent people, who had not seen the telegraph in operation, this vote

90 HOLLOWArS INDIANAPOLIS.

of the Governor's was used against him with great, if not fatal effect, in his second
race for Congress, with "William J. Brown. But when the office here was opened,
and the invention was seen to send and receive instantaneous communications with
towns seventy miles away, suspicion gave place to amazement, and the general
feeling was accurately and characteristically expressed by Jerry Johnson, a very
eccentric and witty old farmer who lived adjoining town on the north, and was the
first man married in the town, when he looked up at the one telegraph wire run-
ning along Washington street, and said: ''Great Lord! who would ever have thought
of seeing lightning driven down the street, and with a single line, at that?" Those
familiar with the fashions of old teamsters, will understand the wit of the suggestion
of the " single line." As many may not be, it may be well to explain that wagoners
with three or four-horse teams, did not use a rein or line for each horse, as stage-
coaches and carriages do, but used one long, heavy line, fastened to the bit of the
"near leader; " and the "single line" being less easily managed, implied both more
skill in the driver, and more obedience or intelligence in the horses.

In June, an attempt to form a Merchant's Exchange was made, with Charles
W. Cady as Secretary, but it came to nothing. In 1853 it was succeeded by another
attempt, better considered; but that failed, too, after making some effort to exhibit
the advantages of Indianapolis as a manufacturing and commercial point. It was
constructed- by J. D. Defrees, N. McCarty, Ignatius Brown, the author of the pub-
lication in regard to the city, and the author of a history of the c : ty, from which
most of the material of this sketch is taken R. J. Gatling of Gatling Gun notoriety,
Austin H. Brown, and John T. Cox. The President was Douglass Maguire, the
Secretary John L. Ketcham, and the Treasurer K. B. Duncan. It was succeeded in
1856 by a third failure, for want of money. In 1866 the Chamber of Commerce was
formed, with Dr. T. B. Elliott as President, and J. Barnard as Secretary, and this
last seems in a fair way to live. It has excellent rooms in the new Sentinel building.

The Indiana Volksblatt, the first paper published in a foreign language in the
city, was established this year, by Julius Boetticher, proprietor, and Paul Geiser,
as editor. Its office was first a second floor room in Temperance Hall. But its suc-
cess has since enabled its enterprising proprietor to build a house himself on Wash-
ington street, a little east of the Court house Square, and it has been published
there for a number of years. It is Democratic in politics.

The Central Plank Road Company was chartered in 1848, to use the old Na-
tional Road, and in 1849 laid their planks and put up two toll gates, one at the Na-
tional Road bridge, and one just east of town. As this was taking an illiberal advan-
tage of their franchise, the citizens wouldn't stand it, and the council obtained the
removal of the eastern one, on condition that the company should not be responsi-
ble for the repairs of Washington street, which formed part of the National Road.

The Union Railroad Company, to which belongs the Union Depot and the
city tracks connecting the different railroads centering here, was authorized by the
Council on the 20th of December, 1848. There were no lines yet constructed to
compete with the Madison, but several were projected, and a common passenger
depot was so evidently indispensable, that it was devised as soon as the connecting
roads were.

The year 1849 was little more than the record of promising but uneventful
occurrences. The new life of the town was showing itself more and more plainly.
Three hundred houses were built during the year, and the population was estima-
ted at 6,500. A debt of $6,000, incurred by the street improvements of the preced-
ing two years, was ordered, by a majority of eleven in a vote of the citizens, to be

MEDICAL COLLEGE WIDOWS AND ORPHANS.

91

paid by a special tax, which raised the entire levy to forty-five cents on the hundred
dollars. This was more than had ever been paid, and more than the State tax, and
it caused a good deal of dissatisfaction with the city government. In the April
election Horatio C. Newcomb was elected Mayor, in place of Samuel Henderson.
During the summer, Asbury University determined to assume something of the
real character indicated by its title, and established here the Central Medical Col-
lege as the medical division of the University. It was conducted by Drs. Jchn S.
Bobbs, Richard Curran, J. S. Harrison, Geoi'ge W. Mears, C. G. Downey, L. Dun-
lap, A. H. Baker and David Funkhouser, and occupied a large two-story brick
buillding on the southeast corner of Washington arid Alabama streets. Its first
session, from November to March, was attended by twenty or more students, and a
few graduates received diplomas. It continued some three years, and added to its
faculty Prof. Deming, of Lafayette, who had been quite as much distinguished as a
politician of the Free Soil school, and as the candidate of his party for Governor
in 1846, as a physician. It lacked support. At the preceding session of the Legis-
lature a Court of Common Pleas was created especially for Marion county, with a
jurisdiction compounded partly of the probate business of the old Probate Court
and partly of the civil business of the Circuit Court, and Abram A. Hammond was
made the first Judge, and was also clerk. He was succeeded by Edward Lander, who
held the office till the Court was abolished or superceded by a general system of
Common Pleas Courts, created in 1852, under which the Judges were elected by the
people. The first was Levi L. Todd, succeeded in the following terms by Samuel
Corey, David Wallace, John Coburn, Charles A. Ray and Solomon Blair. The
"Widows and Orphans' Society was organized in December of this year, to make
provision for classes of distress that the Benevolent Society could not reach. Its
receipts for the first year were $113.16, and its expenses $98.30. It was entirely
dependent on private contributions for awhile, but has been aided since by an
annual appropriation from the City Council. Allen May donated two lots to the
Society, and they bought another afterwards. An asylum was built in 1855, at a
cost of 3,000. Though starting with such small means and so little promise of
good that few had any confidence that it would outlive the year, it has grown by
the persistent efforts of the managers, and the evidences of its services, to a mag-
nitude which would mke it quite as difficult to dispense with it as it would be with
one of the State Asylums.

The year 1850 was distinguished by a perceptible but not a dangerous earth-
quake on the morning of the 4th of April, and by the visit of Gov. Crittenden of
Kentucky, with an extensive suite, on the 28th of May. This, the first official
visit of one State Executive to another, was brought about by an invitation of Gov.
"Wright, who was desirous of drawing closer the bonds that connected the two
States, and did his part in the work shortly after by marrying a Kentucky lady.
The death of President Taylor evoked a union funeral celebration in Wesley
Chapel, and an eulogy by Rev. E. R. Ames The cholera was brought here by
some German emigrants, but there was no epidemic or panic. The Christian
Church, under the influence of many of its members who lived north of Washing-
ton street, having resolved to abandon the old frame edifice on Kentucky avenue,
which was built in 1836, or thereabouts, began their present chapel on the south-
west corner of Delaware and Ohio streets. It has since been repaired and hand-
somely decorated. E. W. H. Ellis and John S. Spann started the Indiana Statesman
September 4th, but sold it out in 1852 to the Sentinel. During the summer the
Indiana Female College was organized, and the school opened in the building on

92 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

the corner of Meridian and Ohio streets, now known as tbe Pyle House, by Rev.
Thomas A. Lynch. It was suspended in 1859, but resumed in 1865 in the building
of the McLean Seminary, and again suspended in 1868, when the premises were
purchased for the n3w "Wesley Chapel. It was successively conducted by Rev.
Charles Adams G. W. Hoss, B. H. Hoyt, 0. M. Spencer and W. H. Demotte City
receipts, ending April, 1850, were 9,327; expenses, $7,554. The total of taxable
property was assessed at $2.326,185; polls, 1,243; population, by the census, 8,097
an increase of 1,500 in a year, and of $300,000 in value of property. There were
25 doctors, 30 lawyers and 120 industrial establishments.

h a p t r

OAS COMPANY STATE FAIRS IMPROVEMENTSVISIT OF fcOSSUTH N. W. C. UNI-
VERSITY ODD FELLOWS' EALL THBATRU ^FREEMAN CASE POLICE FORCE

MISCELLAXKOUS.

t

February, 1851, the Legislature chartered, for thirty years, with a capital ot
0, a company originated by Mr. John J. LookWood, called the '-Indian-
apolis Gas Light and Coke Company." It wag organize''! on the 26lh of March,
with David V. Culley as President, Willis W. Wright as Secretary, and H, V. Bar-
ringer as Superintendent. An ordinance of the City Council of March 3d gave the
company a monopoly of the lighting of the streets and houses for fifteen years,
authorized the laying of pipes upon certain conditions, and required that the price
of gas should not exceed that paid at that time in Cincinnati. Not much confidence
was felt by the public in the success of the company at first, and not much waa
done to deserve it. The works were defective, the officers inexperienced, and the
city by a popular vote refused to light the streets. The present location of the
works, on Pennsylvania street, on the south aide of the creek, was that first selected,
and dui ing the fall the necessary buildings and apparatus to make a beginning
were erected, and got ready for use in December. Mains were laid on Pennsylva-
nia and Washington streets, and on the 10th of January gas was turned on for the
first time, except that Ma-onic Hall had previously had a private gas apparatus,
By the following April about a mile and a half of pipe had been laid, and 116 con-
sumers with 675 burners had been obtained as patrons. This was not a flattering
commencement, and the lack of city patronage for street lights, which is always a
large source of the profit, made it worse. It was not till the fall of 1853 that street
lamps were erected on Washington street between Meridian and Pennsylvania, and
even then they were supported at the expense of the property owners. In the early
part of 1854 several squares of Washington street, and portions of adjacent streets,
were first lighted by contract with the Council, made in the preceding December,
Gradual additions were made to the number of street lights, but not enough to em-
brace more than the most central and busiest portions of the city, and, therefore,
those leas;, likely to need their protection, till 1858-9. Then the policy of spread-
ing the lights as widely and rapidly as practicable was adopted, and in 1860 eight
and a half miles were lighted. At this time there can not be much less than forty
miles of lamps. The posts were at first disposed with little regularity, but in 1859
it was ordered that there should be four to each square, one on each opposite corner,
the others placed at equal distances between them. Since the addition of street
lights to the patronage of the Gas Company it has prospered greatly. It began
with $20,000 capital, erected its first buildings at a cost of $27,000, and finding
them defective, rebuilt them in 1856 at a further cost of $30,000. In 1860, when
the street-lighting policy began to show its effects fully, the new works were found
inadequate and Were rebuilt and enlarged to meet the demand. It began with one

94 HOLLOWATb' 1NDIAXAPOLIS.

gas reservoir of 20,000 feet capacity. It added a second of 75,000 in 1860, and
there not being enough in 1863 one of 300,000 and costing $126,000 was built on
Delaware street. Jn 1868 a handsome three-story brick was built for the office of
the Company on the south corner of the old Branch Bank lot on Maryland and
Pennsylvania streets, and during the past summer another large addition was made
to the milks. Its capital has grown from $20,000 to 500,000, but it has expended
its dividends mainly on its works. It consumes 800 bushels of coal per dy, and
produces about 200,000 feet of gas. Its Presidents have been David V. Culley,
David S. Beatty, Edwin J. Peck, and Stoughton A. Fletcher. Its Superintend-
ents, H. V. Barringer, C. Brown, E. Bailey, and EL E. Stacey.

The expiration in 1866 of the fifteen years' charter given by the city in 1851,
opened the way for a controversy between the Council and the Gas Company which
was not finally settled till 1858. As both sides had active and earnest partisans,
and it is not the purpose of this sketch to take sides with either, it will be sufficient
to state the steps in its rise and settlement briefly. On the expiration of the charter
the Council gave notice that bids would be received fjr lighting the city for the en-
suing twenty years. The Gas Company proposed to supply both city and citizens
for $3 48 per tho isand feet, and clean the street lamps for $5 48 each per year. (It
had previously charged $4 50 per thousand feet, and 20 per year for each lamp, and
8 44 for lighting and cleaning ) It also claimed the monopoly of supplying
private consumers under the Legislative charter for five years longer. This was
the only bid received, and the Council rejected it, and disallowed the claim to mo-
nopolize the gas supply, but made a counter proposition that the Company should
supply private consumers at $3 per thousand feet, and the street lamps at $28 80
each, the city to do the lighting and cleaning. Nothing came of this, and it was
then proposed to capitalize the Company's property at 350.000, the city to have
half the profits above 16 per cent,, and continue the arrangement twenty years.
The Company rejected this, but proposed to furnish gas to tho city or citizens at
$3 75 per thousand feet. This was not accepted, and in the spring of 1867 a rival
company, called the ''Citizens' Gas Light and Coke Company," formed by 11. B.
Catherwood & Co., of street railroad celebrity, made a proposal to take the charter
for thirty years, and furnish gas at $3 per thousand feet, the city to contest the mo-
nopoly claim of the other Company. An ordinance embodying nnd modifying these
terms, and holding the works subject to purchase by the <:ity after ten years, was
proposed on the 12th if March, 1867, and brought from the old Company a propo-
sition to furnish gas tor twenty years at 3 per thousand feet, with a number of
minor provisions, and this was accepted, and the old Company re-chartered for
twenty years from the 4th of March, 1867. But the controversy was not ended.
It was soon found, or alleged, that the city was paying for fifteen or twenty street
lamps more than existed, and paying for them whether lighted or not, and that the
Gas Company was making the expense at $3 per thousand feet luavier than it was
before. This produced a renewal of the difficulty, which was ended, finally, in the
spring of 1868, by thi election of a Gas Inspector, George II. Fleming, whose duty
it is to see to the supply and quality of gas, and the interests of the city generally
in regard to its gas. The cost of the city supply has been greatly reduced, and the
lighting generally wdl attended to.

The organization and chartering of the State Board of Agriculture, mainly
under the inspiration of Gov. Wright, on the I4tb of February, 1851, though prop-
erly an affair of State rather than city interest, is yet too nearly identified with the
development of the city to be overlooked. It has done something to encourage

STATE FAIR-EXPLOSION.

95

manufacturing by displaying our manufactures advantageously; hag done quite as
much, probably, by exhibiting the condition and improvements of the city to the
tens of thousands of visitors annually attracted by its fairs ; and has done more
still by swelling our trade, as well as advertising it. Gov. Wright was the first
President, and has been suceedeu by General Joseph Orr, A. C. Stevenson, Geo. D.
Wagner, David P. Hollo way, J. D. Williams, Stearns Fisher and A. D. Hamrick.
The Secretaries have been John B. Dillon, W. T. Dennis, Ignatius Brown, W. H.
Loomis, A. J. Holmes and Fielding Beeler. The Fairs, which have formed pretty
much all the business of the Board, have been generally held here, with enough
diversion to other points to demonstrate the advantages of our central location and
railroad connections. Here, they were held on the Military Ground, which had
been prepared by a high fence, and suitable "halls" or sheds, stalls, and other
appliances, till 1860, when a large and beautiful grove north of the city, and clear
beyond its limits at that time, was bought and fitted up, not handsomely, but so
expensively, that what with the cost, the falling off in the interest in fairs during
the war. the occupancy of the new grounds by the Government as a volunteer and
prison camp, and the necessity of removing to the old ground, the Board was left
with a debt on its hands which embarrassed it for several years. Since the close of
the war, these [the Camp Morton] grounds have been reopened and refitted in excel-
lent style, and during the fall of the present year [1870], the fairs both of the Indi-
anapolis Association and the State Board, have been successfully held there. Its
occupation as a prison camp during the war injured it greatly by causing the
destruction of nearly all its superb trees. The General Government has, how-
ever, made some, if not full, compensation for these injuries. Fairs held at other
points have either occupied the grounds of County Associations or been provided
for by the citizens in consideration of the supposed benefit of having their town
overrun by crowds for four or five days. The first was held for six days, in October
19 25, 1852, on the Military ground, and was very successful, the entries amount-
ing to 1,365. The fair of 1853 was held at Lafayette, and as an additional attrac-
tion, Horace Greeiey was obtained to deliver an address. Still it was not so
successful as to warrant any strong hopes from the policy ^f making the fairs
peripatetic. But the larger towns were indisposed to concede any advantages to
the Capital, which they considered their rival, and demanded, as a right, that the
"show" should come round to all of them in turn. The State Board decided to
hold it here one year out of every three, as a compromise between the blind impor-
tunacy of other towns and its own interests, and it accordingly went to Madison in
October, 1854. There its failure was so conspicuous and dismal that the Board
brought it back, not only in accordance with their rule, but with the determination
to keep it here. In 1855, 1856, 1857 and 1853 it was held here with decided sue
cess, especially in 1856 and 1857, when the receipts rose to $13,000 and 14,600
respectively. In 1859 the Board was forced into traveling again, and took the
fair to New Albany. The receipts fell off to $8,000. It was decided to stop the
traveling business and locate the fair permanently hure, and here it remained through
I860 the war prevented it in 1861 1862, 1863, 1864. In 1865 it was taken to
Fort Wayne, where it was quite successful came back in 1866, and went to Terre
Haute in 1867. The fair of 1869, here, was marked by a horrible catastrophe. Two saw
mills were running a race on Friday, the first day of October, taking their power
from the boiler in "Power Hall," and, through the culpable negligence or interest
of the engineer, it was allowed to become red.hot, and exploded, killing and wound-
ing nearly one hundred people. The disaster would have been far more terrible if

90 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

the great bulk of the crowd had not been drawn, at the time, to the "horse
ring," to witness the trials of speed. As it was, it spread a gloom over the city
exceeding any ever known in its history, and incited to the most earnest effort
to provide for those who were dependent on the dead or helpless, or were too poor
to secure proper assistance for themselves. A large amount of money was sub-
scribed, and a committee of prominent citizens appointed to distribute it. A great
deal of good was done by this movement, and it is but fair to state that the firm by
which the ruinous boiler was made contributed with marked and prompt liberal-
ity.

At the election, in April, 1851, H. C. Newcomb was re-elected Mayor, but re-
signed in November, and the Council placed Caleb Scudder in the vacancy. A spe-
cial tax of five cents on the hundred dollars was, at the same election, ordered for
the Fire Department. Another election was held in September to decide the ques-
tion of lighting Washington street with gas, and procuring a town clock. The first was
lost, the other carried, and a clock was made by John Moffatt, for $1200, in 1853,
which was placed in the steeple of Roberts' Chapel in 1854, where it remained,
sometimes serviceable, and sometimes not, till 1868, when it was removed, and since
then the city has had no public timepiece. John B. Gough lectured in Masonic
Hall, in May, on Temperance, the only topic he ever handled with marked ability
or effect. The Hall was crowded constantly, and his last lecture, on a Sunday
night, filled the street about the Hall for a considerable time before sunset. A
hurricane caused a good deal of destruction on the 16th of May, and was followed,
on the 22d, by a devastating hail storm. Gov. Wood, of Ohio, paid Gov. Wright
an official visit on the 28th. The Adams Express Company opened the fi r st express
oiBce here in September of this year, with Messrs. Blythe & Holland as the first
agents, succeeded soon by Charles Woodward, and he by John H. Ohr. A Com-
mercial College was commenced this year, in the building on the alley south side
of Washington street, between Illinois and Meridian, by W. McK. Scott. An
abortiveReading Room was attempted by the same man. The County Agricultural
Society was organized in August, and held a fair in October. A secession of
twenty-two members of the First Presbyterian church, on the 23d of September,
led to the organization of the Third Presbyterian Church, with Rev. David Ste-
phenson as pastor. A building was begun in 1852, on the northeast corner of
Illinois and Ohio streets, and finished by slow degrees, so far as to allow the occu-
pancy of the basement in 1859. The congregation in the meanwhile used College
and Temperance Halls. Rev's. George E. Heckman and Robert Sloss have since
been pastors. The Church of the United Brethren, corner of New Jersey and
Ohio streets, was begun this year and completed in 1852. Madame Bishop, and
Bochsa the celebrated harpist and pianist, gave the first first-class concert we had
ever had, in Masonic Hall, on the 24th of May, to a delighted but not altogether
appreciative audience. We did not know much of operatic beauties in those days.
An attempt was made to hold noon instead of morning markets, but it failed.
The city was making progress during this year. Charles Mayer built his iron-
front house, the first in the city. We had two foundries, three machine shops and
a boiler shop at work, fifty steam engines had been built, and Hasselman & Vin-
ton had commenced making thrashing machines at their establishment. City
receipts were $10,515, debt $5,407, school fund $6,199, expenses $5,935.

The most marked feature of the year 1852 was the increasing activity of rail-
road business, and the rapid growth of enduring improvements induced by it. So
closely were these already identified that it required little sagacity to see that what-

IMPROVEMENTS VISIT OF KOSSUTH. Qy

ever might be the prospects of a new railroad to terminate here, it would never be
unwise for the citizens to encourage it. The Madison road was in the full tide of
prosperity. The Bellefontaine road was opened to the State line in November, and
had already sent its share of activity ahead of it in the shops and depot erected in
the northeast corner of the city. The Cincinnati road was approaching comple-
tion. The Jeffersonville road had been built to Edinburg, within railroad reach of
us. The Terre Haute road was completed in May. The Peru road had been com-
pleted, with a flat rail, to Noblesville. The Lafayette road was completed in
December. The Central had commenced laying track. The Union Track, connect-
ing all these, had been completed, and the Union Depot built. We were beginning
to feel our importance as a Kailroad center, and exhibited our conceit in such sen-
sible forms as new hotels, manufactures and business houses. The Bates House, the
largest subsequently greatly enlarged hotel in the city, was built; also the Mor-
ris, now Sherman, House, opposite the Union Depot enlarged to three times its
original size a few years ago. The Washington Foundry was enlarged, and Osgood
& Smith's Peg and Last Factory, Geisendorff's woolen mill, Drew's carriage estab-
lishment, Shellenbarger's planing mill, Macy's pork house, Blake's block, Black-
ford's first building on Meridian street, McLean's Female Seminary, school houses
and Railroad shops, with many other buildings, were added to our improvements.
It was a busy, bustling year, and saw the beginning of more than one establish-
ment which has since made the fortunes of its founders.

But ttye very beginning of it also saw the most disastrous fire which, up to that
time, had afflicted the city. East of the Capital House sicce known as the Senti-
nel building was a block of old buildings, by no means valuable, but filled with
valuable business extending to the alley, and on the night of the 10th of January
it was burned to the ground. Among other items of destruction were the city
records, in the City Treasurer's office. There were suspicions of incendiarism enter-
tained at the time, aud the insurance of one of the sufferers was contested by the
Company on the ground that the fire was his own work, but the jury thought other-
wise. A number of lawyers and doctors, who had their offices in the second story
were emptied into the street by this catastrophe.

On the invitation of the Legislature, particularly urged by Gov. "Wright, Kos-
suth, the Hungarian hero and orator, visited the city on the 27th of February. A
committee of fifty citizens had been appointed at a public meeting, a few weeks
before, to receive him, and they went to Cincinnati on the 26th for that purpose.
They accompanied him up, coming by way of Madison, and were received at the
Madison depot by an immense crowd, who were at first full of adoration, but find-
ing that the Hungarian troubled himself very little about them, and one of his
suite kicking a little boy out of his way rather roughly, they changed their note
and were not indisposed to think him a humbug. Ex-Mayor Newcomb made a
speech to him in behalf of the city, and he was then escorted by a large proces-
sion to the State House Square, where Gov. Wright made another speech in behalf
of the State. He replied in one of those wonderful efforts which commanded the
admiration of all intelligent men, and was then escorted to the Capital House,
where he and his suite were quartered at the expense of the city. He had a
"levee" at the Governor's at night, and was introduced to the Legislature next
day. On Sunday he visited Roberts' Chapel and several Sunday schools, and on
Monday night delivered an address or lecture at Masonic Hall, before an associa-
tion of Hungarian sympathizers. His principal object was to collect money to
recover Hungary, a wild scheme which met little encouragement, though his talents
CO

93 . SOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

and misfortunes commanded a wide and generous sympathy. He took away about
51,000, chiefly paid for his "Hungarian notes," as keepsakes. Kossuth medals were
sold in all the stores, and worn by everybody, but the Irish. Kossuth hats became
the "rage," and for once the fashion was sensible. But this popularity was clouded
by two circumstances: The Kossuth suite at the Capital House behaved with very
considerable insolence, and ran up an enormous liquor bill; and the Irish cordially
hated him, so cordially, indeed, that the Democratic convention .following this
event came near quarrelling seriously about him. He left on Tuesday, after a visit
of four days.

During the summer the McLean Female Seminary was built by Dr. C. G.
McLean, corner of Meridian and New York streets a large and handsome three-
story brick and opened for pupils in September. It had one hundred and fifty
the first year. When Dr. McLean died, in 1860, it passed into the hands of Prof.
C. N. Todd, who maintained its high reputation and success till 1865, when it was
discontinued and the property 'sold, as before noticed, to the Indiana Female Col-
lege, which, after three years, sold it to the Wesley Chapel congregation, who have
erected a magnificent church edifice upon the ground.

A balloon ascension was made on the 29th of July the first ever witnessed
here by Mr. William Paullin. He was brought here by the enterprise of Mr. J\
H. McKernan, but proved a bad speculation, though his ascension was fine, because
the crowd could see all they cared to outside the enclosure erected round the State
House Square where he "went up" and wouldn't pay. There was a display of
fire-works at night. Several ascensions have since been made.

The Northwestern Christian University, the first and only successful attempt
at the establishment of a regular collegiate institution in the city, was chartered
by the Legislature in February, 1852. Stock taken on the "scholarship" plan by
solicitors during the preceding year, to the amount of $75,000, was reported on the
22d of June, and on the 14th of July a Directory of twenty-one members was
appointed, with Ovid Butler, the founder, manager and constant benefactor of the
institution, as President. A beautiful grove adjacent to Mr. Butler's residence, in
the extreme northeastern part of the city, was donated by him as a site, and a plan of
birildlng, devised by Mr. Tinsley, was adopted. This plan allowed the construction
of the edifice in sections, each complete in itself, but capable of being united with
the others when necessary. The style is Gothic, though not pure Gothic, but it
makes a very handsome structure, which instantly commands the attention of the
visitor in that quarter of the city. The west wing was built in 1854-5, at a cost of
$27,000. No addition has yet been made, though the growth of the institution
will soon make it necessary. It was dedicated on the 1st of November, 1855, by suita-
ble ceremonies and an address by Horace Mann. Its first " Faculty " was composed
of Hon. John Young, Kev. Allen R. Benton and Mr. James R. Challen. Its Presi-
dents have been. Hon. John Young, Samuel K. Hoshour, Allen R. Benton, O. A.
Burgess, and recently Prof. Benton again. Its peculiarity is that it admits female
pupils upon the same terms to the same classes as the males, and its remarkable
success is a vindication of the wisdom of the plan. In 1869 Miss Kate Merrill, a
lady of distinguished ability as a teacher, was elected to a regular chair, and the
novel step has proved all that its advocates could wish. Within a year past Mr.
Butler, to whom the University is indebted for its conception and existence, as well
as its best support, has donated 10,000 more, to establish the " Demi a Butler"
Chair. During the present year there are about 300 students in attendance.

The beginning of the year 1353 is memorable, or should be, among a large

ODD FELLOWS' HALL CITY QOVfSNMSHT.

99

class of our citizens, as the time which witnessed the permanent establishment of
theatrical amusements here. Since then we have never been without a theatre
"during the season." F. W. Robinson, better known as "Yankee" Robinson,
whose skill as an advertiser and showman far exceeded his skill as an actor, after
" operating" as a "side-show" to the first State Fair, in the fashion of English
"strolling theatres," came back during the winter with his company, and opened
in Washington Hall, on tho 21st of January. He had a fair company, and did so
good a business that the next winter he fitted up the third story of Elliott's new
building on the corner of Maryland and Meridian streets as a theatre, called it the
" Atheneum," and renewed his performances on a larger scale. A detailed notice
of the theatres of the city will be made in another place.

Following the example of the Free Masons, the Odd Fellows, this year, took
steps to provide themselves with a Grand Lodge Hall. They procured Lodge and
individual subscriptions to the amount of 45,000, bought the northeast corner of
"Washington and Meridian streets for 17,000, and erected, during the two follow-
ing years, at a cost of $30,000, a building planned by Francis Costigan, and fin-
ished with a dome by D. A. Bohlen, which Mr. Brown caustically says " is proba-
bly unlike any other on earth." Its style is certainly nondescript, a sort of cross
between a Gothic chapel and the Taj Mehal, but it is the most attractive building on
Washington street for all that. The ground floor rents for a handsome interest on
the cost, in a bank and other business houses, and the second story is rented for
ofEces; only the third is used for Lodge purposes. It was dedicated on tho 21st of "
May, 1856. A notice of the city Lodges, both of the Odd Fellows and Free Masons,
is appended to the general sketch of the history of the city.

In March the City Council substituted the general charter act for our special '
charter of 1847, which limited taxes for city purposes to fifteen cents on the bun-
dred dollars. The revenue yielded by so slender a source was inadequate to the
rapidly growing needs of a rapidly developing city, and the change was necessary.
It was retained till 1857. It made elections annual, and fixed them in May, and
allowed more liberty of taxation. The first election under the new law was held,
on the 3d of May, when 1,450 votes were cast. Caleb Scudder was elected Mayor,.
Daniel B. Culley, Clerk; A. F. Shortridge, Treasurer; M. Little, Assessor; Benja-
min Pilbean, Marshal; N. B. Taylor, Attorney; Wm. Hughey, Street Commis-
sioner; James Wood, Engineer. On the 6th of May, at their first meeting, the
new Council created the office of Fire Engineer, for the purpose of bringing all the,
engine companies under such government as would enable them to work together
and to advantage. Joseph Littlo was appointed Engineer. The receipts for the
year were $10,905; expenses, 7,030. The fire tax amounted to 2,093, the expen--
ses to $1,018; clock tax to $105; schools, 6,745; expenses- for houses, 6,458
Five fire cisterns had been built, five were in progress, and six had been located.
The Council Chamber was removed from Hubbard's block to the opposite building,
where it remained till it was removed to Odd Fellows' Hall, then newly finished,
in 1855. The city assessment showed 5,131,682 of taxables, of which 1,239,507
were personal, and 3,891,875 real property. Of "heavy' tax payers we had 35 >
who paid upon more than $20,000, and 59 upon 10,000 to 20,000. The assess-
ment of 1850 was 2,326,185. That of 1853 shows that the value of city property
had doubled, and a little more, in three years, though the polls had increased only
from 1,248 to 1,462, Property was "going up," not because there was twice as
much of it, but because what there was was held at higher figures. Besides making -
a Fire Engineer, the Council created a Deputy for the Marshal, and fixed the sala-

100 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

ries of the officers as follows: Mayor, $600; Clerk, $600; Marshal $500; Engi-
neer, $800; Street Commissioner, 400; Clerk of Markets, $350; Sexton, $80,
Deputy Marshal, $400; Councilmen, $2 for each meeting.

The "Old Settlers" held a meeting in the State House on the 31st of January,
to recall "old times," and meetings were held annually thereafter, sometimes at

Calvin Fletcher's and sometimes at James Blake's, till 1860. That of 1855, held at
Mr. Fletcher's, was reported at great length in the Journal of the next day, and
made these assemblages much better known generally than they had been before.
They were discontinued when the war broke out, and remained so till this past sum-
mer [1870], when a meeting was held on the 7th of June to commemorate the

^fiftieth anniversary of the selection of the site of the Capital. The Fourth Pres-
byterian church, corner of Delaware and Market streets, a colony of the Second

'[Beecher's] church, was commenced this year, and completed in 1854 so far as to
allow of its occupancy.

The arrest, May 21st, of John Freeman, a colored man, a whitewasher by trade,

who had been a resident of the city for a number of years, and was known as an
unusually quiet and deserving man, as a slave under the Fugitive Slave Act, crea-

r ted the most intense excitement that had ever been witnessed in the city. He was

claimed by a Georgia planter named Pleasant Ellington, and as oath was made to
his identity, Justice Sullivan, acting as United Stales Commissioner, had really
DO alternative but to surrender him. The alleged slave was permitted to prove his

ifreedom, if he could, only after he was taken back to the State whence he was said
to have escaped. His claimants insisted on taking him. They were armed, and

'ready for resistance. But his attorneys claimed that they could prove that he was
a free man, really, and demanded time to produce witnesses. The streets were
thronged with a fierce and resolute crowd while this controversy was going on. All
the enginery of the law was set in motion to gain time, backed by a singular una-
nimity of public feeling. If an attempt had been made to take him, as the United
States Marshal wanted to do, without giving him a chance to prove the falsity of

the claim against him, there would 1 have been an ugly fight, and a rescue. The
case was postponed, however, and Freeman, after lying three months in jail, while

^General Coburn, one of his counsel, went South for proof, had the tardy justice
done him of being released on the 27th of August. Several planters, who knew
him well, came up from Georgia and swore to his having been a free man, and the
' -case was ended, and he was forgiven by the Fugitive Slave Act for Mr. Ellington's
perjury. The presence of the planters, and the public interest in the case, caused
a meeting of congratulation to be called at Masonic Hall, where some very savage
speeches, of an "abolition" tendency, were made. Ellington was indicted for per-
jury, and sued for damages, but nothing ever came of it.

The excitement in this case was never equalled, except, possibly, in another
negro affair of a different character, about the year 1838, and that was among a

different class of people. A young lady organist for the Episcopal church the
first, probably, who held that position overcome by the fascinations of a hand-
some mulatto, married him. The news got abroad among the rowdies, and a

crowd of them attacked the house where she and her husband were lodged, drag-
rged them out, tarred and feathered him, rode him on a rail and ducked him in the

river, and abused her, though not so severely. Both were driven out of the town.
'This created an intense excitement for a few days. Some of the ringleaders became
frightened at what they had done, and left fjr parts unknown, whence they have
never, openly at least, emerged.

TEMPERANCE CITY POLICE.

101

Appropos of excitements it ,may be noticed here that a strong temperance
excitement was aroused in the summer of this year, and more general feeling
enlisted than, probably, at any former time. Street speeches were frequent and
fervent, and the fronts of saloons were often chosen for them. In September a
committee waited on the saloon keepers, and found that a large majority of the
forty-four then in the business had expressed a willingness to quit it. But they
did not, till the Maine law, in 1855, forced them to do it, and that did not stop them
long. Two conventions of brass bands from different parts of the State were held
during the year, one the 22d of February, under the lead of G. B. Downie, the
other November 29th, under C. W. Cottom. An attempt to establish an omnibus
line from the Union Depot and on Washington street, was made this summer by
Charles Garner and George Plant, but failed. A large fire destroyed all the stables
on Maryland street in the rear of the Wright House on the 10th of August. The
Indianapolis Coal Company, formed in the spring, brought the first coal to the city
from the Clay county mines in the fall. John Caven, Mayor of the city from 1863
to 1867, in partnership with Robert Griffith, opened a mine near Brazil as early as
did the Coal Company, and sent a few loads for use by his partner in his law office,
but lack of capital prevented him from prosecuting the enterprise. Another Ger-
man paper, the Freie Presse, of Republican tendencies, was established in September,
and the first number appeared on the 2d of that month. Wm. Y. Wiley attempted
to establish a stock auction room and exchange, but there was not enough business
to keep it going. Gavazzi, the assailant of the Inquisition and the Catholic
church, which he had abandoned, lectured in Masonic Hall in October, followed by
Lucy Stone in four lectures. Ole Bull gave his first concert, with Strakosch and
Adalina Patti, on the 6th of December. It was estimated that the value of build-
ings erected this year was $500,000.

The annual city election of 1854 resulted in the choice of James McCready
for Mayor. The vote was 2,012. The Council this year determined to provide a
regular police force, and in September appointed two officers to each ward four-
teen with Jefferson Springsteen as Captain. During the summer of 1855, while
attempting to enforce the Maine law against a German beer seller in the eastern
part of the city, they were resisted by a large body of Germans, and the result was
a terrible riot, in which several of the Germans were wounded. The police were
sustained by a public meeting and by the Council, but the feeling against the law,
and the expense of the force, finally induced the Council, on the 17th of December,

1855, to discontinue it and the Deputy Marshal too. But the town was riotous and
unsafe, and a second force, of ten men, was created a month after, January 21st,

1856, with Jesse Van Blaricum as Captain. This was dismissed the next spring
by the new Council, and the Marshal, Jeff. Springsteen, authorized to appoint one
officer for each ward, with C. G. Warner as Captain. The year following this was
undone, and one policeman for each ward was selected by the Council, with A. D.
Rose as Captain. Two were added the next year, 1858, and Samuel Lefever made
Captain. Rose was replaced in 1859. In 1861 two men were appointed for each
ward, and Rose was retained. He was succeeded upon his entering the army, by
Thomas A. Ramsay. John R. Cotton became Captain in 1862, two day patrolmen
were added, and the force uniformed at the expense of the city. In May, 1863, the
force was increased to seven day and eighteen night patrolmen, with a Lieutenant,
and Thomas D. Amos as Captain. David M. Powell succeeded Amos within a
week. The collection of thieves and rowdies, camp-followers and other nuisances
attending the troops rendezvousing here, made it necessary to add a military guard

102 HOLLOWATS 1ND1AXAPOLIS.

to the police force, and the authorities did it, maintaining a strong guard at police
headquarters till the close of the war. Detectives were added in December. In
Jliy, 1864, the police districts were fixed, and Samuel A. Cramer made Captain.
In December, 1864, the force being deemed insufficient, sixteen men were added, to
be retained till the following May. The Captain's salary was raised to 51,500, and
the men's to $2 50 and 3.00 per day. Jesse Van Blaricum was made Captain again
in the spring of 1865, with two Lieutenants, nine day and eighteen night patrolmen,
two detectives, and sixteen special officers. He was succeeded in April, 1866, by
Thomas S. Wilson, who resigned in 1809, and was succeeded by Lieut. Paul, who
is the Chief now. The force now consists of 33 men, exclusive of the Captain and
Lieutenant, and costs about 33,000 per year.

In September, 1866, a Merchants' Police Force was organized by Mr. A. Co-
quillard, which, as its name indicates, was designed merely for the protection of
property. It consists of twelve men, and patrols some half dozen of the central
blocks on and adjoining Washington street. It is paid by the property owners in
the protected section, but is given police powers by the Council. There are also
some four or five officers in the Union Depot, selected and paid by the Company,
who are authorized policemen.

On the 21st of March, 1854, the Young Men's Christian Association was
organized, and from the first has grown steadily in strength, influence and useful-
nesss, till it is now inferior to no society in the State. It has maintained courses
of lectures, not always profitably, has relieved the distressed systematically and
constantly, and has extended its services into scores of hitherto unsuspected and
untried channels of usefulness. To instance but one : It leaves stamps with the
Postmaster to pay all letters carelessly or ignorantly deposited without, asking-
only that those who are able shall repay them. This saves probably a dozen let-
ters every day from loss or delay. Its means grow steadily larger, and its circle
of usefulness widens with them. Recently the question of erecting a building of
their own has beer, discussed, and if it be not done now, it will be done before
long. The International Convention of Y. M. C. Associations, which was held in
this city this past summer, was a most impressive exhibition of the extent and
power of, thos<5 affiliated organizations. Delegates were in attendance from all parts
of the country and from the British Provinces, and the welcome given them by the
Association, as well as by the citizens, will hardly diminish their zeal much.

"Yankee" Robinson, as elsewhere noticed, opened the <; Atheneum." in the
fall of 1855, with a fair company, and Mrs. Sue Denin, Maggie Mitchell and J. P.
Adams as stars. The Tenth Regiment of Regulars, Col. Alexander, on their way
to Ut-ih, passed through the city in the fall, and attracted a great deal of attention,
as the first body of soldiers as large as a regiment, and real soldiers too, that had
ever been seen here. Capt. Bee, afterwards a Rebel General killed at Bull Run,
was with this regiment when here.

a p t

FREE BANK PANIC CITY HOSPITAL PROHIBITORY LIQUOR LAW OVERTHROW OF
THE CITY SCHOOLS INCREASE OF PROPERTY FIRE DIFFICULTIES PROF.
MITCHELL'S LECTURES CITY ASSESSMENT GYMNASEUM THEATRE PRESBY-
TERIAN GENERAL ASSEMBLY PROJECTS OF WATER WORKS TORNADO POLIT-
ICAL EXCITEMENT MISCELLANEOUS.

?HE year 1855, though it "found the city prosperous, and progressing steadily
in business and population, spreading rapidly in all directions over the " dona-
tion" some sixty or eighty "additions" having been made to it by differ-
ent holders of real estate since 1836, and Blake's, Drake's, Fletcher's, Drake and
Mayhew's, Blackford's, and others coming in during the present year or the year
before found it also struggling with the first severe obstruction it had encountered
The Free Banks, founded on State stocks, and safe enough if prudently managed,
had been allowed to multiply inordinately, and to work upon inadequate securities
in some cases, and suspicion of their soundness was made certainty by a "feeler ''
of Gov. Wright's, who sent Mr. John S. Tarkington to a bank in the W abash
region, to "try its bottom." He found none. The bank couldn't redeem, and
straightway began a movement against all the banks. It became almost a panic.
The banks stopped payment; and as they furnished a large proportion of our cur-
rency the effect was disastrous. Business was checked at once. Buildings stopped
half finished. New enterprises were smothered, old ones crippled or paralyzed.
Everybody had money which nobody wanted to take. There was hardly any debtor
so poor that he wasn't considered better than the bills in his pocket book. Nobody
wanted to be paid, except at such a discount as nobody wanted to pay. To remedy
this evil a convention of Free Bankers was held here on the 7th of January, 1855,
to ascertain the condition and classify the notes of the different bank?, that credit
might be given to those that were sound, and the necessities of the public relieved
as far as their circulation could do it. Up to that time the word of our city bank-
ers was law. A man with a roll of bills took them to a banker to pass upon, and
as he decided this one "good,"' and that one "worth eighty or ninety," and the
other he "couldn't say," the roll was divided and preserved or got rid of accord-
ingly. This was bad enough, but it became worse when these judgments varied
every day or two; the good one day went to "ninety" the next, and the "uncer-
tain" of one week came up to "fifty" the next. The convention of Bankers aimed
to effect such a distinction as would relieve this embarrassment. They did what
they could, and that wasn't mu6h. Some dozen or more banks which were known
all along to be safe, were classed or "gilt-edged; " a dozen or two more were put in
a second class, and as many in a third, but as the data were uncertain, the classifi-
cation was uncertain, and beyond the "gilt-edged," the money holder had to take
tbe opinion of a broker or banker for what he was worth, just as before. The

104

INDIANAPOLIS.

Journal made a list of the different grades of banks, and changed them from day
to day as the city bankers directed, an I this publication did some service, and wa3
consulted as constantly as the Union Depot time-table is by travelers. But entire
relief only came with the cleaning out of the bad banks during the year 1855.

A second visit of the small pox in January of this year, continued into Feb-
ruary, created a second panic and project to build a city hospital. On the 10th of
March the Council took a decisive stand for it, and lots were purchased and plans
made for a building in the extreme northwestern corner of the city, near the point
where the Crawfordsville road crosses Fall Creek. There was then a vast, open,
empty common between this location and the city, now almost entirely built up.
The hospital was begun, but with the subsidence of the alarm came indifference
about any provision for a future visitation, and the work lagged through four
years, and was only finished in 1859. It cost about 30,000. During the greater
part of the timo from its erection till April, 1861, when the necessities of the troops
compelled its restoration to its proper uses, it had been occupied by prostitutes and
thieves. Several efforts were made to appropriate it to some useful purpose, but
without eff-ct. Some wanted to rent it, some to make it a prison for prostitutes.
The Sisters of Charity proposed to take it, but the Council finally decided to make
it a Home for Friendless Women. It was never used for this purpose, however,
and was merely occupied by the person who took care of it. In May, 1861, it was
given up to the use of the Government as a hospital, and retained till July, 1865,
and then till the following November as a Soldiers' Home, when it was returned to
the city, greatly enlarged and improved. Two large three-story ells had been
added, besides outbuildings, and the grounds had been put in good condition. They
were given for the rent of the hospita.1. A few weeks after the soldiers were
removed to the Home at Knightstowi., Rev. Aug. Bessonies, of St. John's Church
(Catholic), asked that the Hospital be given to the Sisters of the Good Shepherd
for a city prison for women, and the house of refuge (unfinished) should be con-
veyed to them on condition of its completion and use as a reformatory school for
prostitutes. This was a rather "strong pull" in the opinion of the citizens, and
they subscribed $6,000 to complete the House of Refuge and defeat the project of
Mr. Bessonies, In the spring of 1866 suitable furniture and hospital supplies were
obtained at the sales of the Government property at Jeffersonville, and a regular
hospital was established in accordance with the original purpose. Directors and
consulting physicians were selected, Dr. G. V. Woollen made Superintendent,, and
the hospital opened for patients on the 1st of July, 1866. It has been efficiently
maintained since, at an annual cost of about $7,000.

The third prominent event of this year (1855) was the attempt to enforce the
liquor law enacted during the preceding winter by the Legislature. The temper-
ance movement assumed such formidable proportions during the years 1853 and
1854, that it could with propriety demand recognition of the political parties, and
as the Democratic party repelled it unequivocally, it allied itself with the combi-
nation then forming from the ruins of the Whig party, destroyed in 1852. This
combination was so heterogeneous, that a temperance mixture could, as easily as not,
be stirred into it. The attempt to repeal the Missouri Compromise by the Douglas
Kansas-Nebraska bill, brought the Free Soilers to the halp of such Whigs as still
retained a hope for their party, and both were reinforced, and largely absorbed, by
the Know Nothing organization. The singular political episode presented by this
association originated in a natural and proper desire to restrain the inordinate
fluence of the foreign element in our country. The Democratic party had gained

KNOW NOTHINGS PROHIBITORY LIQUOR LAW.

and retained this power by concessions that made it mischievous, the Know Noth-
ings alleged, and it was necessary to the safety of our institutions that the predomi-
nance of the native element in our citizenship should be asserted. To this end a
secret society was organized with the express object of repressing foreign influence.
As the members made it a point to answer "I don't know," to every question
regarding their association or its action, it obtained the name of " Know Nothing.'
However just may have been the object for which it was formed, it soon degenera-
ted into an unqualified and indiscriminate hostility to foreigners of all classes. It
started the wrong way to work, for a secret political society is inimical to the
spirit of our institutions and government, and starting wrong, it went further and
further wrong the longer it lived, and at last fell by its own weakness. But at the
outset it spread rapidly, and, working secretly, the results it produced at elections
startled and confounded its opponents. They were prostrated in city after city
and stite after state, without being able to see where the blow came from. Its
career was an unbroken victory till Gov. Wise of Virginia checked it in the contest
in that State in 1855. In this State, it carried the elections by sweeping majori-
ties, and many ludicrous incidents were produced by the efforts of the Democrats
to discover who their enemy was. A couple of well known citizens attempted to
look into the rear windows of Masonic Hall while a State Know Nothing Conven-
tion was in session in 1855, and were discovered perched on the top of the water-
closet building of the Hall, one peeping in and reporting to the other, who was
taking notes, and a rough caricature of the scene, published in a little paper called
the Railroad City, produced what Homer calls " inextinguishable laughter." The
secrets of the society were, however, divulged shortly after, and published in the
Sentinel of this city, and it soon went to pieces.

The combination of Know Nothings, Whigs, Free Soilers and Temperance men
enacted a stringent prohibitory iiquor law, after the Maine pattern, allowing no
liquor to be sold except by authorized agents. It went into operation on the 12th
of June, and Mr. Espy was appointed Agent for this township. It was enforced
as far as it could be and that wasn't far, for it was continually evaded and secretly
violated for about two months. On the 2d of July Koderick Beebee purposely
violated it to test its validity. He was arrested, fined and imprisoned, and the case
taken at once to the Supreme Court. The opinion being very generally enter-
tained that the Court would decide against the law, it was soon entirely disre-
garded, but not until, as noticed in the last chapter, it had caused a bloody collis-
ion between the police and the Germans in the eastern part of the city. The
Court, as was anticipated, decided it unconstitutional, and liquor was left without
any restriction at all.

A convention of the Mayors of the cities of the State was held on the 22d ot
January, for nothing, so far as any result ever showed. The first City Directory
was issued this year by Grooms & Smith. Twenty-one hundred Sunday-school
children, with the Fire Companies, reinforced by the Hope Company of Louisville,
celebrated the Fourth of July. A building and Loan Fund Association was formed
in the fall, and lived for some years, unprofitably, and was wound up. A Fuel
Association, formed the last of October, did better, for it furnished wood and coal
to its members at fair rates. A Women's Rights convention was held in Masonic
Hall, October 22d and 23d, with Mrs. Eebecca Swank as President, and Mrs. Lucre-
tia Mott, Ernestine L. Rose, Frances D. Gage, Adaline Swift, Harriet Cutler and
Joseph Barker as leading participants. The Black Swan sang at Masonic Hall ;
Powers' Greek Slave was exhibited at Masonic Hall; Parodi sang at Masonic

HOLLOWATB INDIANAPOLIS.

Hall; James E Murdoch attempted to play the only engagement he ever made
here, at the Atheneum, under the management of Brown & Commons, but his sup-
port was so execrable that he left after the second performance to a house consist-
ing of just fifteen auditors. The houses were first numbered on Washington street
this fall, but it was badly done, as was the attempt in 1858, which was superceded
in 1864 by the system which allowed fifty numbers to the square. Park Benjamin,
David Paul Brown, Edwin P. Whipple, Henry B. Stanton, Bishop Simpson and
others lectured during the winter, before the Y. M. C. Association.

The year 1856 was ushered in by the coldest weather ever known in the city
or the Northwest. On the morning of the 9th of January the thermometer fell to
25, some marked 28, below zero. It has never been so cold since. In May the
city schools had a pic-nic in the State Fair Grounds, marching out under the lead
of their teachers, in a procession that extended almost the entire length of the
town. The occasion was fearfully marred by the drowning of one of the pupils in
the basin at the west end of the grounds.

The first prominent event of the year was the meeting of the General Confer-
ence of the Methodist Church, on the 1st of May, in the Representative's Hall of
the State House. All the Bishops were present, and some of the prominent preach-
ers of the denomination from England were also in attendance. The sessions
were daily attended by crowds of interested spectators, who never before, or since,
saw in that Hall discussions so ably and courteously conducted. The delegates
filled pretty much all the pulpits in the city, by invitation, during their stay.
This was the first national gathering that ever met here.

On the 6th of May the Democrats carried the city election for the last time.
The total vote was 2,776. The total taxables was $7,146,670, of which $1,892,152
was personal property. The receipts were $27,889, the expenses $46,105. The
city debt was growing fast. In 1854 it was $567 ; in 1855, $11,000; in 1856, $15,-
295. To fund the debt a loan of $30,000 was proposed to be negotiated in New
York, and Jeremiah D. Skeen was appointed the agent to negotiate it upon city
bonds. He "pawned" the whole amount to Winslow, Lanier & Co., for $5,000,
his political enemies he was a Democrat said, to get money to bet on the State
elections in the fall; but whatever his purpose, he kept the money, and his fraud
was not discovered till Winslow, Lanier & Co. notified the city of their possession
of the bonds and demanded payment. The city paid the New Tork bankers, and
twelve years aftewards, in 1868, obtained judgment against Skeen's sureties for the
whole amount with interest.

As the political contest of this year involved every office in the State or nation
of any consequence, and, besides, inaugurated the first general and organized effort
to resist the exorbitant power of the slavery party, and was doubly embittered by
the outrages of the Border Ruffians in Kansas in the effort to make the Territory a
Slave State in spite of the people, it was by all odds the most exciting conflict ever
known in the country. It was hardly equalled in intensity of feeling by that of
1860, though in extent and profusion of demonstration it was surpassed. The
Republicans on the 15th of July held a mass convention here, which, up to that time,
had never been equalled in numbers or enthusiam, and the feeling; was maintained
through the day not only by speeches, but by a singular display which ;< hit the sense "
of the crowd and the spirit of the occasion "point blank." This was a procession of
young men dressed to represent the Kansas " Border Ruffians " and " Bufcrd's
Thieves," who exhibited a number of "tableaux" illustrating the cruelties and
crimes of those infamous villains. It was bailed with a continuous roar of laughter

CINCINNATI BROKERS GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 107

and cheers as it passed down Washington street to the State House Square. A
torch-light procession, with several thousands of torch-bearers, closed the perform-
ances at night. On the 17th the Democrats held a similar conveution, little if at
all inferior in numbers to the other, and closed with a torch-light procession equally
magnificent. The Democrats carried the elections, if they did not the honors of
lamp-wick and grotesque dresses, but so far as the city was concerned their success
was short-lived. Henry F. West, the Mayor, elected in May, died on the 8th of
November, and an election for his successor was held on the 22d to fill the vacancy,
and that of City Clerk, created by the death of Alfred SteVens on the 26th of
October. The Kepublicans carried it by a decided majority, and rejoiced over it
with a degree of enthusiasm rather difficult to understand in view of the fact that
the Mayor's power did not amount to much, and the Democrats had ten Council-
men out of fourteen. W. J. Wallace was elected Mayor, and Frederick Stein
Clerk.

During the preceding winter the firm of Dunlevy, Haire & Co., established
themselves here in the interest of Cincinnati bankers and brokers, who bought our
bank bills at a big discount and "run " them back for the gold, to the serious injury
of the business of the State and the city, both. Remonstrances, by both press and
tongue, were loud and earnest, but had no effect on the Cincinnati blood-sucker? }
who would ht?ve "run" a depreciated bill back upon a blind beggar, if they knew
he would starve if he redeemed it. The effect was that a convention of business
men was held here in April to take steps to divert our Cincinnati trade to other
points, where more liberality was promised, and, doubtless, would have been prac-
ticed, as Cincinnati was, beyond all question, the meanest city on the face of the
earth. D. K. Cartter, of Cleveland, and a number of the leading men of that
city, Toledo, Louisville and St. Louis attended, and exhibited the advantages of
their several cities in speeches that gave us a great deal of valuable information,
and lost Cincinnati a great deal of business.

An Art Association, of the fashion of the old Art Union, was formed, and
continued for some years, to distribute pictures, contributed by Jacob Cox, Peter
Fishe Reed, James F. Gookins and other artists, to the subscribers. The pictures
were purchased at a fair price by the Association, with the money paid for chances
by the members. The Y. M. C. Association had George Sumner (brother of Charles),
Elihu Burritt, the learned blacksmith, S. S. Cox and others to lecture during the
winter. Ole Bull played at the Atheneum, and Paul Julien, Parodi, Tiberini and
others gave concerts, aad Geo. F. Root had a musical convention.

The year 1857, though a year of great and increasing prosperity, was singu-
larly uneventful. Everthing moved on in that steady, undisturbed pace which beto-
kens the best possible condition, but gives the records little to fill up with. The
United States building, corner of Pennsylvania and Market streets, was in prog-
res?, but encountering unexpected difficulties in the character of the soil. There
had once been a swamp there, and though the surface was "healed over," the
original disease remained below, causing a vast deal of pumping and "filling in"
with broken stone and cement, before it could be trusted with the foundation of the
massive stone structure intended for the Post office and the Federal Courts. The
Episcopal church, the first Gothic edifice in the city, and the first church of stone;
the Third and Fourth Presbyterian churches, the Metropolitan Theatre, and the
large block of handsome buildings opposite the Court house, on the site of Gov.
Ray's old tavern, where he intended to have the central depot of all the rail-
roads of the United States, were in progress, with a number of less pretentious

EOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

business structures and residences in all parts of the city. The increase of popula-
tion and business had become so decided that calculating men began to see the
way clear to make the city the centre of supply and purchase for a great part of
the State, instead of allowing Cincinnati to occupy that position. A meeting was
held in July to consult upon this subject, and determine upon the practicability of
establishing wholesale houses. A committee appointed by this meeting reported
that we had seventy-five houses and thirty-two manufactories which carried on
wholesaling to some extent, in connection with what might be called their regular
business, but had no exclusively wholesale establishment. Blake, Wright & Co.
opened a wholesale dry goods house, to test the soundness of the theories of the
"progressives," and found that they we a little too early. They soon closed it up.
The schools were improving with the general advancement of the city. There
were nine houses two rented and the old Seminary used as the High School,
which would properly accommodate but 1,200 pupils, about two-thirds of the num-
ber actually crowded into them. From that day to this, except during the time
the schools were suspended under the operation of a decision of the Supreme Court
against local school taxes, the accommodations, doubly and trebly enlarged, have
remained still about as far behind the demand for them. Twenty-five teachers are
employed, and 2,730 children, less than half the number in the city, were enrolled,
of whom about three-fourths attended regularly. The houses in the 1st, 2d and 5th
Wards had been raised to two stories. The house, in the 8th Ward was built this
year. The trustees were D. V. Culley, John Love and Napoleon B. Taylor. The
fund in the past year had reached $27,050, the expenses f 19,428. The Germans,
by a petition to the Council in 1855, had urged that the school fund be divided
proportionally, that they might support separate German schools. The Trustees, to
whom the matter was referred by the Council, reported against it, early in 1857, on
the ground that there was not enough money or school room for the scholars as it
was, and to divide both would ruin the regular schools without benefiting the Ger-
mans.

The general charter law adopted in 1853, was amended by the Legislature in
1857, so as to make the terms of the city offices two years instead of one, and the
amended act was accepted by the Council on the 16th of March of this year (1857).
The first election was held in May, with a total poll of 3,300 votes, each party elect-
ing a portion of its ticket. Andrew Wallace was made Chief Fire Engineer. The
salaries of officers were fixed as follows: Mayor, 800; Clerk, 600; Marshal,
500; Deputy, $400; Attorney, $400 ; Street.Commissioner, $450; Engineer, 600;
Clerk of Markets, $300; Sexton, $80; Fire Engineer, $175; Treasurer, 4 per cent,
of current, and 6 per cent, of delinquent, taxes ; Councilmen, $2 for each meeting.
The city assessment was 9,874,700.

On the 22d of May the Turnverein had a festival, in which they turned out
in procession with banners, music and other customary decorative effects, aided by
some of their brethren from Cincinnati and other cities. Addresses were made,
gymnastic exercises practiced, and target shooting rather ineffectually attempted,
upon the Fair Ground. Among those present was the editor of the Turners' paper
in Cincinnati, who gave at night, in Washington Hall, some astonishing exhibi-
tions of his power of memory. Heavy rains and a freshet in the river on the 10th,
12th and 16th of June. The Fourth of July was celebrated by the union of Sun-
day-schools for the last time this year. Firemen's riots in July, " cleaning out '
brothels on East Washington street, near the creek, and on West street. This sort
of missionary work was attempted by the firemen several times, more to indulge a

RUIN OF THE CITY SCHOOLS. ]_09

spirit of deviltry than to remove the nuisance of this class of houses. The County
Fair was a failure the State "Fair an astonishing success. The entries, as before
noted, exceeded 3,000, and the receipts were $14,600. A fugitive slave was arrested
in December, made his escape by the help of the crowd, and was recaptured after a
hot chase, and carried back to Kentucky. Dodworth's band, with ninety instru-
ments, gave a concert in the Fair Ground the last day of J une, but it was a failure.
Edward Everett delivered his Washington lecture, for the benefit of the Mount Ver-
non Association, on the 4th of May, in Masonic Hall. Thalberg, Parodi and Mol-
lenhauer gave a concert on the 7th of May. Greeley, Dudley Tyng, Gov. Bout-
well and others lectured to the Y. M. 0. Association. German theatrical perform-
ances were given at the " Apollo Garden," corner of Tennessee street and Kentucky
avenue, by Mr. Kunz and his daughters. The Atheneum was re-opened by Stetson
& Wood. Cameron and McNeeley started the Daily Citizen, at No. 10 Pearl street,
and continued it for a little more than a year. The Bidwell Brothers, Andrew and
Solomon, started the Western Presage, as a literary and political weekly, on the 3d
of January, and abandoned it in April.

The year 1858 opened with a disastrous blow at the city school system. It
was firmly established, provided with good houses and adequate means, and prom-
ised to realize the expectations of the most sanguine. The citizens taxed them-
selves readily and heavily to support it, and took a just pride in its excellence and
its benefits. But during the preceding year a case came up to the Supreme Court
from Lafayette, where a system of local taxation in aid of the State Fund existed,
involving the question of the constitutionality of local taxes. The constitution
required that the school tax should be " uniform," and the point was made that if
cities or townships were permitted, even by a general law, to add a tax to the fixed
state tax, which other cities and townships did not choose to assume, there was no
" uniformity," and therefore no conformity to the constitutional requirement. The
Supreme Court sustained the opinion in a decision made in January, 1858, and
killed our admirable schools as dead as last year's flowers. An attempt was made
by the citizens, at the request of the Council, to supply the deficiency created by
the abrogation of the city school tax, by individual subscriptions, but it failed of
any but a temporary effect. Some $3,000 were subscribed to complete the current
quarter, but the dependence was found to be greatly inadequate as well as uncer-
tain, and at the end of the quarter the schools were closed, the teachers sought
other places where " uniformity " of taxation would be construed liberally when
it could be done as justly as otherwise, the houses were abandoned, and our bene-
ficent system was a ruin. For a few weeks in each year the feeble " uniform '
supply from the State fund permitted the schools to be re-opened free, but this was
little better than nothing. Private schools were kept by some of the old teachers
in the houses, but they made a lamentable contrast in attendance and efficiency
with the system they followed. It was a disastrous blow at the future lives and
culture of thousands of children, for the years lost under the operation of that decis-
ion could not come back to be filled with the instruction and improvement of
the era of revived free schools and universal education. The State fund has, since
the overthrow of our first system, increased so greatly as to permit its renewal and
extension with the rapid growth of the city, and now there are no better schools in
the United States than ours.

The increase of buildings in 1858 was estimated at $600,000. The total of tax-
ables was $10,475,000. The total poll at the May election, 3,343. The Eepublicans
improved the victory of November, 1856, by electing a majority of the Council

HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

They have held the control of the city government ever since. The election of a
Chief Fire Engineer impelled the first steps towards abolishing the volunteer Fire
Department, and substituting one of paid workmen, with steam engines. Joseph
W. Davis, the new Engineer, was excessively unpopular with the majority of the
companies, and both he and they were constantly "in hot water" about some dif-
ference or other. The Department became greatly "demoralized," and did little
except carry on its own contentions. It thus happily prepared the way for an early
substitution of steam, a measure which Mr. Davis urged with great persistency and
effect.

Heavy rains during the spring and early summer of this year made damaging
freshets in the river and Pogue's creek. The latter flooded the lower part of the
city on the 12th of April, washed off several bridges, injured the Central Railroad
bridge so that a locomotive broke through it, and washed out the culvert under the
canal, besides doing a good deal of mischief to the houses in its vicinity. The
former, on the 14th of June, covered the bottoms and damaged the adjacent farms
greatly. A class for the investigation of the Bible was formed during the summer,
and held at the Court house, on Sundays, interesting meetings, participated in by
men of all creeds, and none, and lived for a year two. The Church of the Hebrews
was organized in August, and met in an upper room of Judah's block, opposite the
Court house, till 1866, when the Synagogue, on Market street, east of New Jersey,
which was commenced in 1865, was occupied. It was dedicated in 1857. It cost
about 25,000. The laying of the Atlantic cable, in August of this year, was cele-
brated by an impromptu glorification, followed by a more elraborate one on the
17th, at which Gov. "Wallace made the last public address of his life. The decisive
part he had taken in giving Congressional aid to the telegraph in 1841, and the
penalty of defeat which he paid for it, made his selection appropriate and just, and
the Governor's own admirable oratory made it pleasing to the vast crowd that gath-
ered in the Circle to hear him. An Academy of Sciences was formed during the
summer, and held meetings for hearing essays and discussions, in Judah's block,
and made quite a collection of minerals and other objects of scientific value, but
the interest in it was too limited to allow it to live long, and it died in 1860. In
the way of lecturing the astronomical lectures of Prof. O. M. Mitchell, of the Cin-
cinnati Observatory, (afterwards distinguished as a Union General in the Kebel-
lion), to the Library Association, were the feature of the year. He delivered some
ten or twelve, which,"in spite of their purely scientific character, were made so inter-
esting that Masonic Hall was crowded every night to hear them, and the Journal
reported them regularly every day at considerable length. Thomas F. Meagher
and Prof. E. L. Youmans, the celebrated chemist, Bayard Taylor, Dr. John G.
Holland (Timothy Titcomb), were also among the distinguished lecturers of the
season. A. J. Davis, the prophdt of a new sect of fools, gave some of his spiritual
inculcations, beginning December 10th. The Metropolitan Theatre was completed,
and opened under the management of E. T. Sherlock, with indifferent success. It
was our first theatre. The corner stone was laid in August of the year before. The
first performance was a series of remarkably fine tableaux, September 27th, 1858.
The theatrical portion of our history will be found in another place.

The year 1859 was another year of unbroken progress, but of meagre interest
in its history. All that can be told of it may be condensed into a dozen words.
Buildings going up, the city spreading in every direction, business increasing. The
City Council, on the 1st of March, again changed the charter by adopting the
amendment of the current session of the Legislature, which made the terms of the

CITY AFFAIRS MISCELLANEOUS.

city offices two years and of the Councilman four. A proposition to divide the 1st and
7th Wards, forming the 8th and 9lh, was voted down at the election May 3d. It was
carried in 1861, however, and councilmen elected, but owing to some informality
or defect in the election, the "elect" were not admitted to the Council. The total
taxables was $7,146,677, more than $3,000,000 less than the year before. As the
city had b3en steadily growing, it is not easy to understand this sudden collapse of
one-third of its wealth. The receipts were $71,211, all spent, and a debt of $9,-
317 added; this is the City Clerk's statement. The Treasurer reported the receipts
at $59,168; expenses at $56,442. This discrepancy is as inexplicable as the other.
The Fire Department cost $10,232; gas, $4,771; police, $4,882. "Washington street
was bouldered the first work of the kind between Illinois and Meridian in May.
The tax was made 60 cents on the $100. There was some talk of building a City
Hall adjoining the former Journal building, corner of Meridian and Circle streets,
but it came to nothing. The city offices remained in Odd Fellows' Hall till 1862,
when the completion of Glenn's block from the old Washington Hall and Wright
House afforded au opportunity to obtain more convenient quarters, and a lease of
the two upper stories was made for ten years. This year (1870), the lease was for-
feited, the unexpired portion compounded for, and the offices moved to Cottrell &
Knight's new building. A station house, just completed, at a cost of about $10,000,
on Alabama street, south of Washington, gives the city its own prison for the first
time. The use of the county jail for city offenders was enormously expensive, and
crowded that "institution" unhealthily, and the station house is a most necessary
and valuable addition to the city's police provision.

An attempt was made in January to organise a University and obtain the Uni-
versity Square from the Legislature, but it failed, partly because there was not force
enough behind it, and partly because the Legislature, not feeling sure that Univer-
sity Square did not belong to the city, refused to make any grant in connection
with it. The city has it now, and has made a handsome park of it, as noticed
heretofore. A Gymnastic Association was formed this year, and the Atheneum
obtained for its apparatus and exercises, Simon Tandes being President, and Thos.
H. Bowles, Secretary. Some $1200 were expended in fitting up bowling alleys,
swings, ladders, bars, and other appliances, and public exhibitions occasionally
given, but it died out in a couple of years. An effort had been made in 1854 to
maintain such an association, and a room was rented for it in Blake's block, but it
died out in three or four months. Some miles of streets were lighted with gas
for the first time, this year, the Council having adopted a general and uniform
plan for placing and providing lights. The "old Underbill property," corner of
Pennsylvania and Michigan streets, was bought in April by Rev. Gibbon Wil--
liams, a Baptist clergyman, and the building, subsequently enlarged and improved
into one of the handsomest edifices in the city, converted into the Indianapolis
Female Institute. It is one of the best schools in the West. It can accommodate
200 boarders and 300 day pupils. After Mr. Williams left, in 1863, it passed into
the hands of Mr. C. W. Hewes. The General Assembly of the Old School Pres-
byterian church met on May 18th, in the Fourth Prebjterian church, and sat till
June 2d. Dr. Thornwell, of South Carolina, Dr. Palmer, of New Orleans, Dr. N.
L. Eice of St. Louis, Dr. Alexander, of Princeton College, Dr. McMasters, of this
State formerly, and a number of other distinguished men of the denomination were
in attendance. The City Council appropriated $500 this year, to help celebrate the
Fourth of July. A procession two miles long, composed of artillery, cavalry and
infantry companies, the Turners, Butchers, Fenians, Firemen, some Catholic asso-

HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS,

ciations and Firemen from Madison, with three brass bands, was the feature of the
day. Caleb B. Smith, afterwards Secretary of the Interior under President Lin-
coln, delivered the address on the Fair Ground. There were fire- works and a
masquerade procession at night, and at midnight a march of the mysterious " Sons
of Malta." This last was patiently waited for by an immense throng that lined
both sides of Washington street far along above and below Military Hall, where
the society met. Its demonstration was a success, so far as the shouts and enjoy-
ment of the spectators could make it so. Adam Dietz, drank a keg of lager beer
(eight gallons), on a wager, inside of twelve hours, on the 23d of August. The
Daily Atlas was started by Jon D. Defrees. The Brookville American removed to
this city by Mr. T. A. Goodwin, its proprietor, and subsequently converted into the
Daily Evening Gazette. George D. Prentice lectured in Masonic Hall, on the 6th
of February, and H. S. Foote, formerly Governor of Mississippi,, lectured in Rob-
bert's Chapel. Mr. Lincoln spoke in Masonic^Hall on the 19th of September, and
Gov. Tom. Oorwin, of Ohio, spoke at the American House on the 6th of July all
in preparation for the decisive and final battle with slavery of the next year.
Richard Cobden, the great English Free Trader and Statesman, passed through
the city on the 5th of May.

An election was held in February, 1860, to decide whether the Council should
appropriate $5,000 to assist the State Board of Agriculture in purchasing new Fair
Grounds, the old having been found too small. As the Board proposed to locate
the State Fair here permanently, it was thought a judicious operation to give them
the necessary ground, and an attempt was made to form an association forjthat pur
pose, but the association came to nothing, and though the people authorized the
$5,000 subsidy to the Board, it was deemed of doubtful legality, and never given.
Subsequently the Railroads joined with the Board and bought the grove north of
the city, where the State Fairs are now held. During the last fall (1870), there
was some talk of obtaining still other grounds, west of the city, and removing the
Fair to them, but, unless the destruction of the trees on the present, ground be the
objectionable feature, no reason for a change is very clearly visible.

A plan to supply the city with water was proposed by a Mr. Bell of Rochester,
in the spring of 1860, but it was discussed without result. The company owning
the Central Canal renewed the proposal in 1864, but with no better success. In
the fall of 1865 the subject was revived by a recommendation of Mayor Caven,
which suggested Crown Hill as a suitable elevation for a reservoir. The City
Council resolved that the city wanted water-works, but should not build them.
No company came forward to undertake the work, and it fell out of sight till the
spring of 1866. The Mayor again brought it up, with illustrations derived from
an examination of Mr. J. B. Cunningham, a civil engineer, but nothing practical
was elicited tiil November, when R. B. Catherwood & Co., afterwards prominent in
competing for the city gas contract, and in the street railway project, were granted
a charter for a water supply company, which required the water to be taken from
the river several miles above the city; that a certain sum be expended in a certain
time; fire-plugs to be located where ordered at a certain price; and that the city
should have the privilege of purchasing the works after twenty-five years. The
Company was organized with R. B. Catherwood as President, and John S. Tark-
ington as Secretaiy, the charter accepted, a few feet of pipe laid on North street,
and the thing died out. In the winter of 1868-9 some effort was made by the
Central Canal Company to induce the Council to adopt the Holly system of water
supply and fire protection, which dispenses with a reservoir, and:' : ces the water

POLITICAL ' EXCiy-EMESr OP l9f,0TOB-KA t D9:

i>y machine pressure instead of gravity. They wanted to make a joint stock com-
pany, into which they would put the canal at a fair valuation, and take both the
water supply, and the power to distribute it, from that unfortunate bit of State enter-
prise. But the Council would not listen to the scheme. A year after, in the fall of
1869, Mr. Woodruff of Rochester, organised a company to suppty the city with
water upon th ; Holly plan, as in Auburn, N. Y.. Peoria, 111., Dayton, , and
ft number of other cities. He was given a charter, after a good deal of contention,
and under pretty rigid limitations, and the works are now well on the way to com-
pletion. The building, near the foot of Washington street, is up and enclosed, sev-
eral miles of pipe are down, a flume to operate the water machinery by a supply
from the canal the charter allowing water power, but requiring steam, too has
been laid, arid an f.rtesian well sunk seventy or eighty feet to a reservoir of pure
soft water. wh ; ch will be made available as soon as possible. The water works will
be noticed more fully hereafter. Street Railroads were projected in November of
I860, but nothing \vas done till 1863

The political excitement of this year was so absorbing that there is little else
to tell, and of that there is nothing but speeches, processions, monster demonstra-
tions, and miles of torch lights. Each p-irty seamed to fee! that its success in the
c-lection depended mainly upon impressing people with the idea that it was strong-
est in lamps and banners, and long trails of dusty footmen and wagons full of women
and walnut limbs. The feeling was hot more intense than in 185G, for by both sides
the success of Mr. Lincoln, in view of the division between Douglas and Brecken-
ridge, was deemed pretty much a foregone c inclusion, and this probability allayed
excitement to a considerable, extent, but it seemed more nearly universal. Tlu*
Lii'raocrats. whatever they thought of their chances, were in no degree surpassed
by their more hopeful opponents in the g'ory of torches and crowds and speeches.
The demonstration on the day that Mr. Dougla? spoke in the old Fair Ground,
September 28th, was quite equal to that of the Republicans on the 29rii of August.
A month after the election political issues began passing from the stage' of dis-
cussion to that of battle, and opened a new era in the history of our city.

A destructive storm, accompanied by a phenomenon somewhat resembling the
cloud end of a water .spout, occurred on the 29th of May, a little while before sun-
down. It passed along the south end of the city, sweeping a little north east at
the end of Virginia avenue, tearing out a path through roads, fences, hous s and
whatever interposed. It twisted the residence of Gardner Goldsnvth, a horticul-
turist on Virginia avenue, half way round on its foundations, and tore one end of
it entirely away, breaking Mr. G.'s leg in the ruins. Trees two or three feet through
were uprooted, broken short off, or twisted round as : f the waterspout had wrung
them like a wet, rag. It wa< the most fearful tornado experienced here for many
years. The spout was described at the time as a long narrow bag, or tongue, hang-
ing down from a small cloud that pissed swiftly below the other ckv.id-. swaying
about and thrashing up and down vio'.en ly. and tearing up everything which it
passed.

A fine display was made on the Fourth of July by the firemen and military,
trade societies and citizens, and H superb display of fire-works given in the col-
iseum, which was merely a high fence round the southeastern portion of Univer-
sity Square, with a she-1 roof and roughly seated Bstyard Taylor, Henry .E, Ray-
mond, Lola Montez. Prof Younvms, John B. G-ough, Dr. R. J. Breeken ridge,
George W. Winship, lectured during the year, and a fool walked u rope stretched,
from Blackford's b'oek to Yohn's.
(8)

THII^D PERIOD TO 10J1

Chanter Hill.

CHANGE IN THE CITY DURING THIS PERIOD CONFLICTING OPINIONS OF COERCION
BREAKING OtJT OF THE WAR EXCITEMENT AND VOLUNTEERING CAMPS ARSE-
NAL SOLDIERS' HOME POLITICAL INCIDENTS TREASON TRIALS SLACKNESS

IN ENLISTMENTS DESERTIONS BOUNTIES CITY BOUNTIES IMPROVEMENTS
WATER WORKS SEWERAGE STREET RAILWAY ADDITONS TO THE CITY CEN-
SUS OF 1870.

Fourth Period in the history of our city, embraced in the decade from
January, 1861, to January, 1871, is the most important, not onlj' as regards
events affecting the whole country, in which it bore a conspicuous part, but in
those affecting its immediate development and prosperity. It saw us rise from a
mere flourishing inland town and prominent railway station to the condition of a
manufacturing and commercial centre, increasing our population 130 per cfnt.;
spreading far around beyond the lines of the "donation;' 1 reaching out to every
quarter of the State for business; displacing whole blocks of handsome residences
for huge ware houses; tearing away the inadequate buildings of earlier years for
palatial stores and banks; paving and lighting scores of miles of streets every
year; supplying water, and providing sewerage; bearing heavy taxes for war pur-
poses, and paying large debts wiihout serious oppression, under the impulse of
rapidly accumulating wealth. Tt saw Indianapolis a town, with a prospect of
steady but not unusual development, and it sees a city with commanding power and
position, with prosperity established, and the future beyond the reach of accident.
Up to this time, though slowly "forging" ahead of its former rivals, Madison, New
Albany, Evansville, Lafayette and Furt Wayne, and recognized as the largest and
wealthiest town in the State, its position was not so fully assured but that the
advantages exposed in the coal fields and other sources of industry, might equal
the start it had, and ultimately leave it behind But the close of the decade sees
it hopelessly ahead of all rivalry, the metropolis of the State, the scat of the most
numerous, varied and productive manufactories, and the distributing centre of a
trade probably unequaled by any city in the Union of the same population
Instead of being endangered by the development of the coal and iron interests, its
position has been made certain by them. It has four, and will soon have five, rail-
roads penetrating the coal fields in as many directions, and bringing to us, at the
centre, from which they all radiate, >cur choice of coal for all uses. The conse-
quence is a growth ^of the irou interest that surprises the most sagacious and

GROWTH OF THE CITY COERCION.

sanguine of our business prophets. And with long, if not equal, steps, cotton and
woolen mills, grain and saw mills, pork houses, breweries, lumber yards, stave
factories, furniture works, wholesale grocery, dry goods, drug, book, shoe, hat and
other houses, have kept close by its sid*, or close behind. The onormous influx of
troops during the war, not only from o jr own State in prepiration for the field, but
from other States in passing back and forth as the exigencies of the time ivqtiired,
and the flood of trivial and temporary trade that always follows a crowd, gave an
impulse to solid business and permanent development less in degree, but like in
kind, to that experienced by San Francisco twenty years ag >. Everybody was in a
fever of enterprise, and nobody seemed to think that anything was impossible.
Illinois street, which hid previously known little business except whit a saloon or
two and a few millinery establishments at one end, and a hotel at the other, could
do, became crowded with clothing stores, restaurants, cheap jewelry stands, saloons,
grocery stores, boarding houses, gambling hells, and all that kin! of traffic, decent
and indecent, honest and rascally, that pursues an army as alhioores do a flock of
flying fish. Wholesale houses began pushing up from the Union Depot and down
from Washington street, along Meridian. Pennsylvania thickened with machine
shops in the creek bottom, and heavy houses sprang up on Delaware. Busi-
ness which had previously been confined to Washington street, except as scattered
butcher shops and fam'ly groceries had dribbled it about on other streets, now began
to "swell beyond the measure of its chains," and locations on cross streets were
deemed quite equal to the best on Washington, and on Meridian street better. The
city was actually burthened with p >pula f ,ion and trade. It was like a man breath-
ing oxygen, living too much to last. The close of the war and the disbanding of
the army, though it dropped us back to a heal hy conditi >n, in which there were ele-
ments of safe calculation, and left us a little exhausted by o^er exertion, was nev-
ertheless so gradual a depletion that the change was effected without a violent or
dangerous shock. And our temporary advantages had been so promptly and judi-
ciousl}' improved that much upon which we had laid our hands was held fast. .We
had made a great and irreversible step forward. The impulse of the war wa
weakened but not lost, and there was never any fear that we should have to
begin as 1861 found us,and build over again, in better fashion, what the "flush
time" had built for itself. The drift, like the sediment left by the Nile flood, fer-
tilized enterprise for new crops of achievements. With this glance at the changes
produced by the war, and tka influences set in operation by it, the connection of
the city with military affairs may be introduced.

The split in the Democratic convention at Baltimore in 1860 gave plain warn-
ing that the Slave States would abide by no action or election that they did not con-
trol. It therefore caused no surprise when South Carolina passed an ordinance of
secession and was speedily joined by other States. The subject had been fully dis-
cussed hero oji the sturnp and by the press, and public opinion had reached, as usual,
two conflicting, but very well defined, conclusions. On the one side it was held
that the Union should be preserved at all hazards, and the reeuant States forced,
by invasion and power of arms, to obey the will of the majority. On the other, it
was contended that if the Government began a war of coercion, struck the first
blow, shed the first blood, and stood befor-e the world the military .aggressor, while
the South confined its action .-to ordinances and paper demonstrations, the effect
would be an union .of, all the Slav-e States, border and sea board, the enlistment of
the sympathies and aid, if not actual alliance, of our European rirals, and a serious
danger of losing our own Government as well as the States that had abandoned

HOLLOWAY'S IXDIAXAPOLIS.

it. For this reason it was suggested that a National convention, elected directly
by the people, should be called to consider the difficulty, and if no adjustment
could be made, it would b- better to let the South try a separate government, allied
by interest and kindred to ours, than to risk the chances of an aggressive war with
a people better fitted by tastes and modes of life for military service than we then
were. If the proposition should be rejected, the South would be placed so clearly
in the wrong that a resort to coercion would be less likely to repel the border States
or European sympathy. Governor Morton, then recently elec'ed Lieutenant Gov-
ernor, set forth the grounds of the first of these opinions fully and effectively in a
speech at the Court house a short time after the Presidential election. The other
was advocated by the Journal, -conducted by B. R Sulgrove. The debate, though
earnest, as beseemed so vital a question, was nerer angry or discourteous. It was
protracted till the first gun was fired at Fort Sumter. That shot scattered all
causes of difference between the coercionists and the conveutionists. The South
had begun the war, and the conventionists were relieved of all fears as to the effect
of aggression by the Government. It was no longer a question of taking the offen-
sive and making invasions, but a question of seif-defense and preservation of the
Government. If the South had remained quiet, and left it with the North t,o decide
whether there should be war or not, and to begin the war, it is not clear, even now.
what the issue might have been. The factious spirit at home was dangerously
strong, even against a defensive war. Strengthened by the effect of an offensive
war. and the union of all the Slave States, with European help more openly and
unrestrictedly given, and it might have defeated, as it did seriously cripple, the Gov-
ernment from 1862 to the summer of 1864. The great majority of the people, both
of the city and the State, followed the lead of Governor Morton, and gave their
voice for war' as heartily as "Sempronius." Feeling being thus pretty weli
prepared for hostilities, and the mad fury of the South removing all grounds of dif-
ference in the North, it wiuld have caused no astonishment to a reflecting man to
see a strong outburst of resentment at the attack on Fort Sumter. But the univer-
sal uproar of rage and uprising of armies passed all the conclusions of logic and
all the anticipations of patriotism. It was a phenomenon. The State was a chaos
of military spirit and patriotic zeal, out of which it was nearly as hard to bring
order and organization as it was for Frankenstein to make a man of a confusion of
leather, beef bones and sheep's entrails. But, if we may believe Mrs. Shelley,
Frankenstein did make a man of his material, and Gov. Morton made an army of
his.

The Union of the coercionists and their opponents, produced by the attack on
Fort Sumter, was facilitated by two occurrences that foreshadowed war. The Star
of the West, while trj-iug to carry provisions to Fort Sumter, was fired upon by
the rebel batteries near Charleston and driven off; and Mr. Lincoln, in passing
through this city on the 12th of February, 1861, on his way to Washington to
assume the Government, made a little speech of five minutes, indicating his line of
action, which had a very decided effect. Every word of it was carefully weighed,
and it was evident that what he said would be done. Suggestively, rather than
positively, he stated that it was his duty to protect and preserve the property of
the nation, and he must do it. It was the first authoritative intimation of the
policy of the new administration and the new order of things. Differences began
lo. fade away on the side of the Union men after this. The line of support or hos-
tility to the Government began to show through party organizations. A violent
upheaval was breaking through old party crusts. It was completed the day the

tt'AK EXC1TEMEKT.

sews came of the attack on Fort Sumter. The excitement ia the city was intense.
Tho -treots were thronged and the corner.- blockaded by eager crowd.*, waiting for
fresh news, discussing consequences, and magnifying every chance of resistance
by Mijor Anderson. At nisht a meeting was held at. the Metrop litan Theatre,
surpassing in numbers and interest any in the histoi-y of the city, at which old
party lines were utterly obliterated. Democrats and Republicans were equally
officers, speakers, committees, and authors of resolutions. About half past nine
o'clock the news came to the meeting that Major Anderson had surrendered, and
then it would not have been safe for any man to have avowed sympathy with the
v South. "War," was everybody's cry, except a few who said nothing. For once
all the inveteracy of politic.il feeling, and all the natural hesitation to fight of a
people to whom war and all that belongs to it are unknown, were broken clown. All
Deemed to feel the greatness of the crisis, and though there was indescribable excite-
ment there was not much boisterousness. Hundreds remained ont 0f bed all night
waiting about the telegraph or newspaper offices, or collected in knots in saloor.s
or on the corners The next day several of our military companies began recruit-
ing. The next, though Sunday, was given more to battles than the God of battles.
On Monday morning the proclamation of the President casing for 75,000 volunteers,
and the order of the War office assigning six regiments as the quota of our State,
appeared, and the excitement was given a practical direction. For a year the una-
nimity and enthusiasm of the first meeting at the Theatre were a type of every
demonstration in Indiana and the Northwest. Th* conquest of Western Virginia,
largely effected by Indiana soldiers and generals for McClellan got. the credit of
what Gen. Thomas A. Morris plvnned and executed enc:>uragod effort, and the
defeat at Bull Run stimulated it. There was no lack of volunteers. Governors
were annoyed by requests to get regiments accepted, and when done, it was
accorded by the War office, and received by the applicants, as a favor. The saga-
cious and impeccable Cameron could not see anv ine in other troops than infantry,
or other arms than the old smooth-br>re musket. So he refused cavalry r.nd artil-
lery, and was seriously troubled with too much infantry. He did not know the
value of taking the tide at the fl Kid. His successor Irarnod it by finding the tide
at dead low water. During this flush time of war feeling volitntters were at a dis-
count. Not less than 30.000 men were tendered Governor Morton for the 6,000
demanded. Six re/irnents of three-months men were organized in a week, and
rendezvoused at, the old Fair Ground, where the city companies, the Grays, the
Guards, the Z >uave Guards, and the Independent Zouaves, had taken up their
juarters the day the Governor's proclamation wa* issued in execution ot that of the
President. They were visited there and addressed by Stephen A. Douglas about a
week after. Every day, and almost every hour of the day, for two weeks, compa-
nies could be seen marching up from the Union Dupot, with the fife and drum that
had not seen service since the old militia musters or th* campaign u? the Bloody
Three Hundred. Recruiting flags were thick along the streets, and tin; rattle of
drums incessant and deafening. Crowds of boy.*, somutim-s swelled by admiring
country girls, folio wt-d the recruiting squads in their progress, and people flocked
from their houses to witness for the first time the "pomp and circumstance 1 ' of
war, such as it was. Seven companies were organizad here, most of which were
incorporated in the Eleventh (or Zouave) Regiment, Col. Lewis Wallace. The six
regiments were numbered, from the concluding number of the five regiments raised
during the Mexican War, the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth. Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh.
The last, being, as already remarked, mainly composed of our city companies, was

HOLLOS-AY'S IKDIAXAPOLIS.

presented a flag by the ladies of the city, in the State House Square, on which occa-'
sion the gallant Colonel practised a coup de theatre which was about as impres-
sive as '-Puff s" unanimous prayer in the "Critic." He took the flag, and, raising it
above his head, called on his men to kneel and " swear to remember Buena Vista.''
But he made one of the best disciplined and most efficient regiments in the service
out of them. They were sent to EvansviLe, May 8th, to protect the border, butsub-
sqxiently removed to Maryland, where, while stationed at Cumberland, a squad of
their scouts had a skirmish with a band of rebel cavalry, and fought pluckily. As
it was the first real fighting in which Hoosiers were concerned, it gave thejEleventh
regiment a prominence in the State which it never lost, and its gallant conduct
entitled it retain. The other rive regiments were the first in Western Virginia.
T-bey drove the rebtls from all their advanced posts, protected the railroads, fought
at Rich 'Mountain, and defeated and killed General Garnett at Carrick's Ford.
The volunteers bej-ond the six regiments of our quota, were formed into six regi-
ments of one year State troops, under an act of the Legislature at the extra session
then in progress, but subsequently all except one enlisted for ihree years, and were
transferred to the United States service. The places of the men who did not like
to engage for the long term were rapidly filled. They were reviewed by General
McClellan oa what was then a large common, north of the Fair Ground, on the
24ih of May. It can serve no purpose to introduce here the history of the troops
of the State or city. That belongs to a work of wider scope than this. It will be
enough to sketch the city's connection with the war, through its camps, prisons,
Soldiers' Home, and provision for bounties and soldiers families.

The first ramp, afterwards called Camp Sullivan, as already noted, was on the
old Fair Ground. The new Fair Ground was rapidly converted to the same uses
and called Camp Morton, and it was the complaints of the men there that induced
the Legislature to censure the first State Commissary, Isaiah Mansur. They had
been accustomed to good food and plenty of it, at home, and they made an unrea-
sonable fuss about their rutions in camp. Mr. Mansur took the office without pay.
furnished all the meat in his own packing house the best in the market supplied
fresh baker's bread, butter and sugar, advanced his own money, and did better
than any one who blamed him could have done, and he was paid for it by us
unjust a cer.sure as was ever ii-flicted. Public opinion, in which the Journal led
the way by defending him with irrefutable proofs and arguments, reversed the
hasty judgment of the Legislature. Ill feeling and violent demonstrations are fre-
quent incidents of the transition from the freedom of home-life to the discipline of
efficient soldiers. Camp Morton was the scene of many such, in which sutlers
were generally the sufferers. Camp Burnside, south of Camp Morton, on Tinker
street, was made a very neat and attractive little town for many months, first by
ths volunteers under Col. Biddle. and next by the "Invalids" or " Veteran Reserve*
Corps. ' Camp Carrington, subsequently, was made the largest and best arranged
camp in the State. It lay beyond the extreme northwestern corner of the city. The
artillery camp, called Camp Noble, was fitted up by Col. Fryberger, and occupied
by the Twenty-Third Battery for a time. The Eleventh regiment had a camp, while
re-orgaciizing for the three years' service, on the west bank of White River, near
Cold Spring. The ca np of the Second Cavalry, Col. John A. Bridgeland, was near
Fall Creek, four miles north of the city. The colored regiment, Col. Charles Rus-
sell, was collected at Camp Fremont, in the wooes at the southeast extremity of the
city, to the loft of Virginia avenue. The practice ground of the artillery was
about three miles south of the city, near Mr. Paddock's residence, west of th"

ARSENAL SOLDEIR& HOME.

Bluff road. The Nineteenth Regulars, Lieut. Col. King, were stationed here for
several months, in 1861-2. Camp Morton was used exclusively as a prison camp
after the organization of the first regiments. The prisoners brought from Fort
Donelson, early in the spring of 1862, were placed there, and guarded first by dif-
ferent volunteer regiments, but finally by the Veteran Reserves. The exposure to
which these prisoners had been subjected created an epidemic, and the citizens
opened hospitals for the sick in the old Atheneum room and in Blackford's old
building on Meridian street. The ladies did the nursing, and did it as tenderly
and perseveringly as if the patients had been their own relatives. But the morUil-
i'y was very severe, and the little grave yard, now emptied, along the Terro Haute
Railroad track near the river, made a promise of growth which was happily not
fulfilled.

But the institutions of most consequence in the connection of the city with the
war, were the Arsenal and the Soldiers' Home. The first was the result of Gov.
Morton's determination to see that the Indiana troops were supplied with good
ammunition. The General Government could furnish but little, and that not always
good. The materials were supplied by the Quartermaster, the workmen by a detail
of the llth regiment, and on the 27th of April, 1861, the Arsenal was inaugurated by
moulding bullets in hand-moulds in a blacksmith's furnace, and packing the cart-
ridges in the next room. Subsequently it was enlarged till it employed several hun-
dreds of hands, and supplied a large portion of the ammunition of the troops west of
the mountains. In October, 1861, the Secretary of War, Mr. Cameron, and the Ad-
jutant Genera], L Thomas, visited the Arsenal, approved it, paid for its work, and
recommended it highly. Herman Sturm was its Superintendent. For a time it
occupied Ott's building south of the State House; then the buildings north of the
State House Square, and was afterwards removed to vacant ground east of the
city. It was discontinued on the 18th of April, 1864, after three years' service.
Its entire business in three years amounted to $788,83S.45, upon which the State
made a profit of $77,457.32, or nearly 10 per cent. The Arsenal has since been
succeeded by regular a Government establishment, in the northeastern suburbs,
where ample and admirable buildings have been erected, and the grounds hand-
somely laid out and ornamented.

The Soldiers' Home, like the Arsenal, was the result of obvious necessity, which
the Governor had the decision to provide for. The city was not only the great
State rendezvous, but it was the halting and recruiting post of most of the troops
passing east or west to the "front." They came always hungry, dirty and tiied>
and very often sick. A night's rest, or a wash, or good meal, might often be worth
a man's life. So the Soldiers' Home was started. The Sanitary Commission had
agents at the Union depot to provide meals for the men, and help for the sick, at
the hotels, but this was expensive and unsatisfactory, and a camp was established,
with hospital tents, on the vacant ground south of the Union Depot. But in 18-62,
the Governor, seeing the increasing tide of troops, and the inadequacy of the pro-
vision made for them, resolved to establish a permanent Home This was done by
Qnrtermaster Stone, in July, 1862, who erected buildings in the grove on West
street, just north of the Terre Haute Railroad. These buildings were afterwards
added to and enlarged, till it could lodge 1,800 men and feed 8,000 every day.
From August, 1862, to June, 1865, it furnished 3,777,791 meals. During 1864 it
furnished an average of 4,498 meals per day. The bread was supplied by a bakery
under the charge of the Quartermaster, so well conducted that all the soldiers needed,
and thousands of loaves for the poor, were provided out of the rations of flour the

'HOLLOWAT'S IXDIASAPOLrs.

men were entitled to. The savings in the rations of other articles amounted to
$71,130.24. The savings of flour, a sutler's tix, and the sale of offal, paid $19,-
642.19. So that this beneficent institution wis sustained almost entirely by the
rations of the troops sheltered by it. The ladios of the city, on all holidays, or
noted occasions, provided excelleat dinners for all at the Home, cooked them, waited
at the table, and did all the service themselves. A Ladies' Hume for the benefit of
soldiers' wives and children, was opened in a building near the depot in December,
1863. An average of 100 a day was taken care of till its close.

After the departure of the three years' troops, there came, for a time, a calm,
upon the domestic aspect of the war, broken only by the clamor of the newsboys
" Journal Extra!" "'nother battle !" and the Morgan raid, till the return of the
re-enlisted veterans. As each old regiment, re-enlisted at th'3 end of its te'm for
three years more, it was allowed a furlough to come home, and thirty days to remain
in the State. It was received with salutes of guns, processions of all the troops
J7i the city, addresses by the Governor and its own officers, and given a good din-
ner at the Home.

The Morgan raid, early in July, 1863, produced a good deal of excitement, b::t
it ended in nothing worse than calling the citizens to University Square to drill for
a few days, and the sending away of the specie reserves of some of the b inks. The
day the news of the fight near Gorydon reach. ;d here, a Michigan battery which
had been stationed here for some time, was ordered to take the Jeffersonville cars
to meet the adventurous rebel. As it passed down Tennessee street, at the crossing
of Indiana avenue, a caisson exploded, blowing two mfin over the tops of the adja-
cent shade trees, horribly mutilating them and killing them instantly, and mor-
tally wounding a man and boy who happened to be passing near at the time.

The gathering and organizing of troops during the continuance of the war
formed the most conspicuous feature of the cit.y's history, but there were many
incidents growing out of the war, more political than military, which demand some
notice. During the first ebullitign of patriotic feeling which followed the attack on
Fort Sum'er, there was hardly a sound of disseat heard, no appearance of slack
loyally was tolerated. T!K Sentinel, proprietors failed for some reason to hoist a
national flag on their building, and th-< rnob of uncompro nising patriots threatened
violence if they did not. They and the editor, with several other citizens, who were,
or were believed to be, sympathizers with the South, were made to take an oath of
fidelity to the Government. They were for a while in serious danger of personal vio-
lence. Subsequently, as the war lagged and prospects grew dark, opposition became
more open and decided. It assumed a party shape, and added to the usual hostility
of parties all the rancor of civil war. The minority were treated as enemies of
their country, and repaid what thoy thought oppression with resentment that did
not always discriminate between the justice of the war and the justice of the action
by which they suffered. At a county convention held in the Court house square
on the 2d of September, 1862, some of their speakers, notably among them Mr.
Robert L. VValpole, spoke bitterly of the Government and the soldiers, and justi-
fied or palliated the rebellion. Many soldiers in the crowd were exasperated, and
retorted angrily. A row resulted which cann near ending fatally. The obnox-
ious speakers were driven off, and had but a narrow chance for their lives. If
.aught, somo of them would most probably have been killed. At the following
election the suspected opponents of the war were often excluded from the polls, and
not a few were beaten away from the ground and otherwise maltreated. " Traitor'' 1
was the mildest epithet given to the rebel sympathizer or the less obnoxious Demo-

TKEASOKABLE ASSOCIATIONS.

-rat who censured the war p ilicy of the Government. At one time, .vhile a vet-
i-ran regiment, w is encamped here, some allusion to the participation of a portion
uf its members in a political procession of the day before, made by the Sentinel,
brought down an angry crowd who attempted to "clean out' 1 the office. But for
the resolute and prompt action of Gov. Baker, then Provost Marshal of the State,
it would have, been done. In soms other towns of tho State it was done. In the
fall of 1863 a State Convention of the same class of men w is held in the State
House yard, and arms were so generally exhibited or detected that no little alarm
was excited, and preparations made by the military to either meet an attack or
suppress a riot. Several were arrested and fined for carrying concealed weapons.
As the trains left, the depot in the evening, returning, the crowds upon them began
lining their revolvers in a sort of defiance or triumph, and scattered shots recklessly
in all directions. A child was said at the time to have been killed, and two or three
persons wounded, but it, was not true. The easteru trains were speedily stopped, and
every man compelled to give up his arms. Some hundreds were captured, and many
more thrown away, and found by the b >ys next day. This senseless act gave
u color to th-i damaging assertions of the "loyalists'' as to the dangerous character
of the p irtv, and provoked harsher feeliifgs and more intolerant action. Probably
it i.s not a matter of astonishment that thus " overcrowed " and put under, the oppo-
nents of the war should resort to secret and oath-bound associations as a means of
protection or vengeance. At all events they did it, and during the winter of
1862-3 when the session of the Legislature was approaching, the air was full of
rumors of organized bodies of "Knights of the Gold-n Circle," and what not,. com-
bining here to support the anti-war majority in that body in an effort to overthrow
the S ate Government, and take the State out of the war and out of the Union.
A secret society was formed to resist it. and here were the first movements of the
Union League on one side and what became tb'j Sons of Liberty on the other.
With the conflicting assertions of each as to its own and its enemy's purposss this
sketch has nothing to do. It deals merely with the facts developed by their efforts^
Atnojg these are, 1st. The presentment by the Grand Jury of the United .States
Court, in May, published in August, 1862, in which the existence of secret treason-
able associations is declared to have been abundantly proved by the confessions of
members. 2d. The developments made by detectives of the ceremonies, oaths and
purposes of the Sons of Liberty, which was published in 1864. This disclosure
pretty nearly ruined the Order for a party machine, and it was utterly ruined
shortly after by the next and most important political event of the war in which
the city was concerned. 3d The "Treason Trials." A conspiracy to combine
large rebel forces from Missouri and Kentucky, aided by rebel sympathizers at
home, and by the rebel prisoners in the Northwest who were to be provided with
arms by the plunder of the Government arsenals, to overrun this and adjoining
States and fatally embarrass the Government, was, through the efforts of leading
Democrats of this city, frustrated, but not so far deprived of dangerous vitality but
that secret efforts to form anew and reknit the broken links of the scheme were
made, mainly through H. II. Dodd, the most active of the leaders of the S. O. L.
On the 20th of August, 1864, Gov. Morton received a letter from New York, dated
the 18th, notifying him of the shipment of a large number of revolvers and cart-
ridges to this city to Mr. Dodd, the boxes marked as "Stationery," or "Sunday-
School Books." Mr. Dodd's office was searched, and the weapons found exactly as
described. He made his escape for a time, but, returning, was arrested on the last
day of August. Subsequently L P. Milligan, William A. Bowles, Stephen Horsey

HOLLOWAf'S INDIANAPOLIS.

Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren and some others were arrested for participa-
tion in this and other treasonable efforts. Dodd was tried, convicted and condemned
to death by a military commission, but escaped from the Government building
over the Post office by the help of friends, on the night of the 6th of October.
Milligan, Bowles and Horsey were subsequently tried in the same way and received
the same sentence, commuted to imprisonment in the Ohio Penitentiary. Hum-
phreys's sentence was commuted by the General of the District, A. P. Hovey, to con-
finement within a specified region of the country. All were released under a
decision of the United States Supreme Court.

The military zeal which, at the outbreak of the war, made recruiting not only
easy but troublesomely abundant, slackened as the progress of the war developed
clearly what military service meant. Volunteers had to be bought, at last, at pri"
ces corresponding to the sacrifices required. Patriotism dropped out of the calcu-
lation, and entering the army became a business affair, in which wages and boun-
ties were set against the cost of maintaining families, the loss of time, and the
possibilities of battle. But other influences combined with this natural tendency
of a protracted war, to make military service a business divested of sentimental
attributes. First among these was political opposition. When the first fury of
indignation at the aggre-sion of the rebels had expended itself in war and words,
this opposition began to show itself, cautiously at first, but boldly a little later.
The national tax was denounced, and organizations formed to resist it and any
attempt at conscription. McOlellan's failure before Richmond, brightening the
prospects of the rebellion, strengthened it. The war was legislated against by every
possible means during the winter of 1862-3. NaturaLy accompanying or follow-
ing this political effort, were movements to discourage enlistments, to encourage
desertion, and organizations to protect deserters and- resist their arrest. So effect-
ual were these that during the single month of December, 1862, no less than two
thousand three hundred Indiana deserters were lured home, to their own disgrace
and the infinite injury of the service. Letters from relatives politically adverse
to the war, urging desertion and promising protection, were one of the most power-
ful of these disloyal appliances. The papers of that time published hundreds of
them, revealed by the soldiers themselves. An inadequate conception of the obli-
gation they had incurred facilitated these treasonable efforts. To them an engage-
ment to serve in the army was like a bargain to do any other job. If they didn't.
like it they could leave it by merely forfeiting unpaid wages. Deserters, of course,
brought home terrible stories of destitution and suffering, and hostile newspapers
made the most and worst of every reverse and every discouraging circumstance.
Thus recruiting was diminishing while desertion was increasing. The withdrawal
of tens of thousands of the most industrious and productive of our population from
their various industries created a great demand for labor. Wages rose, and, with
the depreciation of currency, everything else rose, too. The recruit, with the cer-
tainty of employment and good wages at home, was not to be obtained for the mea-
gre pay of a soldier. If he had a family, it had to be provided for, and if he
hadn't, no discrimination could be made against him, and he was paid as if he had.
Thus came bounties and heavy burthens, far beyond the expenses which appeared
in the settlements of the national treasury, or the aggregate of the national debt.
As the war made heavier draughts upon labor, wages advanced further, and with
them bounties advanced, till, with national, county and city bounties, and advance
pay, the recruits under the last call of 300,000 men, December 24th, 1864. were paid
nearly 1,000 each, before they had gone into camp.

BOUNTIES AMD WAR EXPENSES.

The first appropriation by the ci^y fur war purposes was one of $10,000, made
on the 20th of April, for the support of our three-months volunteers. Others wei-e
frequently made for the purchase of wood, provisions, and other necessaries of des-
titute families. In August, 18(54, a purchase of two hundred cords of wood was
made, and in the winter $3,500 was appropriated Contributions of fuel and food
were occasionally made all over the State by the famers, who appointed a day to
move in procession through streets of the chief towns, with wagons loaded with
wood, flour, potatoes, meats, vegetables and fruits r to some point of deposit. Tens
of thousands of dollars worth were thus collected and distributed by duly appointed
agents. Very many farmers vied with each other who should give most, and make
the most striking display, and wagons carrying five and even ten cords of wood,
and others with mountains of food, were no unfr quent sights. Several of these
were witnessed in Indianapolis. Large sums both for soldiers and their families
were rais-d by fairs, and by private contributions. Those for the former were
managed by the State S-initary Commission, directed by Wm. Hannaman and
Alfred Harrison. The others were distributed as the occasion prompted. A State
Sanitiry Fair was held in the old Fair Ground, at the time of the State Agricul-
tural Fair of 1864, at which $40,000 were raised. During the continuance of the
Sanitary Commission there were raised and distributed $606 < 570 78. Besides the sum
of $16,040 50 contribted to the United States Sanitary Commission from Indiana,
$4,566,398 06 was paid by counties, townships and towns for like purposes, making
the total of contributions of this character, in this State, about $5,200.000.

Expenses incurred for the support of soldiers' families, though in the aggregate
of private and public contributions larger than the expenses for recruiting volun-
teers, yet form but a small part of the accounts of the cif.y treasurer. The heaviest
items there were made by bounties. Until the political opposition to the war began
to make itself formidable, and desertion had diffused discouraging feelings, and the
largedivers on of labor to the army had raised wages, nobody thought of bounties
Families were left to the care of neighbors and the irregular assistance of the paymas-
ter. But war was found to be a very serious business, and began to be viewed with
a business eye. The soldier had to be assured of something safer than a neighbor's
care of his family. He looked out for it himself, and the bounty was the provision
for it which he exacted. At first it was light. In the fall of 1862 the city appro-
priated $5,000 for bounties, which lasted till Ma)', 1863. Considerable expense
was incurred for the city regiment during the alarm created by Morgan's raid.
On the 14th of December, 1868. an appropriation of $25,000 was made for bounties,
and additional sums were raised by committees in the different wards. A draft
was avoided by thus filling our quota with volunteers. During the summer of 1864
the old regiments which had re-enlisted for three years more, as nearly all from
this State did, were allowed to return home on a furlough, and their receptions?
sometimes of daily occurrence, were one of the most interesting features of the war
as it could be seen in this latitude. The Seventeenth Regiment, one of these, upon
re-enlisting, credited itself to this city, that is, enlisted as coming from the city,
and, to the number composing it, made a set off against any subsequent draft. No
bounty was asked at the time. But subsequently, as some of the men complained,
naturally enough, that they got nothing, when others, raw recruits, got hundreds
of dollars, the Council gave them $5,355. On the suggestion of Gov. Morton, the
Govertors of Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa met in this city April 24, 1864,
and urged the President to accept the services of a large body of men, 85,000, from
these States, for one hundred days, to guard General Sherman's communications
during his " march to the sea." The President consented, and the city's quota of the

124

UOULOWAY^S IXBIASAPOLIS.

7,5:15 assign d to this State, was raised at ones. The C mneil appropriated $5,000
for the support of their families. Our regiment, under Col. Sam, C. Vance, Lieut.
Col. Cramer and Major Harvey Bates, Jr., did jrooi service. Undor the call for
300,000 men, of October 17, 1863, increased on the 1st of Februiry, 1864, to 500,000 )
and, on the 14th of March, to 700,000, no draft was made. The State's volunteers
filled her quota, with 2,493 men to spare. On the 18th of July, 13G4. a call for
500,000 more men was made, and the city's quota was fixed at 1.258. For the first
time our citizens had to bestir themselves to avoid a draft. Meetings were heid
during the summer to rai-e subscriptions for bounties, nnd to procure volunteers,
with considerable but not sufficient success. Some $40,000 wa? subscribed, and
about 800 men enlisted, but the d-aft on the 28 h of Se'ptembsr found us 450 men
short. The diafted men raised a considerable sum to procure substitutes, but, the
prospect looking dark, the Ci'y Council made two appropriations, one September
28th for $92,000, and one October 3d, for $40,000, to assist them, and during Octo-
ber and November the quota was filled, at an expense of $180,000. On December
20th, 1864, another, and the last call, for troops was mad.j. The whole number
demanded was 300.000, and the State's quota was 22.532. of which 2,493 had been
paid by O7er-enlistment on the preceding call. The Mayor, Mr Caven, made
repeated recommendations of appropriations for bounties, to fill the city's quo:a,
and the Council responded by giving, first, the unexpended balance of a preceding
appropriation, $2,500, and next $20,000. This didu't amount to much, and in Jan-
uary, 1865, the Mayor urged further appropriations and drafting by wards. The
Council ordered $125,000 to be paid in $150 bounties, with $10 premium for recruits.
Three days after th"y raised the bounty to $200. and sent an agent to Washington
to obtain an order for drafting by wards. Thi* order wa? made, and in February
the Council appropriated $400 to every m-in who should be drafted, if he had pur.
chased a $50 city order. Petitions were presented, February 22d, 1364, from 4,400
citizens asking that $400,000 be raised by city bonds, to pay bounties and fill the
quota. An ordinance to this effoct was passed, and the bonds prepared and sent to
New York, but none were sold. On th^ 6th of March 100.000 w is borrowed of
five banks, in $20.000divisions, on out bonds, at 12 percent., and this was appropriated
in $4,00 bounties. The quota was at last nearly filled, when it was ascertained that
a blundering blockhead of the War Department had made a big mistake in assigning
the city's credits for volunteers, and that the quota was full, with hundreds to spare.
Over a fourth of the loan was thus saved. Th.>, war expen-es from May, 1864, to
May, 1865, which included the bulk of bounty appropriations, amounted t<>
718.179. The, entire war expenditure was about $1,000,000.

These heavy --appropriations necessarily left heavy debts. But, as the city was
flourishing with amazing vigor, heavy taxes were impose i, usually running from
1.50 to $1 75 on the $100, aii paid, and at tli3 close of th; war the debt was
$368,000. This has since been paid off, but a new one has recently been contracted
for the construction of sewerage and other expenses, the amount of which is
about $400,000. Our debt in 1849 was $6,000. It was nearly paid by a special tax
in 1850, but in 1851 it was $5,400, all paid but $557 in 1854. ;In 1855 it was
810,000, and in 1856 $15,300. A loan was ordered to be made in New York to pay
it, and Jerry Skeen appointed agent t> negotiate it. An account of his defalcation
has been given. The effect of it was that the city drbt rose to $23,740 in 1857. In
1859 it was reduced to $9,300, raised to Sll,500 in I860, and to $46,000 in 1861-
In 1862 it was reduced to $16,500. In 1853 it was reduced to $11,250, and subse-
quently paid off. The city was virtually out of debt that year. The war and the

y HILL '.E3IETEKY-FB.EXD&ESS WOWEX'S HOME.

increased expenses creite.l by higher wag s, salaries and prices made the debt, as
before stated, $268,000 in 1863.

The improvemeut of the city m ly be judged from the reports of building per-
mits and strert work. la 1865 the first full statement under the ordinance of
1864 there weie issued permits, in ihe city and its additions, for 1,621 buildings,
costing 2,060,000; 9 miles of streets and 18 miles of sidewalks were graded and
and graveled, 1 mile oft streets bouldered, 4 miles of sidewalk paved, and 3
miles of streets lighted. la 1866 there wore erected 1,1 1=2 houses, at a cost of
$1,065,000; 8 miles of streets and l&of sidewalks were grd>d and gravt-led, the
third of a mile bouldered, 2 miles of sidewalk pivecl, and 3 miles lighted. In' 1867
the houses built' and repaired were 747, costing $902,520; of streets 4J miles and
of sidewalks 9 miles were graded and graveled, less than half a mile bouldered, 2]
miles of sidewalk paved, and 4.V miles of streets lighted. Since 1807 irnpiovements
have increased in number and value largely, as will be seen by the table appended
to this chapter.

Besides these indispensable improvements others have been made of the char-
acter which add either to tho beauty or convenience of the city, and the possession
of which is usually considered the test f public spirit andsgeninue city develop-
ment. First among t-hese is Crown Hill Cemetery. After the old cemetery had
been extended to tho river on the west, and the Terie Haute Railroad on thd nonb.
it was found that before many years the space would b insufficient, and the pres-
sure of business would probably displace the dead and cover their graves with
shops, factories and mills. To provide against this certain though remote difficulty
an association was formed on the 2.5th of September.. 1833, with James M. Ray a.
President, Theodore P. Haughey as Secretary, and Stoughton A. Fletcher, Jr., Treas'r,
with seven directors. S. A. Fletcher, Sr., proposed to advance the money necessary
to purchase a site, and a committee selected the nursery farm of Martin Williams
ab nit three miles northwest of tho city on the Michigan road. At one end of it
rises a verv steep hill, the highest anywhere near the city, at the foot of which, at that
time, lny a wide stretch of cleared land bordered by a heavy forest. Two hundred'
and fifty acres, embra ing this hill,, and several adjacent tracts, were bought for
$51,500. Mr. F. W. Chislett was made Superintendent, and early in 1864 he began
laying out the grounds. In 1864 the cemetery was dedicated. Hon. Albert S. White,
formerly United States Senator, deliverin the orationg: Lots were rapidly bought
by leading citizens, and beautiful and cosily monuments-, some of marble, some of
Aberdeen granite, others of ordinary stone, have been erected. It is now a beauti-
ful place, and a constant resort OT fine days. The cemetery pays no dividends ;
every lot owner is a stockholder. The profits on lots sold arc expended in beautify-
ing the grounds:

Tho war brought its evils, and not a few of thern^ along with its benefits. Among
these the worst was the inundation of prostitutes. They flaunted their gay shame
in every public place. Toey crowded decency, in its own defense, out of sight.
Their b'ignios polluted every street. The military c imps we-e not always, with all
the vigilance of sentries and rigidity of disc-iplinc, safe from their noisome intru-
sion. The jail was nightly til lei with tha n and their drunken victims. And the
remuneration of their vice was so ample and constant that a fine was a trifle. Even
of it could not be paid, the alternative of a few days' confinement only restored
them in better health, with stronger allurements and appetites, to their occupation-
To secure some alleviation of this evil, and soma ch-vnce of making; punishment
effectual towards reform, the Mayor, in May, 1862. recon: mended a house of refuge'

126

IIOLLOWA l"S IHDIANAPOM8.

where abandoned women could be confined alone, and subjected to a discipline
impossible in a common jail. Nothing was done, however, till the summer of 1863,
On the 27th of July Stoughton A. Fletcher, Sr., proposed to give the city a lot of
seven acres of ground, just beyond the southern s.iburb-. on the " Bluff road." if
suitable buildings fur a House of Refuge were put upon it. Plans and estimates
were made by Mr. L). A. Bohlen, architect, and an effort made to entrust the estab-
lishment to the " Sisters of the Grid Sbepherd " The donation was accepted on
the 10th of August, and 5,000 appropriated to the building, which was to be used
both as a refuge and reformatory school, and as a city prison f.>r women. A com-
mittee was put in charge of the enterprise, and contracts made in the fall. Within
a year the basement, solidly and handsomely built of stone, at a cost of about
$8,000, was completed, but there the work stopped. 1 he contractor broke down
under the great advance in the cost of labor and materials, and abandoned it. The
start was excellent, the locition is admirable, the work done worthy of any struc-
ture that can b3 put, upon it, the institution needed, th j coalition of the donation
binding, and the citv cught to fulfill its bargain and comp'etc the house. One part
of the object with which it was undertaken, it, is true : has b3en assumed by another
institution, the Home for Friendless Women, but there is enough for it to do yet to
make it Well worth completion. The Home, just mentioned, was the work of an
association formed in 1866, for the reformation and care of prostitJtes. Experience
had proved, by repeated successes in other cities, that there were many of this for-
lorn class who honestly desire to lead a better life, but repelled by society at every
approach, they were ompelled tj continue in shame to avoid starvation. To pro-
vide for these both a h >m3 and a school, an advance iato purity and a means of
access to pure society, as well as to furnish temporary protection to meritorious but
necessitous women, the association established their Home. They at first rented a
building in the Second l^ard, but subsequently, by means of donations, and appro-
priations from the Council, erected a capacious and handsome building on North
Tennessee street, at the verge of the city. This was placed in charge of Mrs. Sarah
Smith, a Quaker lady, who hal long been active, both with tongue aad pen, in every
benevolent work, anl w<ts admirably adapted by superior iatalfect and firmness ol
character to the duties imposed upon her. In her hands the ITome was successful
beyond expectation. But on the 22d day of September, 1870. ihe building was
almost destroyed by fire, and a serious check given to its operations. But the press
urged immediate effort by lli3 citizens anl Council t<> rebuild it, and examination
showing that much of the standing walls could be safely used, an adequate appro"
priation was made by the Council and a considerable sum procured by donation,
and the Home will soo:i be as beneficently at work as before

The undoubted convenience, and almost uniform success, of Street Railways
had caused the suggestion of a system of them lu-re, as early as November, 1860
but nothing was done till June 5th, 1863, when a company, the " Indianapolis. '
was organized under the State law, with General Tunnis A Morris as President,
Wm Y. Wiley, Secretary, and Win. Rockwood, Treasurer, for the purpose of
constructing one. They applied to the Council for a charter on the 24th of
August, and while taeir proposition was unler disc.is*io:i. another company, the
' Citizens'," organized by R. B. Gather wood of New York, with John A Bridge-
land as President, and a number of our capitalists as stockholders, made another
proposition, embracing more immediate operations and a gretter length of servicea-
ble track within a given time. The contest was hard, and not free from hard
words and injurious insinuations. Among these wa~ the charge that the latter

STREET RAILWAY.

company had not the means to perform iU contract. Tae managers put down
$30,000 in cash, and offjred a bmd of $200,000, as security. But the Council gave
the charter to the " Indianapolis" Company December 1 1th. It was declined on the
28th. Mr. Catherwood of the Citizens' Company was notified, and he agreed to
take the charter and reorganize his company. On the 18th of January the Citi-
zens' Street Railway Company was given a perpetual charter, with an exclusive
right to the streets und alley?, for thirty years, with R. B. Culherwood as
President, E. C. Catherwood as Secretary, and H.H Catherwood as Superintend-
ent. The Companywere permitted to lay a double or single track in, or on each
side of, the centre of any street or alley of the city or its subsequent additions
were to use horse earsonly; to put the track-; on the level of the street grades; to
boulder between them and two feet on each side; to change tracks if street grades
were changed; to charge five cents only on any route; to complete and equip
three miles by October 1, 1864, two miles more in a year more, and two miles addi-
tional by Christmas, 1866. After the completion of these seven miles the Council
retained the right to order further extensions, the Company forfeiting any route it
failed to build on such an order ; and the right to take thu tracks at an appraisement,
or give them to another coinp-my, if ten miles were not completed within ten years.
The Company began work at once, but the Government's occupancy of the Rail-
roads delayed the arrival of the rails, and, on their request, the Council extended
for sixty days the time for the completion of the first section of the system. The
first track was laid on Illinois street, from the Union Depot, and this was opened
ia June, 1864, by the Mayor driving a car on it, with the Common Council and city
officers as freight. A double track was laid on Washington street from Pennsylva-
nia to Illinois, and a single track to West street, running north on the latter to the
Fair Ground, and was largely used during the Fair. A track was laid on Virginia
avenue in ihefall; another run up Massachusetts avenue in the spring of 1865, and
that on Washington street continued to the river. In 1866 the latter was carried
cas'ward to Fugue's creek, and the Illinois street track extended to Tinker street,
and to Crown Hill Cemetery. In 1868 a line was run dowu Kentuek}* avenue and
Tennessee street, by which all the northern lines, the Washington street lines, and
those entering either, connect, through a track on Louisiana street, with the Illinois,
street line, thus enabling passengers to run round the whole circuit of the railway
system without shifting cars. Thirty-two cars, mostly for two horses, long, capa-
cious and superb, were first put upon the tracks, and kept till 1868. But two horses,
with the double expense of conductor and driver for each car, was too much, and
single horse cars were substituted April 3d, 1868, with only a driver and a box for
fares Simultaneously with, or shortly after, the commencement of the tracks,
the (Jompunv began erecting stables, car houses and shoeing shops on the north-
cast corner of Tennessee and Louisiana street?, and the establishment now covers a
half sqnare in length, and a hundred feet or more in breadth, with handsome and
durable brick bui'dings.

As above remarked, this Company encountered serious obstacles in the begin-
ning of their enterprise, in the cost of iron, in the difficulty of getting it here at any
price with the Government occupancy of the railroads, and in the high price of
labor They further increased their expeivse, disproportionately to all prospect of
speedy remuneration, by extending *beir lines to thinly populated portions of the
city. The convenience of access to remote sections, thus afforded, has added grca,t!y
to their value, but not much to the revenues of the Company. Undoubtedly a profit

will come from the outlay as the city grows, but for the present they have benefited
the city far more than thcmse ves The estimate that they have added to the value
of real estate in these quarters more than the amount of their capital stock (a half
million of dollars), is moderate. The emb irra>sments resulting from this policy
have compelled an application to the Council, OUCH or twice, for relief from taxe^
and the charges of street improvement.*, and the Council have, fairly enough, granted
some advantigeous exemptions, until the increase of population shall supply remu-
nerative patronage. It is believed that the extension of one of the present lines-,
"and the construction of one other short line, will afford ample street railway fncili-
tifs for-a population of one hundred thousand, the markset by many for the- census
of the city in 1880. Then the enterprise will be an unequalled investment. Few
cities present so many advantages for a system of street railways at once efficient
and cheaply maintained, as Indianapolis. Its streets are so level that one horse or
mulo can do the work of two where ttie grades are heavier. Besides, the team^
are changed four times a day, so that no ar.imal is overtaxed, unless, as will some-
times happen in spite of the vigilance of men and officers, a careless or brutal dri-
rer does it by reckless driving, and the losses from abuse or exhaustion are propor-
tionably light. There are DOW seven lines in operation, with an aggregate of fif-
teen miles of track, fifty cars, one hundred and fifty horses and mules, and from
fifty to seventy-five drivers and other employes They make an average of one
thousand trips per day, at a cost of $60,000 to $75,000 per year. The principal
stockholders are William B. English and E. S. Alvo d of this city, and Winslow,
Lanier & Co. and J. B. Slawson of New York.

On the 19th of April, 1864, the Council created a Board -of Public Improve-
ments, consisting of three members, with the City Clerk as Secretary. They take
charge of all public works of winterer kind, and permits are obtained of them to
erect private buildings. This- allows the compilation of building statistics, previ-
ously impossible. In 1865 city aid was voted, upon petition of many citizens, to
the amount of about $200-000 to four lines- of railroad, the Vincennes, $60.000;
Lii'liana and Illinois Central, 845,000; In iiannpolis, Bio >rmn^ton and Western.
$45 000; Indianapolis and Cincinnati Junction $45.000 The?e roads have all been
completed and are in full operation, exc-pt the I and I. Central. The Cincinnati
Junction road recL-ived its appropiiation upon the express condition that it should
place its machine shops in this city. The condition has been utterly disregarded.
What can be don* about it is not clear, as the road has the money, but there cer-
tainly ought to be some remedy for such dishonesty as this. The project of
building a station house was urged in 1866, but came to nothing. It has since
been built on Alabama street, as noticed in the last chapter. In 1867 the cor-
ner *tone of the Catholic Cathedral, South Tennessee street, near Georgia, the
largest sacred edifice in the State, and the costliest, was laid with imposing ceremo-
nies in the presence of a vast multitude on the 20th of July. The Cathedral is of
Gothic architecture, two hundred and three feet long, and seventy-five feet wide, in
the form of a Latin cross, with vaulted ceiling sixty feet high, a row of chapels on
each side of the nave, a rose window eighteen feet in diameter over the main door
and a tower at each corner of the front one hundred feet high. These are to be sur-
mounted by spires adding another hundred feet, but it is doubtful if the building
will look the better for the addition The southwest quarter of that square, wr.h
half the southeast quarter, is covered with building-- devoted to the uses cf the
Catholics, including a splendid school house, St. John's church, Bishop's residence,
the female school of the Sisters of Providence, and the Cathedral. St. John's

PORK HOUSES-PARKS.

Infirmary, on Maryland street, in the former residence of James Sulgrove, belongs
to the same collection, as does the adjoining lot on the east. With the corner lot
on Tennessee and Maryland streets, the church would have the entire west half of
that square, with a portion of the other half. It is Catholic headquarters in Indi-
anapolis.

In 1864 the Kingan Brothers, who were largely engaged in packing and ship-
ping meats, not only in this country, but in Belfast, Ireland, Liverpool, Englandj
and Melbourne, Australia, desiring a Western slaughtering and packing establish-
ment, determined to locate it here, on the river, at the foot of Maryland street,
instead of in Cincinnati. They built what was then, and probably is yet, the largest
single building devoted to that business in the United States-. They opened it with
a very successful season in the winter of 1864-65, but in the spring it caught fire
and was almost entirely destroyed, with an immense amount of lard, bulk meat
and hams in it. The loss was about $240,000, the heaviest ever incurred in our
city. The structure was immediately rebuilt, on the uninjured portions of the
walls, of the same dimensions as before, except that it was left a story or two lower.
It has since been in constant use, summer as well as winter, in slaughtering and
packing cattle, hogs and sheep. In 1868 Mr. J. C. Ferguson, one of the oldest of
the city packers, built a house but little less than that of the Kingans, just south
of it, and has done, probably, more pork packing than any other establishment.
These, and all the pork houses of the city will be noticed more fully in the chapter
assigned to that subject. In 1868 Mr. Valentine Butsch and Mr. Dickson bought
Miller's half finished block on Illinois and Ohio streets, and changed it into a large,
commodious and beautiful theatre, inferior to few in the largest cities, and called
it the Academy of Music. It was opened in the winter of 1868-69. It will be
noticed more fully in the chapter upon "Amusements." In 1868, 1869 and 1870,
the ceremony, first instituted by the women of the South, of decorating the graves
of soldiers with flowers on the 30th of May, was observed here, in 1869, especially,
with a degree of unanimity never witnessed since the end of the Fourth of Jnly
celebrations. It was conducted by the ladies, under the suggestion of the Society
of the Grand Army of the Kepublic, and was made a holiday by the entire com-
munity.

In the spring of 1868 the heirs of Calvin Fletcher, Sr., who died in 1866,
proposed to donate to the city thirty acres of land, at its northeastern corner,
for a park, upon condition that it should be forever kept as a park, that $30,000
should be expended upon it within a given time, and the heirs be allowed to
designate one of the commissioners to improve it. For no better reason than a
belief that the donation was prompted by a desire to draw fashionable residences in
that direction, and thus enhance the value of the vast tract of Fletcher property
in the vicinity, the proposal was declined. Parks have been made in the old Fair
Ground and University Square, however, and though far too inadequate, they will
be a great relief to the monotony of walls and pavements. The Military Park, as
it is called, is finely laid out with walks and drives, entirely covered with luxuriant
grass, studded with some fine old trees, and recently set with plenty of young ones,
and has a large basin in the centre, with a fountain spouting from, and tumbling its
waters down upon, an imitation of a natural rocky summit, which rises out of the
little lake. George Merritt, the Commissioner, has the merit of the laying out of
this park. Last summer a band of music performed there on Thursday evenings
and were paid by subscriptions obtained mainly by the efforts of Mr. Henry E.
(9)

130 nOLlOWATB INDIANAPOLIS.

Church, who had the concerts in his charge. It is a place of constant resort, and
will become more a necessity as the city grows.

la 1867 a new rolling mill company was formed, and a mill built as soon as
practicable afterwards, to roll bar, rod and ordinary merchantable iron. It was
controlled by Dr. Winslow 8. Pierce and Jas. H. McKernan. It did well for a
time, but failed in a year or less, and was bought by Messrs. Butsch and Dickson,
who, after running it successfully for a few months, sold it to a company mainly
composed of German citizens. Steel rails and bars have been made in it of excel-
lent quality. In 1869 a company of six German residents was formed to make
glassware here. In the fall and winter their building was erected and furnace pre-
pared, and they began blowing bottles, vials and fruit jars, with such entire success
that they soon got an order from Philadelphia for $40,000 worth of fruit jars. The
sand was brought at first from the Fall Creek bluffs, near Pendleton, and was a
friable sand-stone needing to be "stamped" to be used, but latterly river sand has
been successfully used, and is cheaper. During the past summer they have erected
another blowing house, and have just put up an extensive warehouse for the stor-
age of their goods. The works cover nearly a half square on Kentucky avenue
and Merrill street. During the spring and summer of 1870 the County Board, with
the assistance of a considerable sum subscribed by the citizens interested, erected
a handsome iron bridge over the river, at the foot of the extension of Merrill street,
near the old cemetery. Each span will bear without risk seventy-five tons, or a
great deal more than will ever be piled upon it. During the past year Mercer,
Nash & Co. have erected buildings and begun operations in making car wheels on
Merrill street, north of the new rolling mill. They began with ten wheels a day, but
are now making eighteen. They have more demands than they can fill.

The two chief improvements of the city, since the introduction of gas and
street railways water supply and sewerage are now in progress, and belong to
the year 1870. The first, as already noticed, was a project of several years standing.
It became a reality during the winter of 1869. The sketch of the struggle through
which it passed need not be repeated here. <It is enough to say that it was strenu-
ously, and not altogether disinterestedly, resisted, mainly on the ground that it was
merely a "feich'' to enable the owners of the canal to force its sale upon the city
at their own price. It was to supply the water for distribution as well as for motive
power, and with the system once established, it would be indispensable, let its price
be what it might. The water company met this charge by proposing Co take water
for distribution from wells supplied by percolation from the river, to use the canal
only for motive power, and even for that only as the alternative of steam, binding
themselves to maintain both, and the steam at all events ; and, finally, if the city
wished in time to buy the works, the canal should not be included. These proposi-
tions demolished all objections and the charter was granted.

The sewerage system had been suggested scores of times in the past score of
years, but in 1865 three engineers, James W". Brown, Frederick Stein and Lazarus
B. Wilson, were appointed by the Council to devise a general system and make the
necessary surveys. In 1868 a tax of fifteen cents was levied for sewerage purposes,
and a small sewer constructed on Kay street, from Delaware street to the creek, into
which it-empties a square east of West street. It cost $16,500. A year after an at-
tempt was made to construct a sewer on South street, but the plan of it was objected to,
injunctions obtained against it, and it was abandoned. During the winter of 1869-70
Mr. Moses Lane, an eminent engineer, who has made sewerage a specialty, was invited
by the Committee on. Public Improvements to examine the city with reference to its

SEWERAGE COUBT BOUSE.

drainage, and after a survey of a few days, he furnished a plan (charging the trifling
sum of $1,800 therefor), which was adopted, and contracts let in the summer for a
trunk sewer from Washington street to the river on Kentucky avenue, on South
street from Kentucky avenue to Noble street, down Noble to Fletcher avenue, at the
city boundary, and on Illinois street from Washington to South. The sewer on Illi-
nois street is in progress, and is laid of heavy drain pipe. The trunk sewer is eight
feet in diameter, faced at the river with dressed stone, provided with " man holes "
for each square, and " catch basins '' at all street crossings to collect the gutter water
and clean it of sediment before allowing it to enter the sewer, It is made of brick,
three widths of a brick (a foot) thick, laid in hydraulic cement, and plastered
heavily with cement on the outside as it is finished. The work, so far, has been
admirably done. The contractors are Wirth & Co., of Cincinnati. It was pub-
licly charged, while the contracts were pending under a motion to reconsider the
letting, thai corruption had been used to obtain support, and overcome the differ-
ence in favor of the bids of Symonds, Hyland & Co., of this city, but as the con-
tract was confirmed, and the work energetically begun and thoroughly well done,
the affair was dropped and nothing came of it but a good deal of newspaper objur-
gation. The contracts now unfinished amount to about $180,000.

In the winter of 1870 large "additions " of some of the best built parts of the
city were made by the Council, against the strong protests of the residents, who
wanted to enjoy city advantages without paying city taxes. Something like two
thousand inhabitants were added by this accession. It embraced a large section of
suburban villas on the north, south, west and east. An attempt to do this in 1865
was defeated.

In 1870 preparations were made for the erection of the new Court House.
Many objections were made to the plan (shown in the illustration), as too costly ;
many complaints were made of the attempt of the Commissioners to secure a heavy
loan to build it; an injunction was obtained prohibiting them from issuing the bonds
as they proposed; and many wanted the south half of the Square sold (for it would
have brought an immense sum), and the proceeds applied to the erection of a house
on the north half. Nobody seemed entirely satisfied, but so many were dissatisfied
with different features that no opposition could be made effective, and the work was
" placed on the stocks " about as the County Board designed itl The old house
associated with the history of the State from 1825 to 1835, and with that of the city
during nearly its whole career, was torn down, and the excavation of the cellar
begun. A description is unnecessary, as the admirable engraving will give a bet-
ter idea of the completed structure than any description could do. The Reforma-
tory School for Females, authorized by the Legislature in 1869, has been com-
menced just beyond the eastern boundary of the city, near the National road, and
will soon be one of the most attractive edifices we have. It is intended to be for
girls what the House of Refuge is for boys. The latter, authorized by the act of
1865, is now in full operation at Plainfield, fifteen miles west of the Capital. It
has over 200 inmates, managed upon the "Family system," and is successful beyond
all anticipation. It is under the experienced superintendence of Mr. Frank B.
Ainsworth.

THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT FIRE DEPARTMENT POLICE.

history of the Government of Indianapolis, like the general history, may be
divided into four periods. 1st. The period from the first settlement to 1832.
This, to make a pardonable '-bull," was the period of "No Municipal Govern-
ment," the general laws of the State, and the officers created by them, sufficing for
the limited necessities of the village. 2d. The period of "Trustee Government,"
from 1832 to 1838, when the town was managed by five Trustees. 3d. The
period 'of " Town Government," by the Council alone, from 1838 to 1847. 4th. The
period of "City Government," with a Mayor and Council, from 1847 to this time.
Several minor changes in each of these periods will be briefly noticed. Of the first
period nothing need be said.

Second. The first incorporation was resolved upon by a meeting of citizens held
t the Court House on the 3d of September, 1832, and the day for an election fixed-
It was made under the general law, not by a special act. Five Trustees were elected
by a general vote, and the town divided into five wards, all contained within the
original plat. The 1st Ward embraced all east of Alabama street ; 2d, from
Alabama to Pennsylvania; 3d, from Pennsylvania to Meridian this single tract of
a square in width shows where the densest portion of the town lay ; 4th, from
Meridian to Tennessee ; 5th, from Tennessee westward. Samuel Henderson, whose
death in California was recently announced, was elected by the Board of Trustees
as their first President. A general ordinance of portentous length (thirty-seven
s-ections) for the magnitude of the town, was published on the 1st of December.
Offenders were prosecuted by the Board, in its own name, before Justices of the
Peace, and proceedings were required to be commenced within twenty days.
Licenses were required for shows and liquor shops, and the usual prohibitions were
made of dangerous or disturbing acts, either of omission or commission, such as
firing guns, flying kites, this latter little regarded and never enforced racing
horses, driving over walks, there were none in those days that could be injured
much leaving cellar doors open, teams unhitched, hogs at large, wood piles on
"Washington street over twelve hours, or shavings anywhere over two days ; keeping
stallions on "Washington street, and the like. Markets were held on Wednesdays
and Saturdays, for two hours after daylight, regulated by a special ordinance
enforced by a Market Master. Hucksters were prohibited. Elections were held in
September. The officers were President, Clerk, Treasurer, Assessor, Marshal and
Market Master. On the 5th of February, 1836, the Legislature, by special act,
incorporated the town and legalized the work of the Trustees. Taxes were limited
to fifty cents on the hundred dollars of real estate, and their collection to' the origi-
nal town plat, though the whole donation was under the jurisdiction of the Trustees'
No other change of any consequence was made. In the settlement of the old and
the new Board, April 1st, 1836, the receipts for the year preceding were shown to

CHANGES IN THE CITY GOVERNMENT.

be $1,610, and the expenses $1,486, of which $1,150 was paid on the first fire engine,
the Marion. The balance, $124 was passed to the new administration.

Third. On the 16th of February, 1838, a new act of incorporation was passed
by the Legislature, making no change in the power of taxation, or its limit of appli-
cation, but authorizing sales of property for delinquent taxes, and increasing the
wards to six. The first three were left unchanged, with Alabama, Pennsylvania
and Meridian streets as boundaries, but the 4th was cut off at Illinois street, making
it, like the third, a single block in width, across the plat; the 5th was limited to
Mississippi street, and the 6th extended from Mississippi westward. The principal
change was in the election and power of the President, and the constitution of the
Council. The former was chosen by a popular vote, the members of the latter by
the votes of their respective wards, and both for a year. The President had a
Justice's jurisdiction, and the Marshal a Constable's. The Council was empowered
to borrow money, levy taxes, (up to a half per cent, on realty), establish licenses
&c., and the members were paid $12 per year. The other town officers were elected'
as before, by the Council. The new Government differed, essentially, but little
from the present City Government. It opened the four streets bounding the origi-
nal plat, elected officers, and arranged the fire department, licenses, &c.

Fourth. On the 13th of February, 1847, a city charter was granted by the Legis-
lature, and adopted by a vote of 449 to 19, on the 27th day of March. A free
school tax was authorized by about the same vote at the same time. This charter
created seven wards, which remained unchanged till the addition of the 8th and 9th
in 1861. The new arrangement divided the town, including the whole donation east
of the river, by Washington street. The section north of the line was divided into
four wards by Alabama, Meridian and Mississippi streets, the numbers running from
east to west; the section south was divided into three wards by Illinois and Dela-
ware streets, the numbers running from west to east. Elections were held in April.
The Mayor was elected by popular vote every two years, and one Councilman from
each ward every year. The former had the jurisdiction of a Justice as before, with
a veto upon the acts of the Council. The latter elected their own President and all
other officers, and were paid $24 per year. They could not levy a tax exceeding
fifteen cents on the hundred dollars, except by authority from the people, given
in a special election. Samuel Henderson, the first ^President of the Town
Board of Trustees, was elected the first Mayor. This charter remained essen-
tially unchanged till 1853. The limit to the power of taxation was found to be mis-
chievous, and a proposition was made to remove it, but without effect, in 1852. In
March, 1853, the general charter law was adopted by the city. This changed elec-
tions to May, where they have since remained, made the terms of all offices a single
year, gave two Couucilmen to each ward, and all elections to the people, and made
the Mayor the President of the Council, as he has since continued to be. In 1857.
March 16th, the amended general charter, passed by the Legislature, was adopted,
This made the terms of all officers two years, one half the Council going out every
year. In 1859 the general charter was again amended so as to make the terms of
Councilmen four instead of two years. In 1861, the 1st Ward was divided, and the
9th made of the eastern half, and the 7th divided, the 8th being formed of the east-
ern section. The Councilmen were elected from the new wards, but political influ.
ences, supported by alleged defects in the election, kept them excluded for sev-
eral months. On the 20th of December, 1865, this charter gave place to another,
which made all terms of office two years, allowed the office of Auditor, and gave the
election of Auditor, Assessor, Attorney and Engineer to the Council. On the 14th

134

SOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

of March, 1867, this was again changed so as to make a City Judge, and give the
election of Mayor, Clerk, Marshal, Treasurer, Assessor, and Judge to the people.
John N. Scott was elected City Judge, in May, 1867, and served two years. John
G. Waters was elected City Auditor, at the creation of the office, and served four
years. Both offices were abolished in 1869, the duties of Judge being transferred
to the Mayor, and those of Auditor to the Clerk. The minor offices, as Sexton,
Printer, Clerk of Markets, Wood Measurer, and the like, are filled by the Council.
The following tables of officers under the various forms of municipal govern"
ment, are taken from Mr. Brown's work. They are incomplete simply because the
city records were all burned up in 1851, and have been but indifferently kept the
greater part of the time since. A good deal of inquiry and investigation have elic-
ited nothing more than he has collected:

TRUSTEES FROM 1832 TO 1838.

Year

1st Ward.

2d Ward.

3d Ward.

4th Ward.

5th Ward.

1832

John Wilkins

Henry P. Coburn

John G. Brown

Sam'l Henderson

Sam'l Merrill

1833

i >i

n

Sam'l Henderson

John Cain

t<

1834

Alex F. Morrison

L. Dunlap

Joseph Lefevre

J. Van Blaricum

Nath'ICox

1835

.las. M. Smith

Jos. Lefevre

Chas. Campbell

H. Griffith

N. B. Palmer

1836

G. M. Lockerbie

John Foster

Sam'l Merrill

11 it

John L. Young

1837

Lost

Joshua Soule

Lost

Lout

Lost

The town authorities, during this period, had little to do, and could have done
but little if they had been charged with more. The streets were lumpy with
stumps. Trees were still standing full sized in many of them a little way from
Washington street. Mud-holes, circumvented by roundabout tracks close to the
fences, and by foot-passengers by climbing along fences past the deepest places?
were common. The remains of more than one or a dozen of these may still be
detected by a heavy rain. The "ravines" tore through the town in two fierce tor-
rents in wet seasons, flooding houses and lots from New Jersey street to the river.
The southern one, of which some marks may still be seen east of Alabama street,
near the present City Hall, and near the river at Kingan's pork house, was the
largest; but the northern one, which left marks from east of Mr. Hervey Bates'
residence along down to the West Market, did more mischief, as it ran through a
more densely populated section. The valley of Pogue's Creek was a swamp and
thicket, and all south of it was " country." Much north of it, to Maryland street, was
made up of corn fields and cow pastures. There were no sidewalks and no improve-
ments that amounted to anything.

TABLE OF TOWN OFFICERS.

135

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136

HOLLOWAY'8 INDIANAPOLIS.

Besides these more important offices, there were several others, either filled
many years by the same men or only temporarily filled, which can be presented in
this note. The office of Market Master or Clerk was filled for the first five years,
till 1837, by Fleming T. Luse, a cabinet maker, whose shop formerly stood where
the Branch of the State Bank Building is. It was subsequently held for nine years,
from 1837 to 1845, by J. Wormagen. During 1845 it was held by J. Wormagen
for the Bast and Jacob Miller for the West Market, and in 1846 by Miller for the
West, and J. B. Fitler for the East. The office of " Collector" was held by the
Marshal till 1844, with the exception of the year 1837, when it was held by Wm.
Smith. From \1844, to the change in the charter, it was held by Henry D. Ohr.
During two jears, 1834 and 1837, James Morrison was City Attorney. In 1838 the
office was held by Hugh O'Neal, and in 1846 by John L. Ketcham. It was not so
much an office as an occasional appointment. The office of Weighmaster was
held by John F. Eamsey in 1836, and by Adam Haugh from 1840 till the change
of the charter. There was no Sexton till 1843. John Musgrove was the first, suc-
ceeded in 1844 by John O'Connor, and he again by Musgrove in the two following
years, till the City Government came in. Thomas M. Smith was made Fire Engi-
neer in 1846, but the office expired with the charter, and was not renewed till 1853.
The "Messengers" of the Fire Companies were officers selected to take charge of
the apparatus, and were, for the Marion, David Cox, from 1843 to 1846, and for the
(Stood Intent, Jacob B. Fitler, for 1845 and 1846.

CITY OFFICERS FROM 1847 TO 1871.

The office of President of the Council is omitted from this list, because it was
little more than nominal, and was abolished by the Amended Charter of 1852. It
was held successively by Samuel S. Hooker, C. W. Cady, (both in 1847,) Geo. A.
Chapman, Wm. Eckert, A. A. Louden and D. V. Culley, (both in 1850,) and by
D. V. Culley till abolished.

Year.

Mayor.

Clerk.

Treasurer.

Marshal.

Engineer.

1847

Sam'l Henderson

James 6. Jordan

f Nathan Lister

Wm. Campbell

James Wood Sr.

1 Henry Ohr

1848

" "

ii

James Greer

John Bishop

1849

H. C. Newcomb

/

J. H. Kennedy

Sims A. Colley

1J. T. Roberts

1850

(i it

ii ii

John S. Spann

Benj. Pilbean

1851

Caleb Scudder

D. B. Culley

A. F. Shortridge

Sims A. Colley

1852

" "

ii ii

ii ii

Elisha McNeely

1853

" "

II <!

1C 1C

Benj. Pilbean

1854

James McCready

Jas. N. Sweetser

" "

n ii

1855

" "

Alfred Stevens

H. Vandegrift

Geo. W. Pitts

Amzi B. Condit

1856

fH. F. West
I W. J. Wallace

I Fred. Stela

Francis King

Jeff. Springsteen

D. B. Hosbrook

1857

ii

Geo. H. West

ii ii

ii ii

Cl II

1858

S. D. Maxwell

John G. Waters

J. M. Jameson

Aug. D. Rose

James Wood

1859-60

(i 11

1C II

II 1C

Jett. Springsteen

11 1C

1861-62

<{ 11

< II

J. K. English

f D. W. Loucks

f " "

\ Jno. Unversaw

\ James Wood Jr.

1863-U4

John Caven

C. S. Butterfield

II 1C

ii ii

Cl 11

1805-66

11 H

it it

W. H. Craft

ii ii

f "

( Joshua Staples

1867-GS

Daniel McCauley

D. M. Ransdell

Robert S. Foster

II 1C

K. M. Patterson

1869-70

tt ti

C< II

George Taffe

ci *.

TABLE OF CITY OFFICERS.

137

Year.

Attorney.

Assessor.

Street Comm'r.

Market Master.

Sexton.

1847

{A. M.Carnahan

Joshua Black

Jacob B. Pitler

fS. Barbee

Benj. F. Lobaugh

N. B. Taylor

(Jacob Miller

1848

Win. B. Greer

Charles I. Hand

John Bishop

ii ii

Jos. I. Stretcher

1849

Edwin Cobnrn

Henry Ohr

George W. Pitts

ii it

ii u

1850

Wm. Wallace

Samuel P. Daniels

G. Youngerman

i it

None

1851

Albert G. Porter

L.Vallandingham

Joseph Butsch

u it

Phillip Socks

1852

"

Jacob S. Allen

Hugh Slaven

ii

it ii

1853

N. B. Taylor

Mat. Little

Wm. Hughey

Henry Ohr

ii u

1854

u

John G. Waters

ii ii

Jacob Miller

George BisMng

1855

it ii

Jas. H. Kennedy

Jacob B. Filler

Richard Weeks

John Moffitt

1856

John T. Morrison

John B. Stumph

ii ii

Gco. W. Harlan

A. Lingenfelter

1857

Benj. Harrison

ii ii

Henry Colestock

Richard Weeks

John Moffitt

1858

Samuel V. Morris

D. L. Merriman

ii ii

Charles John

ii ii

1859-60

Byron K. Elliott

B. W. Robinson

ii ii

.1 ii

Garris'n W.AIlred

1861-62

Jas. N. Sweetser

John B. Stumph

John A. Colestock

Thomas J. Foos

11 ii

1863-64

Richard J . Ryan

r ,i

John M. Kemper

J. J. Wenner

ii ii

t Wm. Hadley

1865-66

Byron K. Elliott

ii u

August Richter

Charles Joan

u u

1867-68

" U

ii u

II 11

Sampson Barbee

u u

1869-70

ii u

11 ii

August Brumer

G. B. Thompson

Elisha Hedges

Year.

%
Fire Engineer.

Seal'rW'ts&M's.

Prinler.

Chief Police.

1847

None

None

None

None

1848

M

M

1849

H

"

1850

"

"

1851

Sl's'm'n & Loc'm'tve

1852

I'

Senlinei & "

1853

Joseph Little

Joseph W. Davis

Locomolive

Jeff. Springsteen

1854

Jacob B. Filler

John T. Williams

Elder & Harkness

"

1855

Chas. W.Purcell

ii ii

Charles G. Berry

ii

1856

Samuel Keeley

H. J. Kelley

Larrabee & Cot torn

f J .M . VanBlaricum

\ Chas. G. Warner

1857

Andrew Wallace

J. M. Jameson

Journal Company

Auguslin D. Rose

1858

Joseph W. Davis

J. G. Hanning

ii ii

Samuel Lefevre

1859-60

f J. E. Foudray

C. S. Butterfleld

u u

Auguslin D. Rose

(. Jos. W. Davis

1861-62

ii ii

James Loucks

it 11

f u ii

( Thos. A. Ramsey

1863-64

Chas. Richmann

u it

Ellis Barnes

/Thomas D. Amos

\Davirt Powell

1865-66

u ii

f "

James G. Douglass

Jesse Vn Blaricum

(.Joseph Bishop

1867-68

f G.W.Buchanan

Aug. Bruner

11 ii

Thomas S. Wilson

I Chas. Richmann

1869-70

11 ii

Sam. B. Morris

f " "

f " "

Daniel Glazier.

t M. G. Lee

( Henry Paul

In the list of Printers, Ellis Barnes and James G. Douglass are substitutes for
the Journal proprietors. The office of Weigh Master was created in 1847, and first
filled by John Patton. From 1848 it was held by Adam Haugh till 1855. It has
not been filled since.

138 HOLLOW ATTB INDIANAPOLIS.

TABLE OF VOTES, TAXABLES, RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES,

Year.

Vote.

Taxables.

Receipts.

Expenses.

Str'ts <fcc

FireD'p.

Police.

Gas.

Salaries

1847
1850
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871

468
1,143
1,300
1,460
2,012
2,690
2,776
3,300
3,343
3,390

$1,000,000
2,326,185

5,131,682

$4,000
9,237

10,096
20,500

27,889
32,697

59,168
87,262
84,508
79,132
97,119
125,011
597,831
409,704
445,253
431,669
426,586
429,355

$4,800
7,554

7,030
20,000

46,105
31,003

56,442
80,172
84,508
79,132
97,487
156,444
854,391
404,713
331,525
224,941
234,408
405,016

810,232
11,353
16,249
12,510
12,668
21.202
21,612
20,332
27,207
33,049
24,327
35,925

$4,882
5,986
6,300
9,693
10,687
18,473
27.990
23,416
37,511
27,509
27,194
23,633

$4,771
6,445
7,648
8,966
10,988
12,505
15,220
3,051
38,164
37,100
29,423
29,946

$10,180
10,662
11,524
12,040
14,618
9,638
17,452
27,528
15,183

9,146,670
9,874,700
10,475,000
7,146,607
10,700,000

28,790
15,653
2,744
18,809
33,222
20,240
33,880
52,186
36,018
31,804
62,410

3,468

10,250,000
18,578.683
19,723,732
20,913,274
24,835,750
25,500,605
24,000,000
22,000,000
24,656,460
30,000,000

2,889

2,341

6,135

5,640

There was paid for jail fees, the city having no prison of its own, in 1863,
$2,842; 1864, $5,509; 1865, $7,686; 1866, $11,113; 1867, $8,116; 1868, $6,336;
1869, $2,871; 1870, $4,197. Bounties paid in 1863, $5,010; 1864, $35,155; 1865,
$718,179; 1866, $151,197; 186T $70,575.

*

MAYOR'S VOTE SINCE 1859.

Tear.

Republican.

Democrat.

Rep.
Maj.

1859

Samuel D. Maxwell

1,895

. 1,495

400

1861

Samuel D. Maxwell

2,076

James R. Bracken

.. 1,390

686

1863

2,899

2,899

1865

John Caren

2,341

No Opposition

2,341

1867

3,317

B 0. Shaw

2 818

499

1869

Daniel Macauley

... 2,843

John Fishback, (Independent)...

.. 2,797

4G

BUILDINGS.

Previous to 1865 there are no data upon which to base even an estimate of the
value of the buildings annually erected in the city. But in 1864 a Board of Public
Improvements was appointed by the Council, a permit from which was required for
every building, the estimated cost of which was given. The first report was in
1865.

Year.

No. Houses
b'lt&rp'rd.

Value.

Miles Str'ts.

Cost.

Miles Sidew'ks.

Cost.

Bridges.

1865

1,621

$1,860,000

10

22

1866

1,112

1,065,000

9

18

1867

747

902,520

5

11

1868
1869
1870

530
720
840

805,796
947,086
1,213,879

4%

Cj|
10

$27,172
40,740
147,813

ft

*>S

74-5

$10,058
26,669
37,893

$2,332
1,684
19,693

ORIGIN OF FIRE DEPARTMENT.
CITY SALARIES.

139

Mayor 83 000

.. $800

Fire Engineer 81,400 00

Clerk 1 800

... 500

Chief of Police 1,400 00

Marshal Fees and 600

Street Commissioner

.. 1,400
2 000

Lieut. Police. ..per day 3 50
Market Clerk 600 00

Dep'ty Marsh'l, Fees and 600
Treasurer. ..1% per cent, and 5
per cent, on distraints

.. 1,800

Sexton Fees and 5000

.. Fees

Sealer VV'ts & Meas'rs, Fees

THE FIRE DEPARTMENT.

The first organization for protection from fires was made on the 20th of June,
1826, with John Hawkins as President, and James M. Ray as Secretary. Its
implements were ladders, axes and buckets, and the church and hotel bells rang the
alarm. The first regular fire buckets were curiosities. They were made in the
town, of heavy harness leather, painted green inside, bound with a leather-covered
rope around the mouth, handled by a leather strap for a bail, and shaped somewhat
like a lager beer keg, bigger in the middle than anywhere else. They held a half
bushel or thereabouts. The town ordinance required one or more to be kept in
every house, and the owners name to be painted upon them. Their awkward shape
made them of little value for use directly upon a fire, for with the narrow mouth,
obstructed by a broad strap, it was impossible to throw more than a third or half
of .the contents out at once, and the effort usually resulted in deluging the enthu-
siast who made it. But they did well enough to supply engines, by means of lines
of men who passed them full, from hand to hand, from the nearest pump to the
engine, while an opposite line passed them back empty, and about all the service
they ever did was in this way. Resort was occasionally had to this primitive water
upply where there was no cistern or accessible well, till three or four years before
the adoption of steam fire engines in 1860. The best service of bucket lines was
done at the fire in the Washington Hall, in February, 1843.

The Legislature, on the 7th of February, 1835, authorized the State Treas-
urer to procure twenty buckets, for fire purposes, and suitable ladders, and to pay
half the cost of a fire engine if the citizens would pay the other half. The citizens
on the 12th met and requested the Trustees to subscribe the money, and levy a tax to
pay it, an d the Bucket Company was reorganized as the Marion Fire, Hose and Pro-
tection Company. The engine, the Marion, was bought in the Summer and brought
here in September. It was an "end-brake," made by Merrick, of Philadelphia, and
was never surpassed, or fairly equalled, by any of the costly " machines" afterwards
purchased. It was permanently housed in 1837, in a two story frame house on the
north side of the Circle. The Council subsequently sat in the upper room. The house
was carelessly guarded, and often used by prostitutes, and in 1851, after haying been
on fire once or twice before, it was burned, with the city records in it. The fire
was attributed to the members of the Company, at the time, and their resentment
at being required to "put up" with so shabby an affair was the supposed motive.
It is certain that many of them refused to work when ordered by their captain, and
other companies did what was done, but it may be fairly doubted whether they did
more than entertain a decided dispositon to see it go. In 1855 a brick house was
built on the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and New York street, and in July, 1858,
a splendid new "side-brake" engine was purchased, but never did much service,
The town of Peru bought it, in April, 1860, for $2,130. The first officers and
members of the Marion Company were the most prominent and respectable citizens

140 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

of the place. Caleb Scudder was the first Captain. He was succeeded by James
Blake, John L. Mothershead, and other leading citizens. But in a few years the
town grew larger, and the members of the Company grew older and more indis-
posed to run long and work hard, and younger blood took their places. By 1848i
they had all become " honoraries," and passed practically from the Company.
After serving ten years, a member was entitled to claim his "honorary certificate,''
which gave him to all the privileges of a fireman, such as exemption from city
taxes, and from service in the militia and upon juries, without any obligation to pay
dues or do duties, and in 1845-6 this limited time of the founders of the Company
expired. A considerable change was then made in its composition. It became less
respectable, and a good deal more efficient. In 1859 it, like all the other compa'
nies, became dissatisfied with Chief Engineer Davis, and the Council, strongly
disposed anyhow to introduce steam apparatus and paid firemen, was not at all
urgent to have it kept up, and it was disbanded February, 1860, after a life of a
quarter of a century.

In 1841, the Marion Company divided, and the seceders took the " Good Intent,''
a second-hand engine, of rather uncertain quality, which had, from the Spring of
1840, been kept and used with the Marion. The new Company, afterwards known
as the Independent Relief, like the old one, was made up of the best citizens, but
with a rather larger infusion of " fast " men than the old one. It was changed
with the same steps as the other. John H. Wright, the first merchant who opened
a "cash store" here, and the first to begin pork packing systematically, was the
first Captain. In 1849 the old engine was taken by a new company and replaced
by a sort of "row-boat" apparatus, then in the flush of its ephemeral glory, and
the " boys " for a long time made vigorous rivalry with the Mai-ions. But they were
beaten usually, for their engine " took water " badly, and had nearly always to be
"primed," a process that lost time and gave their vigorous rivals an advantage
never thrown away. In August, 1858, they raised some money by subscription to
buy another engine, and the Council helped them, and this, an end-brake, they used
till they were disbanded in November, 1859. They had a severe controversy with
the city about their apparatus, but in February gave up everything except their
old "row-boat," which they broke up and sold the following Spring. Their house
was a two story brick on the west side of Meridian street, in Hubbard's block.
Its upper room was used by the Fire Association, as well as by the Company.

In November, 1849, the Western Liberties Company was organized, and took
the old " Good Intent." They kept it in a small frame house, on the point between
the National road and Washington street, and used a big triangle for a bell. In
1857 the brick building on the south side of Washington street, west of West street,
was erected for them, and a new engine, the Indiana, given them. The Company
was disbanded in 1859, and the engine sold.

The " Invincibles," usually called " Wooden Shoes " by the older companies,
organized in May, 1852, and obtained a little iron box engine, called the " Victory,"
with which, being light and easily handled, and their numbers strong, they did
good work, and made good time -to fires in all parts of the city. In March, 1857,
they got a new engine, the Conqueror, and used it till they were disbanded in Au-
gust, 1859. Their house was on the east side of New Jersey street, a half square
north of Washington. After the inauguration of the Paid Department, in 1860, the
Invincibles formed part of it for a few months. They were then finally disbanded,
and their engine sold to Fort Wayne.

The Union Company was organized in 1855, and a handsome house built for

COMPANIES FIRE ASSOCIATION.

the year following, on South street, between Delaware and Alabama. In
April, 1 856, a first class engine, called the " Spirit of 7 and 6," a name the significance
of which is about as hard to guess as the interpretation of the " arrow-head i7
inscriptions of Nineveh, was purchased for them. The Company was disbanded
in November, 1859. A fruitless effort was made to reorganize it in the Paid Depart,
ment next year, and the engine was taken at $600 in part pay for the steam engine
since stationed in their house.

A Company called the " Rovers " was organized in the northwestern part of the
city, in March, 1858, a house and one of the old engines given them, and measures
taken to procure them a new engine, but before it had reached the stage 1 of efficient
existence the old volunteer system was tottering, and nothing was done. The
Company was disbanded in June, 1859, and the house sold the year after.

The "Hook and Ladder Company" was organized in 1843, and did good service
till the 14th of November, 1859, when they were disbanded with the other compa-
nies. A one story brick* house was built for them on the west end of the East
Market space.

Besides these regular companies, there were two companies of boys, the "OK
Bucket Company," and the " Young America Hook and Ladder Company." The
former was organized in December, 1849, and did good service in providing buckets
for "lines" to supply the engines, and in keeping do-wn or extinguishing fires in
the start. They used the old buckets for a time, but were Soon supplied with a
neat light wagon and new buckets by the Council. Their house was on the north-
east corner of Meridian and Maryland streets, where the Opera House was after-
wards built. They were disbanded in 1854, but reorganized next year for a little
while, and then, being finally disbanded, changed to a sort of Engine Company,
and, in 1857, were given the " Victory," the little iron engine first used by the
"Jnvincible" Company. The young " Hook and Ladder " Company got their
apparatus in June, 1858, but did little, and were disbanded November, 1859.

There was never any effective separation of Engine and Hose Companies.
Each engine had its own hose reel, and for a long time the members served indiffer-
ently with either apparatus. Hose Directors were especially assigned, but they
were under the command of the Captain of the Company. In the latter years of
the system, a separation was partially effected, and members were classed as
"engine "and "hose" men, but separate organizations, houses and service never
existed. The officers were, usually, the Captain, Secretary, Treasurer, two Engine
Directors, two Hose Directors, a Messenger, and a "suction hose" man, the last a
position rather than an office, assigned to the most experienced member, as much of
the efficiency of an engine depended on the accuracy and rapidity of the "suction ''
man's work. The " Messenger " kept the apparatus in order, looked to the repairs
of hose and the like, and was paid about $50 a year by the Council the only office
with a salary. It was usually held by a mechanic acquainted with the construction
of engines.

Until about 1852 or 1853, the annual cost of the volunteer system was slight
and made up of hose repairs, occasional repainting of apparatus, and similar expen-
ses, but after that time larger demands were made, the independent character of
the companies was changed, and they became less associations of citizens for a
special purpose, and more a sort of gratuitous servants of the Council. There was
no union or co-operation among them, however, and the consequences were some-
times mischievous. In 1853 it was determined to subject them to a common author-
ity, and the office of Chief Fire Engineer was created. Joseph Little was first

HOLLOW AY* B INDIANAPOLIS.

appointed to it, with B. R. Sulgrove as First Assistant, and William King as Second
Assistant. Obedience to these officers was the condition of appropriations by the
Council, and refractory companies were ruled by the fear of being left to bear their
own expenses. To enable them to exert their power most effectively, and counter-
check the despotism of the purse in the hands of the Council, the Fire Association
was organized in 1856, with B. R. Sulgrove as the first President. This body was
composed of delegates from each company, and held its meetings in the hall of the
Relief Company on Meridian street. Its existence and functions were recognized
by the Council, and it became the authoritative representative of a very large
active and politically formidable body of about four hundred voters. No appro-
priations were made to companies but upon its recommendation, and all company
action that affected the general interests of the Department was subjected to its
supervision. It was, in fact, the Legislature, as the Engineer was the Executive, of
the Fire Department. For a time its business was well conducted. But its polit-
ical power was too obvious to allow it to remain free from partisan solicitations,
and the tenacity with which the firemen stuck to each other made its authority even
more formidable than it appeared. From the time the companies began to assume
closer relations with the Council, they began to act together in certain elections
which they deemed concerned them most directly, and, until the system began to
fail in 1858, they were virtually conceded the office of city clerk. Daniel B. Cul-
ley, of the Marion, held the office three successive years, from 1851 to 1853. Ja3.
N. Sweetser, of the Marion, next took it, then Alfred Stevens, of the Relief, for
two years dying in the last half of the second year, and succeeded by Fred. Stein,
and then it was given to Geo. H. West, of the Marion. The Fire Association con-
centrated and directed this feeling of fraternity, and as its power became more
apparent, its demands became more exorbitant. The Council felt that it had taken
an ''Old Man of the Sea" on its back, and the citizens murmured at the unaccus-
tomed expense. Power and money produced their inevitable effects, and the Asso-
ciation, in its second year, showed signs of internal discord and unmanageable
jealousies. The Presidency began to be intrigued for, and measures canvassed out-
side and "log-rolled" for, with about as little moderation and not much more hon-
esty than is seen in the Legislature or Congress. More than one violent disruption
was attempted, and reconciliations were not easily made. At last the crash came
with the election of Joseph W. Davis, formerly Captain of the " Invincibles," as
Chief Fire Engineer, in 1858. He had been a prominent, active and peremptory
member of the Association, with decided opinions, strong prejudices, and no partic-
ular disposition to conceal either. Of course he was liked heartily by those who
agreed'vrith him, and cordially disliked by everybody else, and the latter were by
far the stronger party. Nothing but the union of the firemen had preserved their
power so long, for the city was restive under their burthen, and now their union
was broken. It was evident that the volunteer system was approaching its end.
An attempt was made the year following. 1859, to restore harmony and efficiency
by the election of John E. Foudray, who had never been a fireman, or had not for
many years been actively connected with any company, and was therefore free from
the partialities imputed to Mr. Davis; but a few months showed that the disease
was incurable. The city had grown so large, and steam engines had been made so
light, that the stage of fitness of one to the other was reached, and in August, 1859,
the Council declared against the volunteer, and proposed to establish a paid, depart-
ment, with steam apparatus, which, as Miles G-reenwood, First Chief Engineer of
Cincinnati under the paid system, used to say, possessed the valuable quality of

PAID STEAM DEPARTMENT.

"neither drinking whisky nor throwing brick-bats." On the 4th of September the
Committee on the Fire Department reported in favor of the purchase of a small
steam engine, and the sale of the " Belief " and "Good Intent." A Latta engine
was exhibited here in the latter part of September, but it was thought too heavy
for our unimproved streets, and a Lee & Larned rotary-pump engine, which was
exhibited October 15th and 22d at the canal, and proved quite equal in the strength
of its stream to the heavier Latta, was purchased and received on the 30th of March,
1860. Its location was a point of hot dispute in the Council and by the press, but
it was at last, through the efforts of Mr. G. W. Geisendorff, Captain of the " West-
erns," and a member of the Council, placed in the engine house of the "Westerns,"
at the extreme west end of the city, where it still remains. The new paid depart-
ment was composed of the steam engine, with Frank Glazier as Engineer, two hand
engines under Charles Richmann and William Sherwood, and a hook and ladder
company under William W. Darnell. Joseph W. Davis received the reward of his
efforts for the new arrangement in the position of Chief Engineer with a salary of
$300. In August, 1860, a third class Latta was bought and placed in the Marion
house on Massachusetts avenue; Charles Curtiss was appointed Engineer. In
October a Seneca Falls engine was bought, after a competitive trial, and stationed
in the Union house on South street, with Daniel Glazier as Engineer. la 1867 a
second Seneca Fall engine was bought and stationed in the western house, with
G. M. Bishop as Engineer. The other of the same make was sent back for repairs.
The Latta has also been repaired, and the Lee & Larned. Engines and reels are
kept constantly ready for service, and are both drawn by horses. The men are paid
and usually do little else than their fire work.

In 1863 a central alarm bell was procured and placed in an open frame work
tower in the rear of Glenn's block. It is rung by means of apparatus from a tower
on the block, where a watchman is on duty day and night. For five years the
locality of a fire was vaguely designated by striking the number of the ward; but
in February, 1868, a telegraph system was adopted and put in operation in April, at
a cost of $6,000, which provides locked boxes, the keys kept at designated places,
which contain an apparatus that by a simple motion enables anybody to send an
alarm to the central station. The places of these boxes and the signals belonging
to them, are published.

The water supply was long uncertain and inadequate. As already stated, it
was usually furnished by " lines " of spectators, if a well could not be easily reached
by an engine. The canal and the creek were ample, but fires rarely occurred in
those sparsely settled sections of the town. Several large wells were dug, one on
the point between Kentucky avenue and Illinois street, another on Washington at
the junction of Virginia avenue, and others in other places ; but these were not to be
depended on, and in 1860 two 300-barrel cisterns were made. But they did little
service, and until 1852 the city wad without any regular or reliable water supply for
fires. In that year a tax for cisterns was assessed and sixteen constructed in about
two years. There are now, scattered about in the most available places, 78 cisterns
of 300 to 1,800 barrels capacity The introduction of the Holly system of water
works, which aims to provide streams for fires by direct pressure from the pump
through the fire-plug, may affect our fire department ultimately, but it is not thought
now that it will. Steam engines will hardly be dispensed with, and we must have
cisterns for them. An attempt was made in 1868 to bore an artesian well, on the
northwest corner of University Square, to fill the fire cisterns, and a good deal ol
money spent upon it, but it has been abandoned. A steam pump to fill cisterns was
made in 1864 at a cost of $1,000. The hose is all gutta percha.

144

HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

PRESENT CONDITION OF DEPARTMENT.

The following statement of the present condition of the Fire Department has
been kindly furniseed by the Chief Fire Engineer, Dan. Glazier:

No. 1. C. B. Davis Cost $4,800 out of service.

No. 2. William Henderson Cost $5>500 located on corner of Massachusetts
avenue and Delaware street. This engine was rebuilt last season at a cost of
$2,600. Engineer, Cicero Seibert.

No. 3. Cost $3,500 located on South street, between Delaware and Ala-
bama streets Engineer,John K. Belles.

No. 4. Cost $6,000 located on Washington street, between West and Cali-
fornia streets. Engineer, George M. Bishop. Takes place of No. 1 is run by
the No. 1 Company.

No. 5. John Marsee Cost $6,000. Not located new engine in reserve.

The city has purchased grounds and will build new houses this coming sum-
mer, consequently the location of some or all the engines will be changed.

No. of Hose Reels 5. Totol cost $1,800.

No. of feet of Hose 5,000. Cost about $7,000.

No. of men engaged in Fire Department 1 Chief Fire Engineer, 3 Engineers,
1 Superintendent of Telegraph, 2 Watchmen on the Tower, one Hook and Ladder
man, 3 Firemen, 6 Drivers, and 12 Hosemen.

Wages of Men. Chief Fire Engineer, $1,300 per annum; Superintendent of
Telegraph, $35 per month; Engineers, $90 per month; Firemen, Drivers and
Watchmen, $2.50 per day; Hosemen, $180 per annum.

No. of horses 14. No. of cisterns 78.

Total cost of Hose since organization of paid Department $16,000.

SIGNAL STATIONS AND NUMBERS.

2 Engine House, cor. Massachusetts avenue

and New York street.

3 'Corner East and New York streets.

4 Hook and Ladder Honse, New Jersey, near

Washington. .

5 Spiegel, Thorns & Co's Factory, on East.

6 Washington and Noble.

7 Davidson and New York.
1-2 Noble and Michigan.

1-3 Noble and Massachusetts avenue.

1-4 East and Massachusetts avenue.

1-5 New Jersey and Ft. Wayne avenue.

1-6 Delaware and Ft. Wayne avenue.

1-7 Pennsylvania and Pratt.

1-8 Blind Asylum.

2-1 Tennessee and St. Glair.

2-3 Michigan, between Meridian and Illinois.

2-4 Tennessee, bet. Vermont and Michigan.

2-5 Illinois street and Indiana avenue.

2-6 New York and Canal Helwig's Mill.

2-7 West street and Indiana avenue.

2-8 Frink & Moore's Novelty Works.

3-1 282 Indiana avenue.

3-2 Blake and Michigan.

3-4 Douglass and New York.

3-5 Cotton Factory, near river.

3-6 Geisendorff 's Woolen Factory, near river.

3-7 No. 1. Engine House, Washington, bet.

West and California.

4-1 West street and Kentucky avenue.

4-2 Georgia and Mississippi, Coburn & Jones

Lumber Yard.

4-3 Washington and Tennessee.

4-5 Illinois and Louisiana, Spencer Honse.

4-6 Illinois and Garden Osgood & Smith.

4-7 Illinois and McCarty.

5-1 Bluff Boad and Ray.

5-2 Delaware and McCarty.

5-3 East and Bicking.

5-4 Virginia avenue and Bradshaw.

5-6 Virginia avenue and Noble.

5-7 Georgia and Beaton.

6-1 16 Fletcher avenue Chief Engineer's res.

6-2 No. 3 Engine House, South street, between

Delaware and Alabama.

6-3 Gas Works.

6-4 Penn'a and Georgia Farley & Sinker.

6-5 Glenn's block.

6-7 Delaware and Washington.

7-1 185 New Jersey street, cor. Virginia ave.

POLICE.

The Police force was first established in 1854. Its changes and the general
features of its history are related in chapter X, and need not be repeated here.

h ap tsr *tf t.

AMUSEMENTS.

LTHOUGH Indianapolis holds a high place in the estimation of showmen,
and is invariably marked for every traveling exhibition, from an operatic star
to a double-headed baby, a considerable portion of its respectable patronage
has been directed by a peculiarity of taste, compounded partly of Puritan traditions
and partly of backwoods culture, which, even to this day, makes certain classes of
entertainments "unclean." Menageries are illustrations of natural history, and
the schools are dismissed to see them. Circuses are "devil's devices," and church
members are, or were, "called over the coals" for visiting them. Concerts are
bearable, and even the opera is not altogether abominable, but a theatrical per-
formance is beyond moral toleration. This feeling used to be much stronger and
more generally diffused than it is now, when the growth of population and ungodli-
ness has provided ample patronage for everything, and moral antipathies, finding
themselves practically powerless, have thinned greatly from inanition, and weak-
ened from want of exercise. But in their greatest strength they could not subdue
the open rebellion of many, and the secret disobedience of others, to the purity
that closed the circus canvass on them, or shut them out of Ollaman's wagon-shop,
or the old "hay press" foundry. It would be hard to determine whether the reli-
gious opposition of the "fathers" of the Capital injured the tabooed performances
more than the additional allurement of doing a forbidden thing benefited them.
At all events, though deprived of the advantage of the "family attendance" of
old settlers, circuses, negro minstrels and ballet pieces have been quite as well pat-
ronized as "animal shows," lectures and concerts. "Shows," the generic Hoosier
name for all sorts of exhibitions under canvass, may be considered the favorite
weakness of the Capital. A circus of fair average pretensions will fill its seats in
spite of weather, mud or money, and a half dozen in close succession will keep
doing it, as if people went to see how much better or worse one was than another.
Other exhibitions are little less attractive. Negro minstrels will suck all the pat-
ronage from an opposition lecture or charity fair. The theatre, alone, of the old-
time "immoral" class of exhibitions has had a fluctuating patronage and an acci-
dental prosperity. During the war, and since, under the impulse of some famous
actor, it has done very well, but averaging all the seasons before 1861, with all
those since 1865, it will be found that the profits might be turned in upon the
National debt without sensibly diminishing the necessity of a tariff. Those familiar
with the business might explain this exceptional sterility; it is enough for this
sketch to state the fact. As concerts, lectures and "shows" have no especial con-
nection with the city or its history, it would be an impertinent enlargement to say
more f them here. The theater, however, having " a local habitation and a name,"
bringing population here, diffusing its earnings here, and ornamenting our streets
with imposing edifices, is a part of the city, and cannot be properly omitted.
(10)

HOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

As has been stated in the general history of the city, the first theatrical per-
formance was given here on the night of the last day of the year 1823, in the dining
room of Major Carter's tavern, opposite the Court hou8e, by a Mr. and Mrs. Smith,
imposingly announced as " late of the New York theatre.'' Two pieces were played,
"The Doctor's Courtship, or the Indulgent Father," and the "Jealous Lovers."
The price of admission was "three levies" the popular abbreviation in early
times of three "elevenpence," in later years changed, by more frequent intercourse
with the South, to the Mississippi " patois" of three " bits," and the orchestra was
composed of Bill Bagwell and his fiddle. Mr. Carter was largely imbued with the
prejudices against the stage, to which allusion is made above (and which recently
sent a dead actor of excellent character "round the corner" for Christian burial, in
New York), and he objected to the use of so profane an instrument as a fiddle in
his house, as an auxiliary to a performance which his conscience could illy tolerate
in its least offensive form. He was finally pacified by the assurance that the obnox-
ious instrument was a " violin." and by the performance thereon of the air of a favor-
ite hymn. Several exhibitions were given, with sufficient success to attract the
adventurous Mr. Smith here again in June, 1824. But he failed then, and ran away
without paying his bills, a trick that wandering showmen have practised frequently
since.

The next attempt at theatrical entertainment was of a higher order altogether.
A full company was engaged and a building fitted up expressly for it. A Mr.
Lindsay was manager. Mr. Ollaman's wagon-shop, on Washington street, oppo-
site the Court house, was the theatre, and two or three musicians composed an
attractive orchestra for that day. Among other pieces, Kotzebue's "Stranger"'
was produced several times, and "Pizarro," the "Loan of a Lover," "Swiss Cot-
tage," and a number of the old dramas and farces which even yet hold possession
of the stage against half naked women and bloody melo-dramas. Songs were given
in the " wait" between the first and second pieces, and some of them became quite as
popular as S. C. Foster's plaintive negro melodies of a later day. The " Tonga
Islands," with its interminable and inextricable tangle of gibberish for a chorus,
" Jinny git your hoe cake done," and some of the songs made famous by Jim Crow
Eice, may even yet be recalled by old residents with good musical memories. This
was about the year 1837 or 1838.

During the winter of 1840-41 Mr. Lindsay returned with a really superior
company, and fitted up the one-story brick building, formerly occupied as the office
of the Indiana Democrat, where Temperance Hall is now. Mrs. Drake, and A. A>
Adams, whose irregularities had prevented him from getting an Eastern engage-
ment and forced him here to support himself, were the chief attractions. Neither
of them ever played better, and the little house, which would not seat more than
three hundred, was nearly always full. This was Mr. Lindsay's last appearance
here.

It was here that a ludicrous scene occurred "not set down in the bills." Cap-
tain George W. Cutter, a leading Whig orator, from Terre Haute, and a poet who
subsequently attained a national reputation, fell in love with Mrs Drake, who was
several years his senior. She returned his passion with theatrical, if not sincere,
demonstrations, and the billing and cooing of the oddly mis-mated lovers was the
standing joke of the city during the session of the Legislature. One night, in
some performance, Mrs. Drake, who was affectionately watched from the wings by
her Wabash adorer, in making a "stage" fall, made a real one, and hurt herself,
or Cutter thought she did, and he rushed upon the stage, to the horrible disorder of

A M USElfENTS.

the scene, and the infinite fun of the audience, and tenderly lifting up his rather
ponderous inamorata, audibly condoled with her, and led her off with all the touch-
ing sweetness of the honey moon. The crowd roared, cheered the gallant Captain
" to the echo," and made fun of him for the next six weeks. He and Mrs, Drake
were married that winter at Mr. Browning's hotel. This love passage was the
" sensation " of that season.

In 1843 "The New York Company of Comedians" opened a theatre in the
upper room of Gaston's carriage-shop, where the Bates House now stands, and gave
series of concerts closing with stage performances, during the better part of the
winter. Mrs. Drake and Mr. Adams, Mr. Brown's history says, appeared here,
but the writer has an impression, not definite enough to place against anybody's
actual recollection, that they played together but one season, and that was during
Mr. Lindsay's occupation of the Democrat office.

Another theatrical demonstration was a home-made affair, and by no means
the worst given us. During the winter of 1839-40 an old foundry building called
the " hay press," from an " institution " of that kind established in its rear to
bale hay for transportation to New Orleans in flatboats, was fitted up with a stage
and scenery, and used by the "Indianapolis Thespian Corps" to present Robert
Dale Owen's play of " Pocahontas." The leading actors were James G. Jordan,
as "Captain John Smith;" James McCready, as "Powhattan;" William Wallace,
as '' Pocahontas ; " John T. Morrison, Davis Miller and James McVey in other
characters. Though but an indifferent acting piece, and utterly forgotten as any.
thing else now, its novelty made it entertaining enough to "run" for sometime at
irregular intervals. Two or three years later the "Corps" was revived, and
strengthened with the addition of Mr. Edward S. Tyler, and produced several
standard plays with decided merit and success. The " Theatre " was opened,
usually, once a week, but sometimes twice, in the summer and fall of that and the
succeeding year. (It is but just to say that there is a good deal of discrepancy as
to the dates in the history of the " Corps." The writer has fixed those given by
the memories of the gentlemen belonging to the Corps, who concur unanimously
in placing their performances at least as early as 1844, and the first presentation
of " Pocahontas " is fixed positively, by one of the leading actors, in the winter of
1839-40.) The best paying performance, and the best dramatically regarded,
was the "Golden Farmer," with Mr. Jordan as the "Farmer," Mr. Mc-
Cready as "Old Mob," and Mr. Tyler as "Jimmy Twitcher. 1 ' The last was
a "hit." In the first scene, where "Jimmy" overhauls his booty and "takes
an account of stock," and in that in which he falls off a, fence and hangs by
the seat of his breeches to one of the spikes, the audience never failed to " come
down" with furious applause. The "Brigands," with Jordan in the song of
"Love's Ritornella," was also popular. Towards the close of the season of 1842 or
1843, probably the latter, Mr. Nat. Cook, eldest son of the then State Librarian,
who had been playing subordinate parts in a Cincinnati theatre, came out here,
and a big demonstration was made. The town was full of rumors of his talents,
his wonderful wardrobe, his fame abroad, and of all other inducements to make
him the "lion" of the theatre-going society not the highest in the city at that
time and to bring a big crowd to hear him. Home's tragedy of "Douglass " was
announced, with Mr. Cook as "Young Norval," Mr. Jordan as " Glenalvon," and
Mr. Davis Miller as ''Lady Randolph," to be followed by the "Two Gregories,"
with Mr. Cook as one of the " Gregories," Mr. Jordan as the Frenchman, and Mr.
John Cook, Jr., as the sweetheart of " Gregory." There was a full house, and rap-

148

HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

turous applause when "Young Norval" came on for the first time, resplendent in
scale armor of tin chips, and impressive in all the rant and strut and grunt of
traditional stage propriety. But he didn't hold up. Mr. Jordan made a decidedly
better character of the villain. This was the dying blaze of the Thespians. They
expired in October, after Mr. John T. Morrison, as per programme, attempted
to declaim Dimond's "Sailor Boy's Dream," and forgot the third stanza and all
behind it. He could have done admirably if his memory hadn't tricked him, but
"stage fright" was too much for him, as it has been for many a man who has
become famous on the stage since.

(There is a long blank in theatrical history, between the Thespians and the
next stage exhibition, of too little consequence to deserve notice.)

Early in 1853, January 21st, Mr. F. W. Robinson, calling himself " Yankee
Robinson," located in Washington Hall for the winter, with the company he had
been exhibiting as a "side show" at the State Fair the fall before. To evade the
license for theatrical -performances, he announced concerts by the Alphonso troupe,
and a vocal annoyance was followed by a very fair play, sometimes two. The lead-
ing actor was Henry W. Waugh, afterwards clown in Robinson's circus under the
name of " Dilly Fay," and more widely, as well as. more honorably, known as a
young artist of very great promise. He painted all the scenery, and it was well
done. During the following year he assisted Mr. Jacob Cox in painting a "Tem-
perance Panorama 1 ' in the Governor's Circle, which, never adequately managed,
failed as a traveling exhibition, though it did well in the city at Masonic Hall. He
went to Italy ten or twelve years ago, and died of consumption on his way home.
in England. Mr. and Mrs! Sidney Wilkins did the "heavy business," and Mr.
James F. Lytton the Irish characters. He sang well and with good comic effect,
and he made Irish songs very popular. " The Low Backed Car," " Billy 0' Rourke,"
"The Flaming O'Flannigans," "Finnegan's Wake/' and several other songs owe
their Indianapolis popularity to him. Robinson closed his season the 7th of March.
Mr. H. W. Brown then took the Hall, and, with Mr. Wilkins and wife, Mrs.
Mehen, and some others, first produced "Uncle Tom's Cabin 1 ' and with success.
He ran only four weeks, closing July 26th, 1853. Mr. Wilkins then took the
place and company, and made a brief season of a few weeks.

During the summer and fall of 1854, Mr. C. A. Elliott, having built and enclosed
his large liquor house, on the corner of Meridian and Maryland streets, Mr. Robinson
remted the third story, and had it turned into a moderately capacious and comfort-
able theatre, still better than Washington Hall, called "The Atheneum." His
company consisted of R. J. Miller, who, subsequently taking the line of "Yankee"
characters the most abominable caricatures that ever disfigured any stage in the
world, whoever the actor might be called himself " Yankee Miller," his wife, Mr.
Bierce, another stage "Yankee" called "Yankee" Bierce, and "Yankee" Robin-
son himself and his wife, F. A. Tannehill, George McWilliams, his sister, Mary
McWilliams, J. F. Lytton and H. W. Waugh. This was a profitable enterprise.
The theatre was always well filled, and the plays given with no inconsiderable
share of force and scenic effect. It was here that Indianapolis was introduced to
the first "star"' ever seen on White River. Miss Susan Benin, of moderate his-
trionic talent, very considerable personal beauty, and a reputation that did not
repel admirers of other attractions than her acting, appeared in " Fazio," and in the
farce of " Good for Nothing," the latter the better performance of the two, and
made a sensation which has hardly been equalled in intensity even by Kellogg and
Nilason, though it must be admitted that the sensation did not pervade precisely

AMUSEMENTS.

the same classes, or run upon the same level of respectability. She appeared in
the same place in the year following, with her sister Kate, and played " Romeo" to
Kate's " Juliet." This exhibition in tights was especially attractive to the sappy
juniors of the masculine persuasion, and though her acting was not improved, her
success was decided. In the spi'ing of 1855, Maggie Mitchell, who had made her
first appearance in Chicago but a few days before, appeared here, and gave no very
striking indications of ability to achieve a marked success. The papers treated her
kindly, however, and she left with some money and some encouragement. J. P.
Addams also played during this season.

On the closing of Robinson's season, April 14th, 1855, Austin H. Brown and
Jphn M. Oommons took the Atheneum, and engaged several of the best actors in
the country. Mr. C. J. Fyffe was manager. The "support'' was wretched and
patronage fell off, though Harry Chapman and his wife, Mrs. A. Drake reappear-
ing for the first time since 1842 William Powers, a disastrous failure, and James
E. Murdoch, then confessedly at the head of the profession in the United States in
genteel comedy, drama, and skill as a reader, were among the attractions. Mr.
Murdoch played to less than twenty persons, the unbearable heat of a close room,
so near the roof, in midsummer, repelling hundreds who would have gladly
heard him anywhere where they could sweat without being scalded. He threw up
his engagement for the benefit of the managers after the second performance, which
vas the "Stranger," and left in a big disgust, which he has never so far conquered
as to come back, except to lecture or give a reading. On the 15th of September,
1855, Mr. Commons reopened the theatre, and ran it till the 8th of December, with
Miss Eliza Logan, Joseph Proctor and wife, Susan and Kate Denin, Peter and Car-
oline Richings, and W. J. Florence and wife,. Thomas Duff was stage manager.
In March, 1856, W. L. Woods opened it again for a month, Mr. W. Davidge, low
comedian, being the star. Vance and Lytton ran it from May 16th to June 3d, with
Eliza Logan, Miss Coleman Pope and Miss Richings as attractions. Maddocks
and Wilson opened spasmodically during the summer, as a chance crowd made ah
appearance of pay possible. During the State Fair Wilson and Pratt used it, and
Yankee Bierce and the Maddern sisters, in the early part of December. From the
16th of December till the 9th of March it was run by J. F. Lytton & Co., with
Yankee Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Lacey, Tannyhill, Lytton and others as company,
and Susan Denin, Dora Shaw, John Drew, Charlotte Crampton, Mrs. Drake and
Miss Duval as stars. In March, 1857, Cal J. Smith attempted to do something
with the now dilapidated affair, but he couldn't do much at best, and he did noth-
ing with this but ruin it outright. It should be stated that Miss Eloise Bridges,
appeared in the early fall of 1865. In August 1858," a German company played
at the Atheneum for a little while, and in January of that year and February of
1859 the Germans ran two theatres, one at Washiugtoa Hall and one at Union
Hall. Kate Denia and her husband, Sam. Ryan, opened Washington Hall in
April, 1858 for a few days, to no advantage to anybody; and Harry Chapman, with
his wife and his wife's mother, Mrs. A. Drake, and the admirable comedian John
K. Mortimer, opened the Atheneum during the State Fair. This completes the
sketch of makeshift theatres, halls temporarily fitted up, companies temporarily
collected, aud of seasons sporadically scattered through the year. From this time
there is to be noticed only a regular theatre, built on purpose, and worthy of the
population and prosperity of the city.

Up to this time the Theatre, though. a denizen, was not a citizen, of the Capi-
tal. It was a tenant, not a proprietor, and moved about with little improvement

250 aoLLOWAY's INDIANAPOLIS.

of accommodations. But in 1857 Mr. Valentine Butscli built the Metropolitan
Theatre, corner of Tennessee and Washington streets, opposite the Masonic Hall,
expressly for stage performances, and gave this class of amusements permanence
and character. The corner stone was laid in August, 1857, and in a little more
than a year the house was finished. It is one of the handsomest in the city, three
stories high, eighty-two by one hundred and twenty-five feet, stuccoed to resemble
stone, with niches in the second story front for symbolical statues, and a balcony
which furnishes a place for the band to play alluring airs, before the rising of the
curtain. The ground floor is divided into large business rooms, with two stairways
to the theatre entrance. The auditorium will seat about twelve hundred persons,
and could seat more if the gallery were not so indifferently arranged that the stage
is visible only from the lower seats of the centre and from the two ends The dress
circle under the gallery is separated from the " pit " or parquette by a descent of a
foot or so, bounded by an iron balustrade, through which there are two openings
from the dress circle, the only means of entrance. The vaulted ceiling is neatly
decorated with fresco work. The stage, though not large, is quite adequate to any
ordinary exhibition. The scenery was painted by S. W. Gulick, who was suc-
ceeded by Thomas B. Glossing, an artist of marked talent, who has provided both
the Metropolitan and the Academy with as good scenery as can be found in any
theatre in the West. It cost, with the lot, about $60,000.

The Metropolitan was opened under the management of E. T. Sherlock on the
27th of September, 1858, with an exhibition of the "Tableaux Vivants" of the
Keller Troupe, if the writer remembers correctly. A number of "stars'' of
greater or less magnitude appeared during the season, which closad on the last day
Of February, 1859. Among them were Sallie St. Glair, the leader of the "naked
school," in such displays as the "French Spy," Hackett, the great in all senses
"Falstaff," the Florences, J. B. Koberts, Mrs. J. W. Wallack, Mrs. Sinclair (For-
rest). Adah Isaacs Menken, another of the "stripping" class, Eliza Logan, Mr.
and Mrs. Waller, Matilda Heron, then in the flush of her recently acquired renown
as the great "realistic'' actress, and the Cooper English Opera Troupe and other
stars. The season was pecuniarily a failure. Large expenses were incurred without
the presentation of striking inducements to patronage, except in a few cases, and the
houses did not "pay." There was, moreover, no little remnant of that antipathy to
the theatre alluded to in the opening of this chapter, to encounter, and it was the
more damaging as being directed by the oldest, wealthiest and most respected citizens.
The manager sought to conciliate it once by offering a benefit to the Widows and Or-
phans' Society, then sadly in need of help, but after much discussion the offer was
declined under the advice of'the leading male directors, and a probable donation of
five hundred dollars thrown away. The ground of refusal was distinctly stated to
be the Society's doubt of the moral tendency of stage exhibitions. The city press,
with scarcely an exception, exposed the insufficiency of the reason, and the impro-
priety of looking too nearly into the means by which money properly offered was
gained. The same scrutiny might repel donations from speculators in family distress
and the poverty of the very class for whose relief the Society was organized. A char-
itable association does all its duty when it honorably obtains means which it benifi-
cently applies. The discussion was warm for a while, the " moralists," as they
were called, standing resolutely by their creed that money for pure purposes must
come from pure sources, though the starvation of the suffering were the conse-
quence of refusing that of doubtful acquisition. The city has outgrown this opin-
ion now, if one may judge from the fact that a theatrical exhibition, by amateurs,

AMUSEMENTS.

was made on two successive nights in the Opera Hall for the benefit of this same
Society, and an amateur opera was given in the Academy of Music two or three
times for a similar benevolent object. The moral difference between an amateur
and a professional exhibition is not a wide one, and in these instances the artistic
difference was not much wider. The performances were quite as good as the aver-
age of stage exhibitions, and the only feature that the societies seemed to lament
was that they did not pay better.

The failure of Mr. Sherlock did not deter Mr. George Wo)d from re-opening
the theatre in April, 1859, for a few nights, nor John A. Ellsler from attempting a
two months season immediately after. He was the first to produce ballet pieces
with some approach to the scenic splendor, the tinsel, flowers, naked girls, and gor-
geous tableaux of Eastern theatres. He opened it again during the fall and winter,
but with little success. On the 25th of April, 1861, its management was underta-
ken by Mr. Butsch himself, with Felix A. Vincent as stage manager, and the
orowd brought here by the demands of the war made it pay. From this time to
the close of the war the Metropolitan was the most profitable investment in the city.
It was crowded all the time, whatever might be the attraction, though the " stock "
was nearly always good enough to merit good patronage, including, as it did, Mr.
Vincent, in some respects one of the best comedians ever seen here; Miss Marion
McCarthy who subsequently became insane and died here a good actress in
nearly all classes of characters from farce to high tragedy, and a pleasing singer
as well; Mr. F. G. White, a broad low comedian of unfailing popularity with "the
boys; " Mr. Ferd. Hight, an excellent "old man" and fair comedian, Miss Phillips,
the best "old lady' we have had, and several others. Vincent continued as man-
ager under Mr. Butsch till 1863. He was succeeded by Wm. H. Riley, who
played leading parts as well as manager, and made himself deservedly popular
not more by his judicious enterprise in one capacity than his correct and effect-
ive performances in the other. His wife also appeared frequently and success-
fully in such parts as "Desdemona," "Juliet," "Mrs. Haller," and the lighter
characters of tragedy and serious drama. Mr. Riley remained in charge of
the Metropolitan till 1867, when he removed to New Orleans, to take the
management of the St. Charles Theatre, of that city. He died there within
a month after his .arrival, regretted alike for his professional excellence and
social character. The season of 1867-8 was managed by Mat. V. Lingham,
and that of 1868 by Charles R. Pope. The latter, besides his own acting, which
has rarely been equalled by any "star," gave us a succession of the best per-
formances we have ever had, including a week of John E. Owens, and another
by Edwin Forrest, in which he appeared as "Virginius," "Spartacus," "Rich-
elieu," and "Othello." Madame Ristori, appeared one night, the 25th of March,
1867, under Grau's management. Mr. Pope has since taken the St. Charles
Theatre in New Orleans. In 1868 Mr. Butsch closed the Metropolitan and trans-
ferred his personal management to the Academy of Music. Since then the
Metropolitan has been opened as a sort of "Varieties" and "Minstrel" hall,
though it has always inclined more or less to the drama. Mr. Sargeant had it in
1870, and Mr. Fred. Thompson in the spring of 1871.

In 1868 Mr. Butsch, perceiving the inadequacy of the Metropolitan to the rapidly
growing population of the city, and resolved to "keep even" and retain his long
mastery of amusement resources, bought the incomplete structure called " Mil-
ler's block," on the southeast corner of Illinois and Ohio streets, paying $50,000
therefor, and completel it into one of the largest and handsomest edifices in the

HOLLOWA.Y'S INDIANAPOLIS.

West, making a theatre of the second and third stories, and business rooms of tie
first, with an entrance on both streets. This he called the Academy of Music.
The auditorium will seat about 2,500, and in completeness of arrangement, ele-
gance of finish, comfort of accommodations, and general pleasantness of effect, it
will compare with any of the smaller theatres of the United States. The drese
circle is separated from the parquette by a line of boxes, and there are two well
arranged galleries, the lower a better place than the parquette to hear music. The
upper is usually reserved for "citizens of African descent." The Academy was
opened in the fall of 1868 under the management of Mr. W. H. Leake, with a fair
stock company, containing Mr. White, Mr. Hodges, and one or two others familiar to
the theatrical public in past times; his wife, Miss Annie Waite, being the leading
lady, and one, in all respects of careful study, conscientious effort, pleasing appear-
ance, and versatility, unsurpassed in the city. Mr. Leake has had Mr. Owens, Sf-.
Forrest, the Richings Opera Troupe, the German Opera Troupe, the Blondes, " Riyt
Van Winkle" Jefferson, Mr. Leffingwell, Mrs. Lander, Fanny Janauschek, and
other distinguished performers in the Academy during his administration. In the
fall of 1870 he and Mr. James Dickson leased it, with the Metropolitan, of the
proprietors, Butsch & Dickson, and have since been running it, with the Terre
Haute Opera House the Metropolitan being leased, as before stated, for a Varie-
ties establishment with what success in money remains to be seen.

Besides these regular theatres there have been several places of amusement of
a more questionable character opened from time to time. A Mrs. English kept up
a cheap museum on Washington street for sometime, several years ago, and another,
the greatest merit of which was its sign, was maintained in a shed on the corner of
Illinois and Georgia streets. The Exchange building on Illinois street was con-
verted into a "music hall" in 1869, which did pretty well with "minstrels" and
dances of doubtful decency. In 1870 it was reopened with a similar "show," and
drew full houses through the winter till it was closed up by the Young Men's
Christian Association, which bought the building for its own use and emptied the
theatre, ballet girls, "can-can" and "oil room" into the street. In the winter of
1869, before the Exchange was first opened for this sort of entertainment, a " Va-
rieties " affair of the vilest kind was maintained for a while in Court street, south
of the Post office.

Both tbe Masonic Hall and Morrison's Opera Hall have been converted into
temporary Theatres at times, and a notice of them will be found in the general
history of the city.

Among the amusements of earlier days may be mentioned the first " Pleasure
Garden," corner of Tennessee and Georgia streets the site of the present Catholic
block laid out and maintained by John Hodgkins, one of our old restaurant
keepers, and earliest ice cream and confectionary makers, who kept on Washing-
ton street where Blackford's block now stands. The ground was well set with
apple and other fruit trees, and under these seats were made, and bowers built, and
flower beds were planted, and a very handsome resort created, which was well
patronized for two or three summers. It was far superior to anything in the beer
garden way we have since had, though the ^Apollo Garden, on Kentucky avenue,
with its trees, bowers, open air theatre, and other attractions, made an approach
to it at the outset.

Although not exactly an " amusement," no more appropriate place occurs to
mention our city brass bands, of which we have had several. Though in these
later days they have become a regular occupation and passed out of the province of

AMUSEMENTS.

history, the earlier ones were admired if not cherished objects of city enthusiasm,,
and were quite as much of an " institution " as any place of amusement. The first
that ever attained skill enough to be entertaining was the old Indianapolis Band,
taught and led by Mr. Protzman, a soap boiler. Its leading members were Edward
S. Tyler, the bugler, James McCready, trombone player, Thos. Me. Baker, another
trombone performer, Aaron D. Ohr and James McCord Sharpe, clarionet player.
The instruments were obtained by a subscription of the citizens. This band stuck
together for some years, and achieved the reputation of considerable proficiency.
It played for the Thespian Corps at one time, and provoked some harsh comments
thereby from some of the preachers. Later, in 1850, or thereabouts, another band
was formed by Mr. George Downie, a more accomplished musician than Mr. Protz-
man, and was maintained for a time with considerable success. Mr. Downie was
the manager of a great band convention held here in 1853, which gave concerts
and held a sort of musical tournament for some prize or other. Since that time
bands have ceased to be sucli prominent features of city history, and there is no
occasion to trace them further.

a p 1 13 r

N E WSPA PEES.

jjROBABLY no town in the United States ever allowed a newspaper to strike
root so speedily and deeply as Indianapolis. It w.as laid out in 1821, and
the first sale of lots were held in October of that year. The population was
only about 400, possibly 450. There were no mails, no roads, no water routes, n
access to the outside world, and there were no improvements and no population in
the adjoining country. The promise of the means to make a paper either interesting
or profitable, was about as feeble as can be imagined. But, as stated in the begin-
ning of this history, the Indianapolis Gazette was started early in the succeeding
year, January 28, 1822, and under one name or another remains here to-day, with
a reasonable certainty of lasting as long as the city lasts. A sketch of its early
history is given in the place where its establishment is noticed and need not be
repeated here. Its proprietors were George Smith and Nathaniel Bolton, the latter
well known to the citizens of the "middle era." but the former is remembered now
only by a few of the oldest settlers or their oldest descendants. Mr. Bolton's wife
ilrs. Sarah T. Bolton, now Mrs. Keese, was for many years the only literary charac-
ter of whom Indiana could boast, and her fame was by no means as wide as her
worth, though it has extended since. In 1829, the proprietors, after dissolving
partnership in 1823 and reuniting in 1824, separated finally, and Mr. Bolton main-
tained the paper alone until the fall of 1830. In the spring of that year the
Indiana Democrat had been started by Alexander F. Morrison, and the Gazette
was sold out to it and consolidated with it, retaining the new name, however. Mr.
Morrison was long the most prominent and able editor in the State. Though not
a polished, he was a clear, forcible and pungent writer, and particularly effective
in the use of sarcasm and personalities, in which he has had few equals. A news-
paper in his day was merely a vehicle for the promulgation of political opinions
and diatribes, and he was admirably adapted for its work. News was but a little
part of its interest or value. Few expected or cared to find any thing more
in it than its editor's or correspondents' notions. For the present duty and aim of
a paper he might not have been so well suited, though as leading editor of the
Sentinel in 1856, or thereabouts, he showed no lack of the ready ability necessary
to the production of a daily sheet. He alone maintained and conducted the
Democrat for some years. Subsequently he was joined by Mr. Bolton, and after a
period of joint management he retired, and was succeeded by Mr. John Livings-
ton, who finally purchased Mr. Bolton's interest and took the entire control himself.
It was published the greater portion of the time during these changes, in a little
brick building, on the site of Temperance Hall, erected for it. This building was
fitted up as a theatre in 1841, Mr. Adams and Mrs. Drake played there as
noted in the chapter on " Amusements." During the time of Mr. Livingsten's
sole ownership it was published in the upper story of the frame building where

NEWSPAPERS.

George F. Meyer's tobacco store is. In July, 1841, George A. Chapman and Jacob
Page Chapman, who had previously published a Democratic paper in Terre Haute,
bought out Mr. Livingston, removed the office to a one story frame, on the site of
Blake's block, east of Masonic Hall, and changed the name to the Indiana Sentinel.
The Sentinel, under the vigorous management of the Chapmans, speedily became
the leading paper of the State, and its strong, racy editorials, mainly the work of
Page Chapman, exercised an influence in the party it represented never before
attained by any sheet, and probably not surpassed by any since. It was one of
the main influences in reversing the political condition of the State. Only weekly
and semi- weekly editions were published at first, but on the 6th of December 1841 a
daily sheet was issued and m-iiatained through the session of the Legislature.
The following year the daily was resumed and continued through the session as
before, and in 1843 the experiment was repeated, but it was not until April 28th,
1851, that this feature was made premanent. During this time the proprietary
management remained with the Chapmans, though Mr. John S. Spann became a
partner in November 1846. A new two story brick building was erected purposely
for the paper in 1844, on Illinois street, (now occupied by a saloon), and the pub-
lication, with an extensive job establishment, continued there till about June, 1850,
when, Chapmans and Spann dissolving their connection, Mr. William J. Brown
became the owner of the paper and removed it to a building on West Washington
street, near Meridian. The job office was, at the same time, sold to E. W. H. Ellis
and John S. Spann, and retained in the old building. In April, 1852, Mr. Brown
passed the paper over to his son, Mr. Austin H. Brown, remaining as leading editor,
however, and it was removed to the Tomlinson building, on East Washington
street, opposite the Glenn Block, then the Wright House. On the 2d of March,

1855, John C. Walker and Charles W. Cottom bought out Mr. Brown but retained
the old location. Messrs. Walker and Holcombe were the editors. John S.
Norman, of the New Albany Ledger, with Mr. John S. Spann, bought out Walker
& Cottom, December 4th, 1855, Mr. Norman assuming the editorial control. But
he did not like the position of ''party organ," and returned to New Albany in
about six weeks, the paper passing into the hands of William C. Larrabee and C.
W. Cottom, with A. F. Morrison and Mr. Larrabee as leading editors, January 24th,

1856. Seven moaths afterwards Mr. Joseph J. Bingham, then of Lafayette,
purchased an interest, and the firm of Larrabee, Bingham & Co. held the con-
cern till January 13th, 1857, when it was taken by Mr. Bingham and John
Doughty and moved to the old Capital House building, which had been fitted up
in first rate style, making the most commodious office then in the State. But
here, just as it was starting off with every promise of success, it was overtaken
by an appalling catastrophe. A new boiler for the engine of the press-room,
placed at the rear end, exploded a little after dark on the evening of the 7tb of
April, 1857, tearing the eastern room of the building to pieces; precipitating type,
cases, imposing stones, and all the apparatus of the office down upon the press-
room ; breaking the presses, setting fire to the woodwork, and creating a scene of
horror never before or since witnessed in this city. One of the press hands, by
the name of Homer, was killed instantly and several others injured. Publica-
tion was suspended and appeals for assistance, though by no means so liberally
responded to as the ability and value of the paper demanded, brought out contribu-
tions which the energy of the proprietors made sufficient to allow a resumption of
work on the 21st. But the embarrassment caused by the calamity hung upon the
proprietors for a long time. The Sentinel Company, which then took the establish-

1 56 HOLLO WA y'S INDIA NAPOL IS.

ment, retained it till July 31st, 1861, when Mr. John R. Elder and John Harkness,
of the Locomotive, joined with Mr. Bingham and purchased it, removing it to the
Locomotive office on South Meridian street, near Washington, in Hubbard's block.
In 1863 a new three story brick building was erected for it, on the other side of
Meridian street, and a little further south, and it remained there, till 1865. Then
Mr. Charles W. Hall bought it and took it back to its old Capital House location
and changed the name to the Herald. With Hall & Hutchinson as proprietors,
and Judge Samuel E. Perkins as editor, it continued there till October 1866,
when it was put into the hands of a receiver and bought in January 1867, by
Lafe Develin, of Cambridge City. He was bought out by the present owner, Mr.
Richard J. Bright, in April 1868, the name changed back to the Sentinel and Mr.
J. J. Bingham installed as editor, a post he has held with but a very brief inter-
ruption since 1856. The paper owes much to Mr. Bingham's ability, industry and
sagacity as a political writer, and the party owes him no less as a shrewd and
indefatigable leader. Mr. Bright removed the office in December 1869 to the
lew building, corner of Circle and Meridian streets, which he had enlarged from
Wesley Chapel. It is now one of the largest and best in the West. On the 4th of
September 1850, Messrs. Ellis & Spann began the publication of the Indiana States-
man, in the old Sentinel office on Illinois street, and made it both a handsome and
good paper for two years. It was sold to and merged with the Sentinel in Sep-
tember 1852.

A little more than a year after the appearance of the Gazette, the history of
which has just been traced, on March 7th, 1823, the Western Censor and Emigrant '*
Guide was established by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire, in a building
opposite Henderson's tavern, near the spot where the Sentinel was afterwards
located so long. Its history is given in the chapter covering the date of its first
appearance, and only its later changes need notice here. On the llth of January,
1825, its name was changed by the proprietor, Mr. John Douglass, to the Indiana
Journal^ a name it has since retained through all changes of proprietorship, and
fully entitle it to the honor of being the oldest paper of the Capital. Its career has
been unbroken from that time till the present, and no other paper can claim a
longer life than twenty-four years. The Journal is now forty-six years old.
Douglass Maguire was editor under Mr. Douglass' administration the latter
rarely attempted to manage the editorial department himself till 1826. Then
Mr. Samuel Merrill occupied the "tripod" till 1829. Messrs. Douglass & Maguire
renewed their connection in the fall of 1829, with the old arrangement of duties,
and continued together till 1835, when Mr. S. V. B. Noel purchased the interest of
Mr. Maguire, and the firm of Douglass & Noel was formed, lasting till February,
1842. Then Mr. Noel, who had been editor, retired and was succeeded by
Theodore J. Barnett, a man of decided talents and respectable attainments, an
eloquent speaker, and well adapted by temper and tastes for his duties. In hie
time there was the bitterest newspaper quarrel that had been known in the Capital.
The campaign of 1844 between Clay and Polk was warm, and personalities were
freely thrown about. The editors, of course, came in for a large share, and they were
unusually offensive. The consequence was a close approach to a fight between Mr.
Barnett and George A. Chapman in the Post Office, one day, in which pistols were
drawn, or supposed to be, And a furious excitement created. But before this col-
lision, Mr. Noel had purchased the paper, and Mr. Douglass retired for good and
all from the business he had followed for twenty years here. Mr. Kent succeeded
Mr. Barnett as editor, in Mr. Noel's administration, but remained only a few

NEWSPAPERS.

months. John D. Defrees, of St. Joseph, then recently a State Senator from that
county, removed here and became editor in March 1845, and in February 1846
purchased the concern and retained the sole control of it till the fall of 1854,
when he sold out to the Journal Company, composed of Joseph M. Tilford, James
M. Mai lies, Ovid Butler and Kawson Vaile, the last recently editor of a free
soil paper in Wayne county. Mr. Vaile became editor. Berry K. Sulgrove
became its editor in 1852, and remained so up to 1864. For multifarious
knowledge, indomitable industry, brillaint composition and power of conden-
sation, he stands confessedly at the head of journalists of the past or present
day. Since Mr. Sulgrove's return from Europe in 1867, he- has been a fre-
quent contributor to the editorial pages of the JOURNAL, as well as its tem-
porary editor during two sessions of the Legislature. Mr. Barton D. Jones ob-
tained an interest in 1856, and became local editor. The company sold to William
R. Holloway & Co., in the summer of 1864, Mr. Holloway assuming the editorial
control with Mr. H. C. Newcomb as political editor. Mr. James G. Douglass
and Mr. Alexander H. Conner became associated with Mr. Holloway in February
1865, under the name of Holloway, Douglass & Co. In the winter of 1866 Mr.
Samuel M. Douglass he and James are sons of the old proprietor, John Douglass
joined with his brother and Mr. Conner and bought out Mr. Holloway, and the firm
of Douglass & Conner retained the establishment till June 1870, when it was pur-
chased by Lewis W. Hasselman and William P. Fishback. Mr. Holloway re-
purchased a sixth interest in 1867 and still holds it. Some weeks ago Mr. Thomas
D. Fitch purchased of Fishback a sixth interest, and Mr. Hasselman gave his eldest
son, Otto W. Hasselman, a sixth of his interest, and these five now constitute
the proprietorship of the Journal establishment. In the summer of 1864, Mr.
Horatio C. Newcomb became editor of the Journal and continued till December
1868, making, by all odds, the ablest and most successful editor the paper had
ever had. As a writer he was lucid, coherent and logical, little given to brilliance
of effect, but never mistaken in his facts, or unsafe in his conclusions. He was
an eminently safe party guide, and never set the "key note " of attack or defence
from which he or his party had to abate a jot of pitch or force. His succes-
sor, Mr. Fishback, though less experienced in his duties, gives ample promise
of needing little else, if he needs any thing, to attain the same enviable posi-
tion and influence. The Journal office at the start was on Washington street
near the Capital House site as before stated subsequently it was on the south
side of the same street in the frame building west of Hubbard's block; then
in the three story brick on the north side near Meridian street; then on Penn-
sylvania street where it remained till the fall of 1860. Here the first steam press
was erected, and here, in the spring of 1849, the office was seriously damaged by
fire which involved the Post Office, then in the same building, and the " McCarty
corner." During the spring and summer of 1860 the Journal Company
erected the building on the corner of Circle and Meridian streets expressly for it,
and had the best office in the State. In 1866, however, the proprietors, Holloway,
Douglass & Co. purchased the First Presbyterian Church building and lot, corner of
Circle and Market streets, and there erected a superb five story structure which is
now the Journal Building, and likely to stay so. Semi-weekly editions of the paper
were published during the session of the Legislature for a long time, the first
appearing December 10th, 1828. A tri-weekly was first issued December 12th
1838. A daily edition was first published during the session of the Legislature in
1842, beginning with the 12th of December, and repeated at the same season there-

158 HOLLOWATT8 IftViANAPOLIS.

after, till the assembling of the Constitutional Convention in 1850. Then the pub-
lishing of daily verbatim reports of the proceedings of that body made a bigger
effort necessary, and a larger sheet appeared on the 7th of October of that year, and
in one size or another, with several varieties of "heads" and arrangements of mat-
ter, finally settling into the quarto form and plain letter head, it has continued till
now, with a probability of lasting as long as daily papers are needed here. Tke
Sentinel bought and absorbed the Statesman. The Journal has bought and absorbed
two or three evanescent dailies. The first of these was the Atlas, started by John D.
Defrees, on south Meridian street, in Van Blaricum's block, with an Erricson hot
air engine to run. its presses, in July 1859. 'He maintained it till after the
election of 1860, and sold in March 1861 to the Journal Company. In 186T
Holloway, Douglass & Co. bought the Daily Gazette, another weakling that fell by
ihe way. It was at first the Indiana American, a weekly removed here from Brook-
ville by Rev. T. A. Goodwin in 1857. He sold it to Downey & Co., who changed
it to a daily evening paper and sold it to Jordan & Burnett, who called it the
Gazette and made it a good paper. They sold it in 1868 to Smith & Co.; they to
Shurtleff, Macauley & Co., and they to C. P. Wilder who sold it to the Journal
men. The American, as a weekly issue, has been resumed by the original proprie-
tor, Mr. Goodwin, within the past year.

The daily press for the first few years of its existence was not distinguished by
amazing energy or enterprise. The amount of reading matter rarely exceeded four
or five columns, and of this a column of original matter would have been rather
an unusual proportion. Telegraphic dispatches, though published when the first
line was finished, were not made a permanent feature for some years, the dispatches
of the Cincinnati papers being copied usually as a substitute. In fact it was not
until the seige of Sevastopol made telegraphic news particularly interesting that
much attention was given this now overshadowing feature of all daily papers.
Even then the reports were received by the old "recording" pro.cess of dashes and
dots on a long strip of narrow paper, written out in skeleton by the operator, and
copied by the editors, each for himself filling up the skeleton as he thought best.
Enterprise in other respects was not ahead of this exhibition in the telegraphic
way. No attempt was made to report a night meeting for the next morning's
paper. The reports of Council proceedings were usually copied from the Clerk's
minutes the next day, and published the day after. On the night that Hasselman
& Vinton's machine shop was burned the first time, it was thought a notable bit of
enterprise in J. H. McNeely, the local of the Journal, to stop the press and put in
a five line item announcing the catastrophe and probable loss the next morning.
Editorial comments on late news were rare, and no thought was entertained of
making a telegraphic item the text of a leader. The nearest approach to it that had
ever been attempted were the leaders in both papers on the acquittal of Matt Ward
for the murder of a school teacher in Louisville. The news came by the noon
Cincinnati mail, and the articles appeared the following morning. In 1855 the
Journal published a five column report of the proceedings and speeches of a
meeting of "Old Settlers" at Calvin Fletcher's house, in which the language of
the speeches was followed with some approach to accuracy, the parenthetical
"cheers" and "laughter" of Eastern papers indulged mildly, and a general effect
of verbal daguerreotyping attempted, with considerable success. It was a novelty
of domestic manufacture, and the demand for "extra copies" was heavy for several
days after. It was the first decided achievement in the way of newspaper enter-
prise, and was followed up by attempts to report, or at least notice, night meetings

NEWSPAPERS.

159

in the next morning's paper, and generally to substitute city fashions for the old
time-ways of weekly papers. A single incident will show the condition of things
into which this reform obtruded better than any description. The paper was put
to press as soon as the day's "composition" was finished, usually about sun down
or a little after. One Saturday the Journal for Monday was put to press pretty
late in the afternoon, but in time to be sent to Cincinnati by the night train, and
the Columbian, then edited by Albert D. Richardson, since so tragically notorious,
came out on the same Monday with a quizzical notice of the Indianapolis paper
that had so strangely managed to discount the almanac. If the Capital had
tumbled into the gape of an earthquake, or a live angel had sailed across the State
proclaiming the result of the next election, the paper would have had no mention
of it. In the Sentinel the reform was made mainly by Mr. Bingham, ia the Jour-
nal by Mr. Vaile, the principal and working editors of their respective papers.
Besides the two earliest and best known papers, and those which they have
absorbed, there are others without some notice of which this sketch would be incom-
plete. Somewhere about 1850, possibly before, a little paper called the Daily Dis-
patch was published for some months by W. Thompson Hatch, a gentleman of con-
siderable enterprise but restricted in pecuniary and intellectual resources. Its
leading feature was a series of sketches of members of the Legislature of the
current session. There is an impression in the writer's mind that an effort was
made both before and after, to establish a neutral daily of a milk-and-water com-
plexion, but without success. On the 14th of May, 1857, Messrs. Cameron &
McNeely started the Daily Citizen, and made a very sprightly and valuable paper
of it, but a year's experience proved it unprofitable and it was dropped in June
1858. In July 1859, the Daily Atlas was started by J. D. Defrees, as before noted.
The Evening Gazette, changed from the American, transported from Brookville, has
been noted. The Telegraph, a German daily, was established by the Freie Presse
Company in 1866. It is in existence and doing well yet. The Evening Commercial
was established by Dynes & Co., in 1867, in the place of the sold out and swallowed
Gazette. It was printed at first at Downey & Brouse's place, in the Sentinel build-
ing, on Washington street; afterwards in the Journal building on Meridian street.
Then it was sold to M. G. Lee, the present proprietor and editor, who removed it in
1868 to the corner of Washington and Illinois streets, opposite the Palmer House,
and within the past year has taken it back to Circle street. The Daily Evening
Mirror, in 1868 developed from the Saturday Mirror, a weekly paper established
by George C. Harding and Marshall Henry, December 22d, 1867. Although it
was not allowed the use of telegraphic dispatches, its local matter was so piquantly
written and its general tone so different from that of the party organs, that it attained
a very good circulation. But the establishment of the Evening News, in Decem-
ber 1869, with a full supply of afternoon dispatches and market renorts, and
with an editorial conduct as independent, as the Mirror's, proved too much for
the latter, and in February 1870 it was sold to the proprietor of the News and
was absorbed by it. Judge Fabius M. Pinch was associated with Harding and
Morton during the greater part of the life of the Daily Mirror, and during
the last four months it was edited by Mr. John Finch. The Daily Evening News
was established by John H. Holliday, in December 1869, and the first number
appeared on the 7th of that month. It was the first evening paper that anticipa-
ted any of the material news of the morning papers, and its low price two
cents speedily introduced it into houses where a paper had never been taken
before. Its circulation within the city now equals that of its older morning cotem-

BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

poraries, and its position is as firmly fixed. It is published in the new Sentinel build-
ing. In June 1870, Messrs. Dynes & Cheney started the Daily Times, a morning
paper in the Reform interest, which announced its "mission fulfilled" with the sale
of the Journal establishment to Messrs. Hasselman & Fisbback, and died after a
short career of a week, selling its material to the Journal. It had nothing else
to sell.

In distinguishing between Daily and Weekly papers the line of separation
must not be pushed too far, for all the dailies have published weekly editions,
made up almost wholly of matter kpt standing from the several daily issues of
the preceding week. But there have been weekly papers that had no daily connec-
tions or off-shoots at all. The first of these that attained any position or reputation,
if not the very first after the pioneer papers, was the Locomotive, a little sheet not
much larger than the page of this volume, published by John H. Ohr, Daniel B.
Culley and David R. Elder, three apprentices in the Journal office, which was then
on the north side of Washington near Meridian street. The first number appeared
on the 3d of April, 1847. It ran through one volume of three months and dis-
appeared for six months. It was made up of selections, and contributions of school
boys and young gentlemen of immature powers, and didn't die a day too soon.
It was revived on the first of January 1848, by Douglass & Elder, and enlarged
about an inch all round, from seven to eight in width, and from ten to twelve or
thirteen inches. It was made of much the same material as before, but devoting
itself wholly to local matters, gossip, business and improvements, which were
clear below the range of the stately political papers, it became a sort of family
necessity. In March 1850, John R. Elder and John Harkness took it then pub-
lished in Hubbard's block on Meridian street and without changing its local
character, put a new force not only into its editorial matter but its contributions,
which sprang clear above the puerile level of its former life, and made it a " power "
in the town. Its circulation for some years was the largest in the county and
entitled it to the Post Office advertisements. In July 1861, the proprietors bought
the Sentinel, as before stated, and amalgamented the Locomotive with it.

In 1846 or thereabout, an anti-slavery paper, called the Indiana Freeman, or
some such name, was started by a Mr. Depuy and maintained, with decided ability
but little profit or popularity, for a year or two. Dr. Ackley assisted the editor
at times, but "abolitionism" had but few friends in those days, and no amount of
talent could have maintained it. The owner's sign was stolen one night and placed
upon an out-house, and the office was besmeared with dirt and tar. Threats of
mobbing were made at times, and more than once Mr. Depuy watched all night
long for marauders, but the threats never exceeded the infliction of puerile malice.

In September 1848, Julius Boetticher attempted the hazardous experiment of
publishing a German paper here, and the Volksblatt made its appearance, from one
of the second story rooms in Temperance Hall. Mr. Boetticher and his daughter
did most, if not all, the type setting, and he did all the writing, and worked the
hand-press upon which it was printed. Nothing but the most untiring industry
and perseverance could have saved it. At any other time it would inevitably died
any how, but the universal European revolution, with the succeeding war in Hun-
gary, gave an interest to foreign, and especially to German, news, which enlarged
the circle of readers and advertising patronage at the same time. How important
to it were little influences, which two or three years later it could have kept or
lost almost without knowing it, may be judged from the fact that Mr. Boetticher
attributes his determination to persevere, after the first disheartening effort, to the

NEWSPAPERS.

^accession of a considerable Kst of cash subscribers brought by Prof. Hoshour's class
in German, who had been recommended by their teacher to take and read a German
'paper. The Volksblalt is now a "fixed fact," with a large and remunerative business.
It was edited, after the first fierce struggle with adversity was over, by Mr. Paul
'Geiser, a German of unusual attainments, and decided talents, but of very uncer-
tain or unsettled principles. Later it fell into the hands of Mr. Adolph Seiden-
sticker, who was editor for several years. It is now published in Mr. Boetticher's
own building on East Washington street nearly opposite the City Hall. In Sep-
tember 1851, Ellis & Spana started the Statesman, as related in the account of the
Sentinel and its "tributaries." It lasted just one year. On the 15th of August
1851, the Hoosier City, a neat little folio, about the size of a "foolscap sheet"
squared, was commenced by Samuel H. Mathers, Francis M. Thayer, now editor
of the Evansvilie Journffl, and Henry C. Ferguson, another triplet of Journal
apprentices, like those that originated the Locomotive. Its leading articles were
sprightly and well written, and attracted a good deal of attention. Two of them,
"Apology for Tobacco" and "A Short Plea for Ugliness," were copied all over
the country at the time, and one, the former, was republished in England. Mr.
Thayer was generally supposed to be the author, though he never frankly not-
withstanding his name admitted it. It was closed at the end of its three months
volume and never renewed. About the same time, 1851, Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh
started a temperance weekly here called the family Visitor. It subsequently
became the Temperance Chart and was edited by J. W. Gordon, Esq. On the 3d of
September 1853, the Freie Presse was established by an association of Germans of
free soil tendencies, to counteract the influence of the Volksblatt which was given
-decidedly and effectually to the Democrats. The same company, or its successor,
published the Daily Telegraph. The editor of the Freie Pretse who became most
widely known as connected with it was Mr. Theodore Hielscher, a German of the
wildest speculative kind, who never had a moderate opinion about any thing, but
withal a man of ability and scholarship. He remained in direction of the paper
for some years. In 1855 Mr. Charles Hand began a miscellaneous sort of Weekly
called the Railroad City, but it died in a few months. It wasn't intended to live
long. Somewhere about this time the Western Universalist was established here
by Mr. Manford and Dr. Jordan, and maintained for two or three years. The
Witness, a paper in the Baptist interest, conducted by Dr. M. G. Clarke belonged
to the same period. It was published at the Journal office. On the 3d of
January 1857, the Bidwell brothers, Andrew and Solomon, began the publica-
tion of a remarkably well printed, but decidedly radical, weekly, called the
Western Presage, at No. 86 East Washington street. It lasted three months.
The Indiana American, late of Brookville, was brought here by Rev. Thomas
A. Goodwin, as heretofore stated, and kept up for a time with a good deal of
energy, but it was sold in about two years to Downey & Co., who changed it to a
Daily, and it subsequently became the evening Gazette, and still later a meal for
the Journal. The period of the war, though favorable to most other enterprises
did not nourish new growths of newspapers. The times were too feverish for
Weeklies, and it took too much money to establish Dailies. One wouldn't and
the other couldn't be done. The first important effort after the close of the war,
was that of the Sunday Mirror, started by George C. Harding and M. Henry, in
the building of the Franklin Printing Company on West Maryland street near
Meridian street, December 22d, 1867. Mr. Harding was the sole editor for a time, but
was subsequently joined by Mr. William B. Vickers. John R. Morton supplanted
(11)

BOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

Mr. Henry, and the establishment was removed to Meridian street, its present
location. Its success, with the writing, especially the local and miscellaneous, of
the two editors and of several admirable contributors, with the soliciting skill of
Mr Morton, was soon made apparent, and encouraged the perilous effort of grow-
ing a Daily Evening Mirror, with the result already related. After the sale of the
Daily to the News, the Weekly was abandoned, and Mr. Vickers began the publi-
cation of Town Talk in its place, with much of the old spirit of the Mirror, and a
good promise of success. But Mr. Harding, after some weeks of silence, revived
the Mirror, effected a reunion with Mr. Vickers and an absorption of the new
paper, and the old name was filled up with the old paper in every important fea-
ture. In the latter part of May 1870, Mr. Harding sold out and the Mirror has since
been owned and edited exclusively by Mr. Vickers. It is the only exclusively
literary Weekly in the city, and stands at the head of its class in the State. Shortly
after the suspension of the Mirror, Mr. John R. Morton established the Journal of
Commerce, a Weekly devoted to the business interests of the city and State. It
was at first edited by Enos B. Read, late of Cincinnati, but subsequently by Dr,
"VVinslow S. Pierce, a gentleman well known in the business circles of the State.
The office is now on Washington street, opposite th Trade Palace. The People,
started by Enos B. Read, late editor of the Journal of Commerce, Mr. Schellman
and George J. Schley, is a Sunday paper, the only one we have, given to illustrations,
sensations and intellectual spice and pepper generally. It is published on Circle
street. With these may be mentioned the Little Sower, and Little Watchman,
Children's Sunday School papers, edited by Rev. W. W. Dowling. They are
handsomely printed, well conducted and very widely circulated.

The first monthly publication was the Indiana Farmer, established by Osborn-
& Willetts. It had not a very promising field, and accomplished little. It died
somewhere, about 1839 or '40, or came so near it that its revival, with Henry
Ward Beecher as editor, was like making a new affair. Mr. Beecher was hardly
so profound an agriculturist as Mr. Greeley, for his experience did not extend be-
yond his lot on Ohio and New Jersey streets, where he raised more flowers than
fruit, but he could ring endless changes and pleasant ones on the primary ne-
cessity of good ploughing and sound seed, and they were really more needed than
instructions in "drainage" or "humic acids" or "constituent elements." One
of his "squibs" on the unusual effect of a "well polished plow" in producing
' good crops, which explained in the conclusion that the polish would do no good
unless made by constant rubbing in the earth, was widely copied and hardly ever
properly credited. In very recent times the North Western Farmer, by Dr. T. A.
Bland, succeeded by Messrs. Caldwell & Kingsbury, has taken the place, or a
higher one, of the old monthly. The Christian Record, a monthly organ of the de-
nomination of Christians, started at Bloomington, was removed to this city by the
proprietor, James M. Mathes, in 1854 or '55, and it has continued here ever since.
It is now in charge of Rev. Elijah Goodwin. The following list of the publications
now published here is all that need be said :

DAILY. Journal, Sentinel, Commercial, News, Telegraph, (German.)

WEEKLY. American, Journal of Commerce, Mirror, People, Independent,
(Temp.,) Little Sower, Volksblatt, (Ger.) Spottsvogel, (Ger.) Zu Kunft, (Ger. Turner.)

MONTHLY. Masonic Advocate, Odd Fellows' Talisman, Western Journal of
Medicine, North Western Farmer, School Journal, Benham's Musical Review,
Willard s Musical Visitor, Christian Record, Phonic Advocate, Little Chief, Bee
Journal, American Housewife, Ladies' Own Magazine, Morning Watch.

EDUCATIONAL.

THE SCHOOLS OF INDIANAPOLIS, FROM 1851 TO 1853.

The Schools of Indianapolis have, from the early days of the city, been in
good standing and repute.

For thirty-three years after the founding of the town, the schools were all pri-
vate or denominational ; but many of them were characterized by strong points of
excellence, of which pleasant memories are cherished by many of the older citizens.

Our object is to give a brief narration of some features of interest connected
with the public schools of the city, and our plan necessarily excludes any other
than a casual reference to the private schools which ante-dated the organization of
the common school system.

In the year 1821, one year after the selection of the site for the capital, the
first teacher appeared. "With a very limited number of poor pupils, the incoma
arising from his enterprise was not encouraging ; the school was soon given up,
and the teacher left to practice his profession in more fruitful fields.

Several citizens, now living, received their first knowledge of letters from the
instruction of the late venerable James Blake, in the well-remembered Sunday
school conducted by him in Caleb Scudder's cabinet shop.

During the years 1822, 1823 and 1824, there were private schools started, of
moderate success and usefulness. In the Spring of 1825, the year after the removal
of the capital from Corydon to Indianapolis, the number of children had multi-
plied in the town, and no one was found willing or able to instruct them. The
necessity becoming urgent, Samuel Merrill, then Treasurer of State, was induced
to open a school in a log Methodist church building, on Maryland street, between
Illinois and Meridian. The school was much needed, and did a good work in
starting aright the lives of many of our useful citizens.

In the Autumn of 1826, Mr. Ebenezer Sharpe came to the town, with his fam-
ily, from Kentucky; and, in November of that year established a schjol in the
school-room of the old Presbyterian Church, on Pennsylvania street, between
Market and Ohio. Mr. Sharpe at once took a position as a citizen of the first order
of merit, and a teacher of rare ability and worth. He was a man of culture and
accomplishments; and, by his excellent qualifications as a teacher, gave tone to
popular education in the minds of the public. Many of our mo^t estimable citizens
are indebted to his moral and religious counsels, as well as to his instructions in
literature and science, for their success in after life. He was well adapted to lay
broad and deep the foundation of a popular system of education. In his school
duties he was assisted by his son, Thomas H. Sharpe, now living, an honored and
well-known citizen of Indianapolis.

At a later period, in 1830 and after, Thomas D. Gregg taught an excellent
school on the corner of Market and Delaware streets.

Rev. Wm. A. Holliday will be well remembered as a worthy and successful
teacher.

After the County Seminary was finished on University square, a series of ex-

HOLLOWAT'S IKDIAKAPOLIS.

cellent schools were taught there, from 1845 to 1854, under the charge of James S.
Kemper, Ebenezer Dumont, J. P. feafford, Benjamin L. Lang, E. P. Cole, and other
successful teachers. During this period there were also a number of other private
schools of merit.

How THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS WERE STARTED. It was not until the Winter of
1846-7 that any attempt was made to establish a system of free schools for the
city. The measures then taken grew by slow degrees, until six years afterward
a free school was opened for two months ; but it was nine years after the initiatory
steps were taken before free schools for the full school year were actually es-
tablished.

From the Report of the Trustees of the Public Schools, for the school year end-
ing September, 1866, we extract the following "historical sketch of the schools: "

" During the LegisLtive session of 1846-7, the first city charter, prepared by
the late Hon. Oliver H. Smith, for the town of Indianapolis, was introduced into the
General Assembly. It would have passed without opposition as a matter of course
and courtesy, had not a well-known member from this town, Mr. S. V. B. Noel,
presented as an amendment Section 29, which provided that the City Council should
be instructed to lay off the city into suitable school districts, to provide by ordinance
for school buildings, and the appointment of teachers and superintendents ; and,
further, that the Council should be authorized to levy a tax for school purposes, of
not exceeding one-eighth of one per centum of the assessment.

"The amendment met with a vigorous and determined opposition from several
influential members, * * whose arguments carried weight; and the amendment
was in peril, when a prudent and useful member, who advocated all sides on vexed
questions, moved to still further amend by providing that no tax should be levied
unless so ordered by a vote of a majority of the town, at the ensuing April elec-
tion, when the ballots should be marked ' Free Schools,' and ' No Free Schools.'

" The charter, thus amended, became a law.

" An animated contest ensued in the town, and at the first charter election the
school question became the overshadowing issue. The opposition was thin and
noisy. The friends of free schools were quiet, but resolute ; and on the day of
election were by no means sanguine of the result.

" A citizen, who was to a considerable degree a representative of the learning,
jurisprudence and capital of the town, the late venerable and eminent Judge Black-
ford, was earnestly cheered as he openly voted a ballot endorsed ' Free Schools.'
The cause of impartial education triumphed by an overwhelming majority.

" The population of Indianapolis was then about six thousand. City lots and
building material were cheap and abundant ; but the valuation of property was
low, and twelve and a half cents on a hundred dollars produced but a slender rev-
enue. The proceeds of the tax were carefully husbanded, and economically in-
vested, from time to time, in school lots and buildings. Lots were purchased and
houses built in seven wards of the city, and teachers appointed, who received their
limited compensation from the patrons of the schools.

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS, FROM 1853 TO 1871. " For a period of six years the
records show payments made by the city treasurer for lots and buildings, but none
for teachers' salaries. Previous to 1853, the schools were managed by trustees in
each of the school districts into which the city was divided. The schools had no
central head, and no organization outside of the several districts. In January,
1853, the Council appointed Messrs. H. P. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher and H. F. West,

EDUCATIONAL.

the first Board of Trustees for the city schools. At their first meeting, March 18,
1853, thej elected ten teachers for the city schools, and ordered that they receive
$2.25 a scholar for the term, to be paid by the parent or guardian. April 8, 1853,
it was ordered that the sixth ward lot be graded. It is interesting to note that
thirteen years elapsed before the grade was made. April 25, 1853, the first free
schools were opened for a session of two months. On this date a code of rules and
regulations, prepared and reported by Calvin Fletcher, was adopted. These rules
were comprehensive and well matured, and constitute the basis of the code now
in force in the schools. May 14, 1853, occurs the first record of the payment of
salaries to teachers.

" From this time forward, the receipts from city taxation and the State school
fund, by slow degrees increased, and the schools flourished and grow in favor with
all good citizens.

"Early in 1855, Mr. Silas T. Bo wen was appointed superintendent of the
schools, with instructions to visit and spend a day in each school every month, and
to meet the teachers every Saturday for review of the work done, instruction in
teaching, and classification. His contract with the Board called for about one-third
of his time m the discharge of these and other duties. It is clear, from the ardu-
ous labor performed, that the schools got the best of this bargain.

" March 2, 1856, Mr. George B. Stone was appointed superintendent. All his
time was given to the schools, and they were conducted with vigor and success.
* * * Th e schools were fully and generously sustained by the public. The
revenue, in great part derived from local taxation, was sufficient to sustain them
prosperously during the full school year. But this period was of short duration.
Early in 1858, the Supreme Court of the State decided that it was unconstitutional
for cities and towns to levy and collect taxes for the payment of tuition. The
effect was most disastrous. It deprived the city schools of the principal part of
their revenue, and in spite of generous efforts on the part of a portion of the pub-
lic, the free-school graded system, which had taken ten jears to build up, was
destroyed at a blow. The superintendent and many of the teachers emigrated to
regions where schools were, like light and air, common and free to all ; with no
constitutional restrictions or judicial decisions warring against the best interests of
the people.

"Then commenced the dark age of the public schools The school-houses were
rented to such teachers as were willing, or able from scant patronage, to pay a small
pittance for their use. The State fund was only sufficient to keep the schools open
one feeble free quarter each year; and, in 1859, even this was omitted for want of
money. *##**#***

At length the Legislature made provision for more efficient and prosperous schools
and fuller taxation for their support.

" During the last five years, the schools have been rapidly gaining in length of
term, and in general prosperity and usefulness. We cannot here give even a con-
densed statement of the successive steps by which this improvement has been ac-
complished. The schools, during the last two years, have been in session the usual
school year of thirty-nine weeks. Considering the ten years required to develop
an efficient system of schools, previous to the judicial blotting-out, and the slow
growth of the nine subsequent years, it is hoped that no further disaster will occur
to set them back another decade, but that they may go on increasing in strength
and vigor, and each succeeding year be stronger and better than the last."

In April, 1854, an enumeration of the school population was taken by order of

166 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

the Board of Trustees. The number of persons in the city between the ages of five
and twenty-one was found to be three thousand and fifty-three. At that time there
were enrolled in the schools eleven hundred and sixty pupils, with an average daily
attendance of eight hundred and one, nearly equally divided between the then
seven wards of the city. There were also in attendance at the High School in the
Old Seminary, on University square, one hundred and fifteen pupils, under the
charge of Mr. E: P. Cole as principal, who enjoyed the moderate salary of $250 a
quarter.

The course of study in the high school was about the same as in the A and B
intermediate grades of the present day, and embraced instruction only in reading,
writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, and grammar.

The above is the firstrecord to be found, as regards either the school population,
enrollment, attendance, or the grading of pupils. The public school statistics,
therefore, date back from the present time only seventeen years.

During ten of those years, from 1853 to 1863, the record is very imperfect, in
respect of the working and grading of the schools and the enrollment and attend-
ance of pupils. It is impossible to learn, with any accuracy, how many pupils were
in the schools, or what methods of instruction were carried out.

All the material facts to be found of record are embraced in the table of the
statistics of the schools appended to this sketch. From April, 1857, to May, 1858,
a period of thirteen months, the minute book of the School Board shows no record
whatever.

In June, 1858, the Trustees ordered their first levy for school purposes, of fifteen
cents on the hundred dollars of valuation, for the purpose of building school houses
and for the current expenses of the schools. In December of the same year, the
Trustees resolved that, " as circumstances have occurred since the levy of the above
tax, making it difficult for the tax-payers to meet the requisition in full; and where-
as the building in the northwestern part of the city can be postponed ; therefore,
resolved that the County Treasurer be instructed to collect but seven and one-half,
instead of fifteen cents, of that levy." The school-house alluded to, the new Fourth
ward house, was commenced seven years, and finished nine years, after the above
action of the Board.

During the long vacation of the schools, for the two years ending February,
1860, the school property was cared for, and the School Board exercised some super-
vision over the private schools, which were kept in the rented school-houses. The
quarterly rental of ten to thirty dollars a term for the small and large buildings,
was moderate; but the payments were more moderate, as the schools receiv ed but
limited patronage, and the rents were generally either excused or unpaid.

In June, 1858, Mr T. J. Vater was employed to care for the school property ;
and in September of the same year, James Greene was appointed School Director,
at a salary of $250 a year during vacation, and $500 a year during "term time,"
when he was to give one-half of his time to the schools.

The school fund fell to its lowest ebb in June, 1858, when the balance in the
city treasury, belonging to the schools, was 28.98. In April, 1859, there was in
the Treasury $3,547, for the current expenses of the schools, being the proceeds of
the levy of 1858; and in June, $3,377, belonging to the tuition fund, and available
for teachers' salaries. The opening of the schools, however, was postponed until
February, 1860, in order that the free schools might then remain open twenty-two
weeks. Twenty-nine teachers were appointed, at salaries ranging from $50 to $100

EDUCATIONAL.

167

* quarter. Of those then selected but one now remains in the schools Miss Eliza
Ford, the accomplished principal of the Ninth district.

The average professional life, in this most useful vocation, is less than ten
years ; few die, but nearly all resign.

In August, I860, the City Council ordered the removal of the old, decaying
County Seminary building, on University square. The High School had for some
years been abandoned, but its home was now destroyed.

November 26, 1860, the schools were reopened for the session ef 1860-61, -with
twenty-nine teachers.; among them Miss Ford and Miss Alice Gray, of the present
corps.

In June, 1861, the first Board of Trustees, elected by the people, one from
ach ward, organized.

After the close of the "Winter session in 1861, the free schools were not reopened
until February 3, 1862. They then continued in session for a period of twenty-two
weeks.

Professor Geo. W. Hoss was appointed School Director, to serve during the
school term, giving one-half his time -to the schools, at a salary of $500 per annum.
Twenty-nine teachers were appointed, at the following rates of pay, being an in-
crease on the previous salaries: Principals of grammar schools, $150 a term of
eleven weeks ; assistants of same, $75. Principals of intermediate departments,
$75 to $85 a term ; and teachers in the primary schools, $50 to $68. The aggre-
gate compensation of teachers for the two terms was $4,658. The name of Miss
Nebraska Cropsey, the present competent principal of the primary departments of
the schools, first appears on the roll of teachers for 1862.

Owing to the pressure of taxation, by reason of the war of the rebellion, the
annual levy, made in March, 1862, was reduced to three cents on each one hundred
dollars valuation, and thirty cents on each poll.

The same Spring, by order of the Trustees, shade-trees were planted on all the
school property ; and the present appearance of the grounds, and the summer
shade, promoting the comfort and well-being of the pupils and teachers, attest that
the measure was useful and well timed.

In October of this year Professor Hoss was appointed Superintendent. He was
required to give one-fourth of his time to the schools, for the quarterly pay of
$62.50; and never was a modest salary more industriously earned.

The next term of the schools opened in November, 1862, with twenty-eight
teachers. The salaries were fixed at the following prices " for each day's services
actually rendered ": Principals of grammar schools, $2.50 per day; assistants, $1;
principals of the 1st, 3d, 4th, 6th and 7th wards, (one-story buildings), $1.25
per day; principals of the 1st, 2d, 5th and 8th wards, (two-story buildings), $1.50
per day ; primary and secondary principals, $1.10; and all assistants, 85 cents a
day. A few months later an increase of twenty per cent, on the above salaries
was voted.

In the Spring of 1863 the Trustees levied a tax of fifteen cents on the $100.
The pay-roll ef twenty-nine teachers, for the quarter ending May 2, 1863, amounted
to $2,834.

In May, 1863, a new Board of nine Trustees, elected by the people, organized .
and in August following elected twenty-nine teachers, witlf salaries varying but
little from ihose of the previous year. The schools opened for the session of 1863-4
on the first Monday of September, 1.863.

On the 29th .of August, the Trustees, by resolution, defined at length the duties

HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

of Superintendent, fixed the salary at $1,000 a year, and elected to the position Pro-
fessor A. C. Shortridge. The wonderful growth, vigor and success of the schools*-
during the last eight years, show how prudent* was the selection, and how efficiently
Professor Shortridge has discharged the duties of this important trust.

From this time forward the income arising from special taxation, and the ap-
portionment from the State Tuition Fund, rapidly increased ; so tha,t the schools,
although the number of pupils multiplied with each succeeding year, were still
kept open during the usual school year of thirty-nine weeks.

In August, 1864, the High School, which died out in the crash of 1858, wa
again organized in the school-huse on the corner of Vermont and New Jersey
streets,' and placed in charge of W. A. Bell, the- present Principal, at a salary of
$900 a year.

In the Spring of 1865, the income from the Special Fund was $ 15,983, and from
the Tuition Fund, $14,489. In April of that year, under the new Common School
Law of the State, a Board of three Trustees was elected by the Common Council^
and organized on the 23d day of May.

In July, the School Board adopted plans for two new school-houses, with capac-
ity for one thousand pupils ; one on the corner of Michigan and Blackford streets,
and the other on the corner of Vermont and Davidson streets ; and appointed Joseph
Curz'on, who designed the buildings, as architect and superintendent. One of
these buildings was completed and opened in the Winter, and the other early in,
the Spring, of 1867. The two buildings, fitted and* furnished complete, with enclots-
uresand out-buildings, cost $71,000.

In February, 1866, the lot, 223 by 160 feet, on Union street, on which the Sixth
district house was afterward built, was bought at a cost of $5,500.

The same month, the first Board of Visitors was appointed by the Trustees
two competent persons belli g selected from each ward of the city. Their services
were cheerfully rendered, and their periodical visits to the schools did much to ac-
quaint the public with the movements and progress of the schools, and to stimulate
both teachers and pupils to increased diligence.

In June, 1866, the largely increased attendance in the schools, and the urgent
want for more school-room, warranted the Board in making the annual levy for
building and current expenses, to th full amount allowed by law, viz : 25 cents on
$100 valuation of property, and 50 cents on each poll.

The same season the salaries were ordered, as follows : Superintendent, $2,000 ;
Principal of the High School, $1,250 ; Teacher of Vocal Music, $1,500 ; and Teach-
ers of the Ward Schools, from $400 to $625 per annum. Thirty-nine teachers were
employed.

Early in the Fall of 1866, an " Annual Report of the Public Schools, for the-
year ending September 1, 1866" was published in a pamphlet of ninety-four pages.
It contains much useful information with regard to the schools, statistics of perma-
nent value, and a resume of the early history of the schools j to which we are
indebted for many of our facts.

In January, 1867, the first Evening Schools were established, and have been
continued during the Winter months to the present time. These schools have
accomplished great good ; but the attendance has not been at all equal to the needs
of the class most requiring such privileges.

In December, the Second Presbyterian Church property, on the corner of Mar-
ket and Circle streets, was purchased for the High School, and for the offices of th

EDUCATIONAL. 169

Trusteps and Superintendent. The cost of the property, refitted and famished
for its new uses, was $18,000.

In February, 1866, a Training School was organized in the new Fourth district
school-house. Miss A. P. Funnelle, a graduate of the Model School, of Oswego,
N. Y., and of the N. Y. State Normal School, at Albany, was appointed principal.
The object of this school was, to furnish persons desiring situations as teachers in
the Indianapolis schools with the requisite instruction and training in the whole
science and art of Education, so as to fit them to successfully perform their duties in
any primary or intermediate grade. The results accomplished by the culture and
discipline of this school have been most satisfactory.

In the report for 1869, the Superintendent says:

" The good influences of our Training School have permeated every part of our
school system. Not a single one of the five thousand pupils, from the senior class
Of the High School, to the lowest primary grade, has failed to receive, directly or
indirectly, some of the benefits of its organization. Twelve young ladies graduated
the first year, fourteen the second, eleven the third, and ten the fourth ; making a
total of forty-seven, all of whom at once became teachers in the public schools ; thus
securing earnest, cultivated, and thoroughly competent teachers, for the most part
brought up by our own firesides and in our own homes, and educated in our com-
mon schools."

Owing to want of room suitable for the purpose, the Training School was not
continued for the year 1870-71, but it is understood it will be recommended for the
year 1871-2.

Immediately after the dedication of the new school-house on Michigan and
Blackford streets, the old Fourth Ward House, on Market street was assigned to
the use of Colored Schools, but without provision for the payment of teachers, as
the law establishing such school had not then been enacted.

June 16, 1867, a report from the School Trustees was presented to the Common
Council, recommending a supplementary levy by the city of ten cents on the hun-
dred dollars, for tuition. In this report it was estimated that the annual expense for
teachers' salaries, for the next year, would be $40,000; while the annual revenue
derived from the State fund was about $20,000. The levy called for was adopted
by the Council.

In September, 1868, the new building on Union street, in the Sixth Ward,
which had been commenced in the spring of 1867, was opened for the reception of
pupils. This School House was built from the designs, and under the superintend-
ence, of Joseph Curzon, and has capacity for eight hundred and forty pupils,
(though by crowding all its space and seating the attic story, nearly one thousand
pupils have been admitted.) Its cost, including enclosure, furniture and out-build-
ings, was $44,000.

In August, 1868, sixty-eight teachers, and in July, 1869, seventy-six teachers,
were elected to positions in the Schools.

In April, 1869, a new Board of Trustees, elected by the Common Council, or-
ganized. The usual full levy was made by the Board in August, and the Council
was petitioned for a supplementary levy of eleven cents, and twenty-five cents on
each poll.

The report to Council showed an expenditure for instruction of $44,470 for the
year just closed, and an estimated cost for teachers' wages for the year 1869-1870,
of $55,000.

In October, 1869, a lot one hundred and eighty-eight by one hundred and nine-

170

HOLLOWA rs INDIA NAPOLIS.

ty-eight feet, on the corner of Walnut and Delaware streets, was purchased for the
sum of $18,000, and the old Second Ward School House property sold for $9,000.

Measures were immediately taken to build a suitable School House on the new
lot. Enos and Huebner were selected as architects. The erection of the building
was vigorously prosecuted, and it was finally opened for the reception of pupils
during the winter of 1871. It is, like the Sixth District House, four stories high, and
has capacity for 728 pupils. Its cost, including all fixtures, improvements, enclo-
sures and furniture, was $70,000.

In the Fall of 1869, the " Eighth Annual Eeport of the Public Schools, for the
year ending August 31, 1869," a volume of one hundred and thirty-nine pages, was
published. This report contains much valuable information with regard to the
schools and a full record of their movements during that year.

In a report of the School Board to the Common Council, of June 18, 1870, we
find the following compact exhibit, to which we add the statement for 1871. There
were, at the close of the school years ending with the dates mentioned, the follow-
ing results :

Year Ending

Pupils in the Schools.

Annual Cost for Tuition

Number of Teachers.

June, 1868,
" 1869,
" 1870,
" 1871,

4,949
5,160
5,795
6,449

$34,007
44,470
54,092

60,480

62
78
29
103

During the school year commencing September, 1869, schools for colored pupils
were established in the old Fourth and Sixth Ward school-houses. The schools
rapidly filled up with pupils, eager to learn ; and the accommodations becoming too
small, the capacity of the Fourth ward house was doubled, by the addition of a
second story, during the Summer of 1870. An Evening School for colored youth
was also opened during the Winter of 1871, and was popular and very fully attended.

THE EVENING SCHOOLS. October 31, 1870, the Superintendent reported a
total number of three hundred and seventeen pupils attending the Night Schools
for the Winter of 1869-70. The average number was one hundred and sixty-one;
and the cost, $507 being $1.59 each on the enrollment, and 3.15 on the aver-
age attendance. The previous year the cost was $2.15 per capita on the number
enrolled, and $1.10 on the average number.

From an unpublished report of the School Board we extract the following re-
marks with regard to the Evening Schools :

" Their instructions have been eminently useful to a class of persons who have
no other opportunities for obtaining useful learning; but their numbers should be
largely increased from that class of untaught boys and girls, who, as at present sit-
uated, are subjected to the worst influences during the long nights of Winter. The
Evening Schools have been even too respectable : containing few youth who are not
of confirmed steady and industrious habits. We earnestly commend these schools
to all good citizens, as worthy of their best endeavors to increase the interest in them,
by frequent visitations, and to add to their numbers by solicitations, watchfulness,
and missionary effort among those young persons who can hardly escape becoming
bad citizens, unless rescued by the influences thrown around them in these schools,
by exciting a thirst for knowledge which shall overcome the fascinations of idleness
and vice."

EDUCATIONAL.

THE NEW GROWTH OF THE CITY SCHOOLS Dates back only seven years, to
the school year 1863-4, previous to which time, as will be seen, the schools were
feebly supported, and kept open as free schools but a short period in each year.

Seven years ago, there were in the city not less than nine thousand persons of
legal school age, while there was room in the schools for less than fourteen hundred.
Not a school-house in the city was well adapted to school purposes, or to the best
approved graded system of conducting schools. No complete classification was
possible. The school-houses were generally badly ventilated, uncomfortably seated,
and some of them were situated on low and unwholesome sites. More than fifty
percent, of the children between six and fifteen years had no room in the schools.

At that time, and previously, a modest tax of three to fifteen cents was levied,
which yielded scarcely more than enough revenue to cover current expenditures,
without any considerable balance for building purposes. With half the children
of the city practically excluded from school privileges, and no possibility of mate-
rial relief without a much larger fund and more and better school-houses, the bur-
den and responsibility resting upon the school oflBcers were very great. The work
neglected or delayed during many previous years had to be crowded into a short
period, beside the necessities of the hour.

The time, during the closing years of an exhausting war, was not propitious
for heavy and unusual taxation. But the Trustees did not hesitate to use, to the
utmost limit of the law, all the power in their hands to remedy the evil. During
this period, additional permanent room and seats were provided in new buildings,
and by rearrangement of the old, for thirty-six hundred pupils, at an expense of
about 185,000; yet, even now, the most urgent, pressing duty devolved upon the
school ofiicers is to provide for not less than fifteen hundred pupils, who are needing
the advantages afforded by our schools, but are prevented for want of room.
While the schools have thus largely increased in accommodation, the need has aug-
mented in even greater ratio We know of but two ways, in this rapidly-growing
city, for preventing increased expenditure on account of the schools, from year to
year : First, by permitting the schools to become feeble and unpopular, so that the
children will stay out; secondly, by providing no further accommodations, so that
they cannot get in,

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL FUNDS. The revenue for the support of the Indian-
apolis Public Schools is derived from two separate and distinct funds.

First, the TUITION FUND. This fund is derived, in part, from the general
school fund of the State, and in part by taxation under the provisions of the Com-
mon School law of the State, and is apportioned to the different counties by the
Superintendent of Public Instruction, on the basis of the number of persons of
legal school age (six to twenty-one years) in each county. The County Auditors,
on the same basis, apportion the fund to the different towns and cities of each
county.

Under the provisions of the law the counties which are richest in children
receive the largest revenue. The effects of this apportionment on the county of
Marion will be seen by the following table :

172

HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

DATE.

Amount of school rev-
enue collected in Marion
County.

Am't apportioned to
Marion County.

Net loss to Marion Co.
under the apportionm't.

May, 1869....

$62,693

$35 662 )

October 1869

12,912

10 532

$29 411

May, 1870

59,231

40,7101

October 1870

13 739

10 943 /

21 317

Total for two years

$148,575

$97,847

$50,728

Over thirty per cent, of the School revenue collected in this county under the
State tax, is distributed over the State, and aids in educating the youth of poorer
counties. Perhaps, however, there is no basis of apportionment more equitable
than that of the school population, provided the census of persons of legal school
age is fairly taken in all parts of the State. There are reports of irregularities
and frauds in some localities in the taking of this census, which, if true, make the
apportionment most unjust and oppressive ; and the unequal distribution is contrary
to the intent and meaning of the law.

The Tuition Fund in this city is not limited to the revenue derived from the
above apportionment, but is complemented by local taxation for teachers' salaries.
This tax has heretofore, since 1867, been levied by the Common Council ; but here-
after, under the provisions of the law approved March 3, 1871, the authority for all
supplementary taxation will rest with the Board of School Commissioners.

The second source of revenue for the City Schools is the SPECIAL SCHOOL
FUND.

This Fund can be used only for the current expenses of the schools, including
school lots, buildings, repairs, fuel, and all items of expenditure except teachers'
salaries. It is derived from a tax levied by the Trustees and placed upon the
county duplicate, of "not exceeding 25 cents on each $100 of valuation, and 50
cents on each poll." The amount of revenue raised by this tax is fully stated in
the general table of statistics annexed.

THE SCHOOL OFFICERS. From 1853 until the spring of 1861 the Trustees were
elected by the Common Council. From 1861 to 1865, owing to a change in the
law, the Trustees were elected by the people, one from each ward. In ] 865 the law
was again amended, and the Trustees were elected by the Council, until the passage
of a law, approved March 3, 1871, providing fora Board of School Commissioners,
to be elected by the people, one from each "School District." At present the school
districts are the nine wards, but the Commissioners are authorized to re-district the
city for school purposes. They are also authorized to levy such additional taxes as
may be necessary for the efficiency of the schools, and to provide suitable build-
ings.

The annual report of receipts and expenditures of school revenue is made by
the School Board to the County Commissioners, with whom all accounts and
vouchers are filed and settlement made in March of each year.

The Superintendent of the Schools is the acting executive officer of the Board
of Trustees or Commissioners. He is entrusted with the general organization and
management of the Schools. The School Board elect the teachers annually, but all
reports from them with regard to their duties, or the condition of their schools, are
made to the Principals, or directly to the Superintendent, who is responsible for

EDUCATIONAL.

173

the efficient grading and successful working of the whole. The Superintendent ia
assisted by two Principals, one for all the schools north of Washington street, and
one for the schools south of that street. There is an additional Principal, who has
the general supervision of instruction in the Primary grades. There is also a
teacher for all the schools in each of the departments, of vocal music, drawing and
gymnastics. A competent mechanic is also employed, who has general charge of
supplies and of all minor repairs to the school property. As the value of the school
property exceeds $300,000, it requires constant attention and care. The judicious
custody of this valuable estate, situated as it is in twelve different locations of the
city, keeping it in repair, fit for its uses, comfortable for the children, and free from
unnecessary wear and tear, form no small part of the duties of the School Trustees.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCHOOLS. The schools are divided into three Depart-
ments PRIMARY, INTERMEDIATE, and HIGH SCHOOL. Each Department is sub-
divided into four Grades, known, counting in order from the least advanced, as
D, C, B and A, Primary; D, C, B and A, Intermediate; and the First^ Second,
Junior, and Senior years of the High School.

The regular time required to complete the course of study in each department
is four years, and for each grade one year. The twelve grades, from D, Primary,
through the Senior year of the High Sshool, will therefore occupy twelve years. A
pupil commencing in the Primary at six years of age, would, if "in course," grad-
uate from the High School at eighteen. Many ambitious and industrious pupils are
able to pass the examinations and finish their grades in a shorter period. Some
rare pupils can pass two grades a year ; more can accomplish three grades in two
years. But without "cramming" or overwork, any ordinary child can finish the
regular course within the time prescribed. "All the scholars in the same grade in
the different schools are pursuing like studies at the same time, and all are supposed
to be equally anxious, at the next annual or semi-annual examination, to graduate
into the grade next higher."

THE METHODS OF INSTRUCTION. If our Common School System ia a machine,
it is a self-adjusting invention, and adapts itself to the wants of the individual child
as well as to the requirements of the mass of children. The individuality of each
pupil is preserved, and yet all in each grade work in accord and harmony iu the
same general routine of study. The key-stone of the system is the idea that the
child teaches himself. He is neither taught, instructed nor crammed." Hig
teacher directs his attention from one object of interest to another. He is so led that
he observes, thinks and comes to correct conclusions by the exercise of his own
powers. What is learned is thoroughly learned, because it is thought out, not con-
ned by rote. That teacher is most successful whose power is greatest in securing
the attention and directing the observation of the pupil.

THE KANGE OF INSTRUCTION PRIMARY DEPARTMENT. The First Year, the
pupils learn objects first, then words representing and describing objects. They
next learn to read, and afterward to spell, both by letter and sound. The slate ia
introduced in the beginning, and the pupil learns to print, to write and to combine
numbers, by the use of objects. He also learns the size, form color and uses of
familiar objects, and the simple elements of drawing, both inventive and by imi-
tation. Physical exercises, of a few minutes duration, occurring at stated periods
during each day's session, are commenced this year and continued through the years
in all the grades.

174 BOLLOWArS INDIANAPOLIS.

The Second Year. Reading, writing and spelling are continued. The words of
the spelling lesson are written on the slate. Lessons in language are introduced,
and further progress is made in numbers and drawing.

The Third Year. The pupil now reads fluently and understandingly, and
both tells and writes readily in his own language the substance of his reading les-
sons. Writing, both on slate and paper, is continued, and spelling is advanced.
The four fundamental rules of arithmetic, where results do not reach thousands,
are studied. Drawing is continued, and progressive lessons in language, geogra-
phy, plants, animals, and objects.

The Fourth Year. Reading, spelling, definition, sentence-making, writing,
geography, arithmetic, oral lessons in language, natural history, inventive and map
drawing, are the leading exercises of the year.

INTERMEDIATE DEPARTMENT. The First Year, reading is further advanced in
the number and difficulty of the objects read, and pupils answer questions based on
the lessons. They spell all important words in their reading lessons and several
hundred selected words and a limited number of pages from the spelling book in
use; and the above, together with punctuation, definition, penmanship, arithmetic,
abbreviations, geography, map drawing, inventive drawing, compositions, with
oral instruction in language, and classification of plants, are the principal studies
of the year.

The Second Year. The same general exercises by advanced steps are contin-
nued. The intermediate arithmetic and the first book of algebra are completed
and reviewed, and considerable advance made in the second book of geography ;
further progress is made in map drawing and in composition. Oral arithmetic,
with progressive lessons in language and miscellaneous topics, and drawing of leaves,
plants, curved lines, etc., are continued.

The Third Year. Reading is further advanced, and the pupil is required to
explain the reading lessons and answer questions based on them. Spelling, punctu-
ation, definition, arithmetic to per centage, and penmanship are" continued, and Guy-
ot's Common Geography is completed and reviewed. Cutter's First Book of Physi-
ology is completed and reviewed. The practice of English composition, from inci-
dents, or elements, given by the teacher, continues ; and the important lessons in
language, which, by this time, have become a thorough elementary analysis of the
English tongue, are made a leading part of the course.

The Fourth Year. The fourth reader and the spelling book are completed.
Three hundred selected words are spelled ; and five hundred are defined and placed
correctly in English sentences. Arithmetic is continued to mensuration. A text-
book on grammar, following and illustrating the language lessons, is completed
and reviewed. Anderson's grammar-school history of the United States is com-
pleted and reviewed. The analysis of the language, with compositions, is contin-
ued. The pupil, having thoroughly mastered the above course, is prepared for

THE HIGH SCHOOL. The First Year. The range of instruction embraces
algebra, Latin, German, the science of common things, composition, book keep-
ing, reading and spelling, and advanced English grammar, acd a further analysis
of Language.

The Second Year. Reading and spelling, arithmetic, Latin or German, the
the analysis of English words, United States history, book-keeping, natural his-
tory, and geometry, are the most important exercises.

The Junior Year. This, and the sncceeding year, the studies are more or less

ED UCA TIONA L.

elective, and embrace a course in geometry, trigonometry, physiology, Latin, Ger-
man, universal history, natural philosophy, English grammar, botany, and physical
geography. .Rhetorical exercises and composition are continued.

The Senior Year. The range of studies embraces physical geography, rhetoric,
chemistry, Latin, French, Constitution of the United States, astronomy, mental
philosophy, English literature, and geology, together with regular exercises in com-
position and declamation.

MUSICAL INSTRUCTION. In February, 1866, instruction in vccal music was
introduced as one of the regular branches of education, and was placed under
the control of Mr. George B. Loomis, who has continued in charge of this impor-
tant department to the present time. All the pupils are taught to sing, and the
more advanced pupils to read music.

The primary teachers are instructed by the music teacher in the art of teaching
music, and by them daily instruction is given to their pupils. In grades above
the primary the work is done exclusively by the teacher of music, who gives to
each school, in most of the buildings, two half hour lessons each week, and, owing
to the number of rooms, but one in some of the intermediate grades. The benefits
of the instruction in vocal music during the last five years, are abundantly recog-
nized by all who are acquainted with the progress of the schools.

THE HIGH SCHOOL. This important school is worthy of especial care by rea-
son of its eminent province, as the cap-stone of our school system. Five thou-
sand pupils in the lower schools look to this institution as the summit of their
ambition. Many never reach it, but all reach toward it. The present range of
study will be seen above.

To the minds of many friends of education, its course of instruction is incom-
plete. The foundation is probably broad enough, but the structure built thereon
admits of further improvement. One of the problems of our school system
is whether we shall go beyond the present limits. Must the city of Indianapolis
forever say to her young men and young women, who have succesfully finished the
four years course prescribed in the High School, and who have prepared a strong
foundation for future useful acquirements : " This city can be of no further service
to you in obtaining an education go elsewhere?"

Must these pupils, the pride and future hope of our city, be banished from
home if they desire to complete a more liberal course of instruction?

In addition to the expense and other evils attending the removal of our culti-
vated pupils from home, and the injustice, in that the rich can go and the poor can
not, there is an additional grievance of no small moment. It is, that there is no
course of study in our higher institutions of learning which fills out the course
of our High School. That course is not designed, primarily, to fit our youth for
the regular classes of a college course ; but to give them the greatest amount of prac-
tical and useful knowledge, adapted to their wants in any position in life. As very
few of its students have opportunity, or contemplate taking a regular college course
after graduating at the High School, it was deemed best to incorporate into the
studies of that school several important branches belonging to each collegiate year.
Without this a majority of the pupils would have no opportunity of acquiring a
knowledge of some of the most useful and indispensable principles of science, ethics
and general literature; in the absence of which the culture so much desired in the
High School would be fragmentary and incomplete.

176 aoLLOWArs INDIANAPOLIS.

As the office of the Common School embraces only that elementary instruction
which is indispensable to all ; so the High School should afford to the full that
higher education in science, art and literature, which gives special qualification for
the more eminent and responsible vocations in life.

During the last two years of the present course the studies are in part elective.
To these should be added from year to year, as needed, such other elective studies
as may fit the pupil for his special life work.

Indianapolis should be willing, able and proud, to prepare her pupils to enter
the sharp competition of business life, and all the varied industries of this busy age,
thoroughly fitted to achieve success and distinction. There should be a school of
science and art, with a course thorough, rigid, exhaustive, and fully adequate to
the instruction of students in the sciences and mechanic arts.

The schools are always open to visitors. They belong to the public, and both
school officers and teachers expect and desire citizens and strangers to look into
them at any time. The public are welcome at all hours ; and frequent visitations
encourage both pupil and teacher.

The appended statement presents in tabular form, all the important move-
ments of the schools which can be found in the records for eighteen years, from
1853 to 1871. We regret that for the first ten years the record is so incomplete.
"We also present an interesting exhibit showing the value of the school property
and capacity of the buildings:

TRUSTEES AND SUPERIHTENDENTS FROM 1853 TO 1871. From 1853 to 1861,
the Board of Trustees was elected by the Common Council. From 1861 to 1864,
the Bourd was elected by the people, one from each ward; and from 1865 to 1871,
the Trustees were again appointed by the Council. In June, 1871, a B.jard of
School Commissioners, one from each School District, was elected by the people.

1853. Henry P. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher, H. F. West. School Director The
City Clerk.

1854. H. P. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher, John B Dillon, William Sheets. Di-
rectorThe City Clerk.

' 1855. Calvin Fletcher, David Beaty, James M. Ray. School Superintendent
Silas T. Bowen.

1856. Calvin Fletcher, David Beaty, D. V. Culley. Superintendent George
B. btone.

1857. D. V. Culley, N. B. Taylor, John Love. Superintendent George B.
Stone.

1858-1859. D.V. Culley, John Love, David Beaty. Director James Greene.

1860. Caleb B. Smith, Lawrence M. Vance, Cyrus C. Hines. Director
James Greene.

1861-1862. Oscar Kendrick, D. V. Culley, James Greene, Thomas B. Elliott,
James Sulgrove, Lewis W. Hasselman, Richard O'Neal. Director Geo. W. Hoss.

1863-1864. James H. Beall, D. V. Culley, I. H. Roll, Thomas B. Elliott,
Lucien Barbour, James Sulgrove, Alexander Metzger, Charles Coulon, Andrew
May, Herman Lieber. Superintendent A. C. Shortridge.

1865-1866-1867-1868. Thomas B. Elliott, William H. L. Noble, Clemens
Vonnegut. Superintendent A. C. Shortridge.

1869-1870. William H. L. Noble, James C. Yohn, John R. Elder. Superin-
tendent A. C. Shortridge.

EDUCATIONAL. ^77

THE SCHOOL PROPERTY. The estimated value of improvements includes build-
ings, fences and furniture.

First District School House Corner of Vermont and New Jersey streets. Ca-
pacity for 232 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $13,500.

Second District School House Corner of Delaware and Walnut streets. Ca-
pacity for 728 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $70,000.

Third District School House New York street, between Illinois and Tennes-
see. Capacity for 296 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $13,000.

Fourth District School House Market street, between West and California.

t

Capacity for 220 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $10,500.

Fourth District New School House Corner of Michigan and Blackford streets.
Capacity for 592 pupils ; value of lot and improvements, $38,000.

Fifth District School House Maryland street, between Mississippi and the
Canal. Capacity for 280 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $13,000.

Fifth District New School House ("Colony" Root street, between West and
White River. Capacity for 100 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $5,500.

Sixth District School House Pennsylvania street, between South and Merrill.
Capacity for 110 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $10,000.

Sixth District New School House Union street, between Merrill and McCarty.
Capacity for 848 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $51,500.

Seventh District School House East street, north of Louisiana. Capacity for
112 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $7,500.

Eighth District School House Virginia avenue, corner of Huron street. Ca-
pacity for 396 pupils; value of lot and improvements, $15,500.

Ninth District New School House Corner of Michigan and Davidson streets.
Capacity for 550 pupils ; value of lot and improvements, $38,000.

High School Building Corner of Circle and Market streets. Capacity for 270
pupils; value of property, $25,000.

Value of school property recently added to the city, $25,000.

Total valuation, $336,000. Total capacity of buildings, 4,734 pupils.

12

178

BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

<'The Census from 1854 to 1865, included all
white persons between five and twenty-one
years ; from 18GG to 1871, all between tho ages of
six and twenty-one; and sinee 1870, all white
and colored persons between the last meutiouud
ages.

t City Clerk, acting School Director.
1 Salaries are based on the rate per annum for
a full School year of forty weeks,
t Superintendent was also Principal of the
High School.
| High School suspended uqtil 18f4.
ft No free Schools School Mouses rented.
2 From 18S8 to 1863, tbe Executive Officer of
the Board was called the "Director."- Hia
pay was $250 during vacation and $600 during
term time.

li || This falling off in the Census is asciibed to
the minimum age being increased by one year
(six and twenty-one years,) and in part to
incomplete returns.

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EDUCATIONAL* .

NORTHWESTERN CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY.

The site of this institution is in the northeastern suburb of the city, near the
terminus of the Street Railway, and about two miles from the Circle Park. It is
conducted under the auspices of the Christian denomination.

The charter of the University was granted by the General Assembly of Indi-
ana in January, 1850, and provides for the formation of a joint stock company,
with a capital of not less than $95,000, nor more than $500,000 ; to be divided into
shares of $100 each ; two-thirds of the amount of the stock to be set apart lor an
endowment fund. Under this charter the requisite amount of stock was subscribed ;
and in July, 1852, the company was organized by the election of the first Board of
Directors.

The institution was opened on the 1st of November, 1855 ; and has had a steady,
sure growth.

The capital stock of the company now amount? to about $170,000; of which,
in accordance with the charter, two-thirds is in the endowment fund, and is advan-
tageously invested, so as to sustain the institution.

The collegiate year beg'ns about the middle of September, and closes about the
last of June; being divided into three terms of about thirteen weeks each.

The system of instruction consists of a Collegiate Course of four years ; a
Preparatory Course of two years, in which students are prepared for the collegiate
course; and a Primary Department, called the "Academic Course," of which Mrs.
E. J. Price is Principal.

The regular Course is substantially that of the o'dest and most efficient Col-
leges in the East.

The Law Department was recently organized, and its first term commenced
the 16th of January, 1871. This Department has three chairs, filled by Hon. Byron
K. Elliott, Charles P. Jacobs, Esq., and Hon. Charles H. Test.

The institution also has a Commercial Department, to qualify students for busi-
ness pursuits; of which C. E. Hollenbeck, Esq., an accomplished teacher in this
important branch of instruction, is Principal.

The Musical Department, in which students are taught the principles of vocal
and instrumental music, is under the charge of Prof. H. J. Schonacker, a gentle-
man of superior qualifications as a musical instructor.

The number of students in attendance during the present term is about three
hundred.

One of the first colleges in the West to abandon the old-time policy of"
excluding female students from collegiate advantages was the Northwestern Chris-
tian University. During the year just closing about sixty female students have
attended the University; and all its students enjoy equal rights, privileges and
opportunities, irrespective of sex.

There are four Societies, composed of members of the institution, each having
handsome halls: the Mathesian, Pythonian, Athenian (the members of which are
female students,) and the Philocurian. Of these the first three are literary, and
the last is religious.

The edifice, (of which a large portion of the original design is yet unbuilt,)
is in the Gothic style of architecture. Its principal material is brick, handsomely
trimmed with dressed stone, and the whole building is at once tasteful and
commodious. It is proposed to commence the erection of the remaining portions

HOLLOWAT8 INDIANAPOLIS.

of the building, and so complete the original design, during the present year ;
which will make it perhaps the largest and most elegant college edifice in the
West. The completed building will have the following dimensions: Length,
three hundred and eighty feet; greatest depth, one hundred and forty feet; height,
four stories. The site of the institution embraces an area of twenty-five acres, the
whole forming a large and beautiful grove, within the corporate limits of the
city, and valued at $100,000. Stately forest trees adorn the site and assist in mak-
ing the institution pleasant and attractive a persnasive and congenial spot to the
student of even ordinary appreciation of beautiful surroundings. The value of
the present building is about $75,000; that of the completed buildings will be
more than double this amount.

Faculty. Rev. W. F. Black, A. M., President, and Professor of Hebrew and
Syriac; W. M. Thrasher, A. M., Vice President, and Professor of Mathematics;
S. K. Hoshour, A. M., Professor of the Greek Language and Literature, and of Bib-
lical Literature; A. Fairhuret, A. M., Professor of Natural Science; H. W.
Wiley, A. M., M. D., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature ; Miss Cath-
arine Merrill, A. M., Professor of English Literature, (Demia Butler chair;) M.
Manny, A. M., Professor of French ; Professor H. J. Schonacker, Principal of the
Musical Department; Professor C. E. Hollenbeck, Principal of the Commercial
Department; J. W. Lowber, A. B., Tutor in Greek; D. L. Thomas, A. B , Tutor
in Latin ; E. T. Lane, A. B., Tutor in Latin ; J. Q Thomas, A. B., Tutor in Math-
ematics; J. H. Roberts, A. B., Tutor in English Literature; Mrs. E. J. Price,
Principal of the Academic Department. Law Department, Hon. Charles H. Test,
J-udge Byron K. Elliott, and Charles P. Jacobs, Esq., Professors.

INDIANAPOLIS YOUNG LADIES' INSTITUTE.

This Institution is Advantageously located, on the northeast corner of Penn-
sylvania and Michigan streets

The Institute was founded, and is conducted, by the Baptist denomination. It
was founded in 1858, in the belief that there was a need for such an institution
under the auspices of that denomination in this State; and that Indianapolis pos-
sessed, in its extent and most accessible location, in its intellectual and social
aspects, and in its healthfulness, the best advantages for such an institition. The
success of the enterprise has justified this belief and action of its founders.

To establish the Institute a joint stock company, called the " Indianapolis Edu-
cational Association," was formed in 1858, who secured the above site. The Asso-
ciation being as yet without financial standing, it was found necessary that per-
sonal credit be pledged for the fulfillment of the contracts entered into; and Revs.
J. B. Simmons and M. G. Clarke, with Messrs. J. R. Osgood and James Turner, of
this city, became personally responsible for the payment of $16,000, the purchase
money, ten years from that time, with annual interest until maturity. The work
of building up the Institute was at once vigorously begun. The Association gen-
erously resolved that the proceeds of the school, if any, should be devoted, after
the school was placed on a firm foundation, to the gratuitous education of the
daughters of indigent clergymen. The stockholders retained for themselves only
the right to determine the general management of the Institute, without thought
>of personal gain. .

Rev. Gibbon Williams, a man of large experience and proven worth, wag

EDUCATIONAL.

selected as the General Superintendent; and his daughter, Miss Ernily Williams,
an accomplished educator, was the first Principal of the school. Under their
direction, with the aid of very valuable assistants, the school advanced, with vary-
ing fortunes, for four years. But its legitimate income was small. The money
paid by subscribers was soon exhausted by accruing interest and necessary im-
provements; and the work moved slowly, as such enterprises, however worthy ;
are apt to do.

In the year 1862, Rev. C. W. Hewes, a graduate of Brown University, and a
gentleman of nearly twenty years experience in public life, became virtually the
proprietor of the school. Under the management of Professor Hewes, the Insti-
tute prospered to such a degree that its accommodations soon became inadequate;
and it was found necessary to enlarge the building, at a cost of nearly $8,000.

Soon afterward the site was enlarged, at an additional cost of $5,000. In 1866,
the growth and prosperity of the institution demanded a further enlargement of
the building, at a cost of $14,000: making the total cost of the buildings and site
to that date, $53,000.

The friends of the Institute take pleasure in knowing that all this expendi-
ture has been eventually a profitable investment; for, leaving out of consideration
the benefits of the enterprise as an instrument of education, the property would,
to-day, bring an increase over what it has cost.

On a beautiful site of one and one-fourth acres, in one of the most valuable
localities in the city, the Association now have an institution of learning creditable
to themselves and to the city.

More than $40,000 have been paid on the property; and the Association
expect soon to extinguish the remainder of the debt.

Under the administration of Professor Hewes the Institute attained a high
state of efficiency and popularity. It has graduated many accomplished young
ladies, who furnish in their own attainments convincing evidences of the excel-
lence of the Institution.

The Trustees, not content with the success already secured, are laboring to
increase the advantages and enhance the popularity of the Institute. They pro-
pose that it shall no longer be conducted as a private enterprise in any sense ; feel-
ing that it will be more largely useful when administered solely in the interest of
the great cause of education.

In the belief that educated ladies are better adapted to the duties of preceptors
in female colleges, the Trustees engaged a corps of competent lady instructors ; and
now feel more fully justified than ever before in inviting patronage of their insti-
tution, as one capable of satisfying in an eminent degree the requirements of a
first class Female College.

In the language of Professor J. R. Boise, of the University of Chicago, the condi-
tions of a superior institute, " which shall be as nearly like a well-regulated home
as possible; where my daughter, above all, shall be safe; where she will be kindly
treated ; where only kind words are heard, and where courteous manners, without
affectation, prevail; where the instruction in all branches of learning is thorough;
and where Christian influences are constant and all-pervading, are very fully real-
ized in the Young Ladies' Institute of Indianapolis."

The Institute is at present under the control of the following
Board of Trustees Rev. Henry Day, President; Samuel C. Hanna, Secretary ;
H. Knippenberg, Treasurer; E. C. Atkins, Esq.; Rev. W. Elgin; E. J. Foster,

182 HOLLOW A TB INDIANAPOLIS.

Esq.; John A. Ferguson, Esq.; Dr. H. C. Martin ; Aaron McCrea, Esq.; J. R. Os-
good, Eeq.; Wm. C. Smock, Esq. And the following

Board of Instruction Kev. L. Hayden, D. D., Superintendent; Mrs. M. J. P.
Hayden, Principal; Miss C. F. Barney, Miss Rebecca I. Thompson, Miss H. M.
Williams. Miss Esther Boise, Teacher of Ancient and Modern Languages; Mrs.
Sarah S. Starling, Teacher of Painting, etc.; Miss Leonora Cole, Teacher of Music;
Mis3 L. D. Hawley, Matron.

ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS.

St. John's Academy for Girls, under the charge of the Sisters of Providence of
the Catholic Church, located at the corner of Tennessee and Georgia streets, was
established in 1859. It is a graded school, conducted by Sister Ann Cecelia Buell,
as Superior, and ten teachers. The course is comprehensive, including the usual
English studies, practical mathematics, the various branches of natural science,
French and German, music, drawing, etc. The year is divided into two terms;
beginning on the first Monday irt September, and ending with the monih of June.
The school has now about three hundred and twenty-five pupils.

St. John's School for Boys, is conducted by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart;
with Brother Aloysius, as Superior, assisted by five teachers. The average attend-
ance is about two hundred.

Saint Mary's School for Boys has about one hundred pupils.

Saint Mary's Academy for Girls, is under the charge of the Sisters of St. Francis ;
has seven teachers and about two hundred pupils.

St. Patrick's School for Boys, under the care of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart,
has four teachers and one hundred and fifty pupils.

Connected wkn St. Patrick's parish is, also, the Novitiate of the Brothers of the
Sacred Heart, a training school for teachers, open only to members of the Brother-
hood; having three preceptors and twenty students at this time.

St. Patrick's School for Girls, is conducted by Mrs. L. A. Kealing, and has
about sixty pupils.

GERMAN PROTESTANT PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.

Zion's church, one hundred and eighty pupils; St. Paul's (German Evangelical,)
two hundred and forty pupils; Second German Reformed, one hundred pupils.

GERMAN ENGLISH SCHOOLS.

A very extensive institution of this description is located at 122, East Mary-
land street, and is now in its twelfth year. It was founded, and is supported, by
German citizens of Indianapolis; and its object as stated by the Principal is, that
the children of German citizens may have the requisite facilities for instruction in
the German as well as the English language. Its corps of instructors consists of
one Principal and six assistant teachers. The principal is Professor George A.
Schmidt. The present number of pupils is about three hundred. The school is
sustained by the subscriptions of about one hundred German citizens, constituting
an Association, and by the tuition fees. The school property of the Association
is worth about $25,000.

Professor Mueller is also proprietor of a large and flourishing German-English
school, located on East Ohio street.

EDUCATIONAL.
BUSINESS COLLEGES.

The Indianapolis Practical Business, Military, and Lecture College Is the title
of an institution consolidated with the Bryant $ Stratton Business College a few
months ago, and organized by an association of prominent citizens of this city. It
is in successful operation, and, when it has fully occupied its proposed field of
instruction, as it gives good promise of doing, will be a most important institution.
Its general plan comprehends "a college of specialties, or a number of special
institutions under one management; a large business school, and shortly a scientific
school, a law school, and perhaps other special schools. The intention is to extend
the field of the business college so as to give instruction in everything relating to
the business transactions which may arise in connection with any pursuit of life,
all kinds of business record*, forms, calculations, correspondence, and the customs
and laws of business; also instruction in all the purely practical branches, phys-
ical training by military drill, and a system of daily lectures."

The Board of Directors is constituted as follows: Dr. B. T. Brown, William
C. Tarkington, Esq , Col! James P. Harper, Calvin A. Elliott, Esq., Alexander L.
Southard, John Fishback, Esq., Austin H. Brown, Esq., Hon Byron K. Elliott,
Hon. Daniel Macauley.

The officers are: Dr. K. T. Brown, President; Calvin A. Elliott, Esq., Vice
President; Alexander L. Southard, Secretary and General Superintendent of Col-
lege; Austin H. Brown, Esq., Treasurer.

Location, corner of Meridian and Maryland streets.

Professor C. Koerner & Co. are the conductors of a Business College, located in
Glenn's. block.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS AND
SOCIETIES.

Brief mention has already been made, in the general historical portion of this
volume, of the various Benevolent Institutions located in or near this city. The
ensuing pages will now give a more particular description of these^

THE INDIANA HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE,

One of the most efficient and successfully administered institutions of the kind
in the country, is beautifully located two and a half miles west of the city, on the
continuation of "Washington street. It was founded by an act of the General Assem-
of the State in 1847.

The administration of the institution is under the general direction and super-
vision of a Board of Commissioners, now composed of three gentlemen, namely :
Dr. P. H. Jameson, of Indianapolis, President; and Dr. James H. Woodburn, and
John M. Caldwell, Esq., of Indianapolis. The other principal officers consist of a
Superintendent, two Physicians, a Steward and a Matron.

The institution was opened for the reception of patients in 1848.

The main building consists of a central building and two wings. The latter
extend from each end of the center structure laterally and backward, giving to the
front a broken, receding range. The entire linear extent of the edifice is 624 feet.
The three principal parts of the building, as it now stands, were erected at as many
different periods: the center, in 1847-8; the south wing in 1853-6; and the north
in 1866-9. Each addition has had the effect to somewhat impair the architectural
symmetry and unity of the original design.

The structure is built of brick, trimmed with dressed stone. Its architecture,
though it cannot strictly be classed with any distinct order, may appropriately be
termed a modification of the Plain Doric. The Doric is dimly shown in the square
columnar projections on the corners and faces of the walls, rising from the base-
ment story to the entablature, and surmounted by capitals in imitation of that
order.

The architrave, frieze, and cornice more nearly correspond with the Doric than
any other style. All the principal elevations, though modified in the details of the
wings, have the same general features. The cornice elevation of the center and of
the first principal sections, is 57 feet. The center building is surmounted by an
octagonal belvidere 17 feet in diameter; and in height 36 feet from the superior
line of the roof. The elevation to the top of the balustrade on the belvidere, is
103 feet.

The center building has five stories, inclusive of basement and a superior or half
story. The basement is used for store rooms, etc.; the second story for offices,
public parlor, dispensary, officers' dining room, etc.; the third and fourth stories
for private rooms for the Superintendent and other officers; and the fifth story
is occupied by the female employes.

The wings are three and four stories in height, and are entirely occupied by

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 1Q5

wards for the patients. The entire capacity of the wards is about five hundred
patients.

Forty-four feet in the rear of the center building, and connected with it by a
wooden corridor three stories in height, is the chapel building, 50x60 feet, the first
floor of which contains the general kitchen, bakery, dining rooms for the employes,
etc.; the second, the steward's office, sewing room, rooms for employes, etc.; and
the third floor is entirely occupied by the chapel, having seating accommodations
for three hundred persons.

Immediately in the rear of the chapel building is the engine building, 60x50
feet ; the first floor of which contains the requisite boilers for heating all of the
buildings throughout, and the pumps of the water-works connected with which
are six fire-plugs to furnish hose attachments in case of a fire breaking out. The
second floor is occupied by the laundry, and the third by rooms for the male em-
ployes.

Additional to the foregoing buildings, is a carpenter shop, 30x50 feet, and two
stories in height, containing the ordinary machinery, etc.

The north wing was constructed under the direction of the present Board of
Commissioners, and is superior in its style, workmanship and adaptation to its
uses

The south wing and portions of the center would bear some remodeling and
improvements.

The entire building is lighted by gas. It has complete water works, of the Holly
system, for supplying water throughout the institution, and for the extinguishment
of fires, should occasion arise ; also, an approved apparatus for forced upward ven-
tilation.

The grounds of the institution consist of 160 acres the buildings being situated
near the center, on a slight eminence. Of this area, about 40 acres are set apart for
the immediate grounds surrounding the buildings; they are liberally adorned with
shade trees, shrubbery, etc.; and are suitably laid out with walks, drives, etc.
Twenty acres are contained in a forest grove; and the remainder is used for agri-
cultural purposes, being tilled by the patients.

The original cost of these grounds was but $4,000. They are now worth, at a
low estimate, $50,000.

Under its managment for several years past, the institution has attained a
superior degree of efficiency and usefulness "worthy alike of the wealth, intelli-
gence and humanity of its patrons, the people of the State."

During the year ending October 31st, 1870, 792 patients were under treatment
a much larger number than during any previous year; and indicative, not so much
of an unusual increase in insanity, as of the increased capacity of the institution.
During the same time, 317 patients were discharged ; of whom 187 were restored; 19
improved ; and 59 not improved. There were 51 deaths during the year.

The increasing demands on the institution necessitate the enlargement of the
south wing at an early day, at an estimated cost of $50,000.

The expenditures during the past year were $122,745.96.

During the past 22 years, 4,431 patients have been treated in the institution;
in regard of whom the following statistics are of interest:

Former Occupation Males. Bakers, 6; Bankers, 2; Brewers, 2; Brickmakers,
5; Blacksmiths, 39 ; Butchers, 7 ; Clerks, 49 ; Carpenters, 56 ; Coopers, 21 ; Clergy-
men, 18; Contractor, 1; Cabinet makers, 10; Cigar makers, 3; Confectioner, 1;

HOLLOWAT8 INDIANAPOLIS.

Chair makers, 4; County officers, 5; Daguerrean artiste, 3; Dentists, 3; Druggist,
1; Editors, 2; Engineers, 4; Farmers, 1.291; Fullers, 5; Foundrymen, 4; Gun-
smiths, 8; Hatters. 3; Hotel keepers, 3; Hunters, 2; Harness makers, 4; Labor-
ers, 226; Lawyers, 9; Locksmiths, 2; Mechanics, 9; Merchants, 61; Miners, 4;
Musicians, 2; Machinists, 7; Manufacturers, 34; , Millers, 19; MiHwrights, 2; No
occupation, 64; Physicians, 17; Plasterers, 22; Pump makers, 3; Printer?, 9;
Painters, 15; Peddlers, 6; Potters, 3; Railroad men, 7; Shoemakers, 30; Sinter,
1; Stone masons, 3; Saloon keepers, 3; Steamboatmen, 2; Saddlers, 8; Soldiers,
36; Students, 16; Tanners, 3; Telegrapher, 1; Teachers, 28; Tailors, 24; Tinners,
6; Traders, 9; Tragedian,!; Upholsterers, 1; Wagon makers, 15; Weavers, 7;
Watchmakers, 5; Watchmen, 3.

Females Actress, 1; Housework, 1,982; Mantua maker, 16; No occupatioe,
52; Paper makers, 2; School girls, 33 ; Tailoresses, 29; Teachers, 41.

Ages of Patients when, Admitted Under 20 years, 396; from 20 to 25 years,
88 ; from 25 to 30 years, 723 ; from 30 to 35 years, 624 ; from 35 to 40 years, 558 ;
from 40 to 45 years, 423; from 45 to 50 years, 404; from 50 to 55 years, 277; from
55 to 60 years, 144; from 60 to 65 years, 106; from 65 to 70 years, 50; from 70,
to 75 years, 32; from 80 to 85 years, 4; from 85 to 90 years, 2.

The present officers are: President of the Board of Commissioners, Dr. P. H.
Jameson; Commissioners, John M. Caldwell and Dr. James H. Woodburn; Super-
intendent, Dr. Orpheus Evarts; Physicians, Drs. W. W. Hester and W. J. Elstun;
Steward, Charles H. Test ; Matron, Mrs. Mary Evarts. The officers and employes
number nearly one hundred.

The succession of Superintendents has been as follows: Dr. John Evans, Dr.
Patterson, Dr. James S. Athou, Dr. James EL Woodburn, Dr. Wilson Lock-
hart, Dr. Orpheus Evarts, the present Superintendent.

The whole cost of the buildings and grounds has been about $375,000 a much
less sum than their real value to-day. It would require $600,000, perhaps, to pur-
chase the site and erect and furnish such a hospital, if required at this time.

THK INDIANA INSTITUTE FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND,

Is situated very nearly in the center of the most beautiful section of the city.
Its site occupies the space of two city blocks, an area of eight acres; bounded on
the south by North street; on the west, by Meridian; on the north, by "Walnut;
on tie east by Pennsylvania.

The Institute was founded by an Act of the General Assembly, in 1847, and
was first opened, in a rented building, on the first of October of that year. The
permanent buildings were completed, and first occupied, in the month of Feb-
ruary, 1853. The original coet of buildings and grounds, was $110,000; their pres-
ent valuation is $300,000. The principal edifice is composed of a center building,
having a front of ninety feet, and a depth of sixty-one feet, and is five stories in
height; together with two four story wings, each thirty feet in front, by eighty-
three feet in depths making a total frontage of one hundred and fifty feet. Each
of these sections of the building is surmounted by a handsome cupola, of the Co-
rinthian order of architecture. The building is mainly constructed of brick, stuc-
coed in imitation ef sand-stone: the basement story being faced with sand-stone
ashler, rustic-jointed. The portico of the center building, and verandas on the
fronts and sides of the wings, #re of sand-stone : the former thirty feet wide by thirty
five feet det-p, and extending to the top of the third story. The portico and corni-
ces of the building are of , the Ionic order.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. ]_Q7

In addition to themain structure and usual out-buildings, there is a plain three
story brick building, forty by sixty feet, containing the work-shops for the several
trades of the pupils.

The number of pupils in attendance during the past year was one hundred
and seven ; of whom forty-six were males, and sixty- one females.

The corps of officers and instructors is composed as follows:

Trustees. P.H.Jameson, President, John Beard, Cass Byfield; Secretary,
^ H. W. Ballard ; Superintendent, W. H. Churchman; Teachers in Literary Depart-
, ment, Albert Stewart, Miss S. A. Scofield, Mrs. C. C. Wynn, Miss Kate C. Landis,
Miss Mary Maloney ; Teachers in Music Department, R. A. Newland, D. New-
land ; Teachers in Handicraft Department, J. W. Bradshaw, Mrs. S. J. Ballard ;
Household Officers, J. M. Kitchen, M. D., Physician, H. W. Ballard, (Steward,
Mrs. A. C. Landis, Matron, Mrs. S. J. Ballard, Girl's Governess.

The Superintendents of the Institution have been: W. H. Churchman, from
October, 1, 1847, to September 30, 1853; George W. Ames, from October 1, 1853,
to September 30, 1855; William C. Larrabee, from October 1, 1855, to January 31,
1857 ; James McWorkman, from February 1 ; 1857, to September 10, 1861 ; "W. H.
Churchman, the present Superintendent, reappointed October 10, 1861.

The annual appropriation fur its maintainance,' is about $30,000.

The grounds are handsomely adorned, the government of the Institution ex-
cellent, and its efficiency second to none of the kind in the country.

The engraving on another page gives a correct view of the building.

INDIANA INSTITUTE FOR THK DEAF AND DUMB.

This Institution was authorized by an Act of the General Assembly in 1844.

Its location is particularly beautiful, in the eastern suburb of the city, just
south of Washington street.

The Institute, proper, consists of three buildings connected by corridors. Two
of these buildings were erected in 1848-9; the third in 1869-70.

The front building has a facade of two hundred and sixty feet; and con-
tains the offices, library, general study rooms, officers' and teachers' rooms, and
the dormitories for the pupils. The center of this building is eighty by fifty-
four feet, and five stories high; the lateral wings sixty by thirty feet, and three sto-
ries in height ; the transverse wings, thirty by fifty feet and four stories high. The
middle building contains the store-rooms, kitchen, laundry, bakery, dining-halls,
servants' rooms, hospital, and several school-rooms. It is three stories high: the
center being forty by eighty feet; and the wings thirty-two by seventy feet. The
rear building contains the chapel and ten school-rooms. It is two stories high ;
the center being fifty feet square; and the wings forty by twenty feet.

In addition to the above described buildings there are others, detached from
them, containing the engine house, wash-house, and the shops .for the Industrial
Department. The aggregate cost of the buildings has been $220,000.

The grounds comprise one hundred and five acres, worth $1000 per acre. The
grounds more directly surrounding the buildings are beautifully laid off in walks,
and drives, and are elaborately ornamented with shrubbery and forest trees; and
contain, also, a flower garden with conservatory. Appropriate spaces are devoted
to the purposes of an orchard, a vegetable garden, and play grounds for the pupils.
The remainder, and principal area, is laid off in pasture and farm lots.

Altogether it is one of the most beautiful spots in or about Indianapolis; and

188 HOLLOWAT'8 INDIANAPOLIS.

must go far to make those for whose benefit it was ordained forget their misfor-
tunes, in the scenes of beauty about them; It reflects the largest credit on the
State that founded and has maintained this noble charity ; and on the efficiency
of the successive managements that have so beautified and adorned the place. Nor
have the efforts of officers and teachers to make the Institution useful in respect
of the intellectual and moral welfare of those committed to their care been less
successful, than the pains taken to make the grounds ornamental.

The number of pupils in attendance during the past year was two hundred and
sixty-four.

The principal officers of the Institute are: Dr. P. H. Jameson, President;
Dr. J. M. Kitchen and W. R. Hogshire, Trustees ; Thomas Mac Intire, Superintend-
ent; Dr. F. S. Newcomer, Physician. The following are the Instructors in the In-
tellectual Department : Horace S. Gillett, A. M., William H. Latham, A. M., M. D.,
Walter W. Angus, Sidney J. Vail, H. N. Mac Intire, William N. Burt, A. M.,
John L. Houdyshell, Naomi S. Hiatt, Eugene W. Wood, Sarah C. Williams;
Teacher of Articulation, Joseph C. Gordon, A. M.

The first Instructor in the Institution was William Willard, a deaf mute, who
was employed in 1844, at a salary of $800 per annum. Mr. Willard had previ-
ously conducted a small school 'for the instruction of deaf mutes in this city. He
acted as Principal to the Institution until July, 1845; and was succeeded by J. S.
Brown, who served as Principal until July 7, 1853. The latter was succeeded by
the present Superintendent, Thomas Mac Intire; who, for seventeen years, has
most efficiently discharged his responsible duties.

The annual appropriation for its support has for several years been $44,000.

INDIANA FEMALE PBISON AND REFORMATORY.

This Institution is one of the fruits of the recent agitation for Prison Reform,
and of the progress lately made in that field. It had its origin in that wise benev-
olence that having long noted the defects of the prison system, in its relation to the
management and care of female inmates, in 1869 began that agitation for re-
form in this respect, which resulted in attracting considerable attention to such
defects, and in stimulating philanthropy to labor for their correction. The atten-
tion of Governor Baker was attracted to the subject of Prison Reform, in which he
became very much interested ; and to the interest and investigation given the sub-
ject by him, is due the first practical step taken toward realizing the idea of the
present Indiana Female Prison and Keformatory. To this end he drafted a Bill ;
and the Legislature endorsed the Governor's recommendation by giving it the au-
thority of a statute. The following extracts from the Act of the Legislature are
here quoted, as best explaining the nature and objects of the Institution :

"As soon as the Penal Department of the institution created by this act shall
be ready for the reception of inmates, it shall be the duty of the warden of said
State Prison, upon the order of the Governor, to transfer and convey to the insti-
tution created by this act all the female convicts who may then be confined in said
prison, and deliver them to the Superintendent of said institution, with a certified
statement in writing, signed by such warden, setting forth the name of each con-
vict, the court by which, and the offence of, and for which she was convicted and
sentenced, the date of the sentence, the term of the court at which sentence was
pronounced, and the term for which said convict was sentenced, which certified
statement in writing shall be sufficient authority for the confinement of such con-

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.

rict in the institution created by this act, for the portion of the term of such con-
vict which may be and remain unexpired at the time when she shall be transferred
to said institution as aforesaid."

The provisions with regard to the Reformatory Department declare that:
" Whenever said institution shall have been proclaimed to be open for the re-
ception of girls in the Reformatory Department thereof, it shall be lawful for said
Board of Managers to receive into their care and management, in the said Reform-
atory Department, girls under the age of fifteen years, who may be committed to
their custody, in either of the following modes, to-wit:

First. When committed by any Judge of a Circuit or Common Pleas Court,
either in term time or in vacation, on complaint and due proof by the parent or
guardian, that by reason of her incorrigible or vicious conduct, she has rendered
her control beyond the power of such parent or guardian, and made it manifestly
requisite that from regard to the future welfare of such infant, and for the protec-
tion of society, she should be placed under such guardianship.

Second. When such infant shall be committed by such judge as aforesaid,
upon complaint by any citizen, and due proof of such complaint, that such infant
is a proper subject for the guardianship of said institution, in consequence of her
vagrancy or incorrigible or vicious conduct, and that from moral depravity or
otherwise of her parent or guardian, in whose custody she may be, such parent or
guardian is incapable or unwilling to exercise the proper care or discipline over
such incorrigible or vicious infant.

Third. When such infant shall be committed by such judge as aforesaid, on
complaint and due proof thereof, by the Township Trustee of the township where
such infant resides, that such infant is destitute of a suitable home, and of adequate
means of obtaining an honest living, or that she is in danger of being brought up
to lead an idle and immoral life."

By authority of tbe Act creating the institution, the Governor appointed Hon.
E. B. Martindalej of this city, (who has been succeeded by James M. Ray, of this
city,) Ashael D. Stone, of Winchester, (who has been succeeded by Dr. Armstrong,
of Carroll county,) and Joseph I. Irwin, of Columbus, a Board of Managers.
These gentlemen secured the service of Isaac Hodgson, of this city, who drafted a
plan for the proposed prison, which was accepted; but by reason of the fact that
the appropriation for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the act,
amounted to only $50,000, the entire plan could not be fully carried out at
present.

The building, now nearly completed, is situated just north of the Deaf and Dumb
Asylum, between it and the Arsenal, and presents quite a commanding appearance
when vie wed from the National road. It is a two story brick, with a basement and
Mansard roof. It will be one hundred and severity-four feet long, and is composed
of a main building with side wings, and traverse wings at either end. The latter
are to have a length of one hundred and nine feet. Standing in front of the cantral
portion of the building, is a dwelling house three stories high, with a basement,
which will be occupied by the Superintendent and officers of the Institution,
and connects with the Reformatory by a passage way on the first floor.

A building in the rear, and connecting with the Reformatory in the base-
ment and first story by passage ways, will be occupied by a large boiler room and
.bath rooms. A brick ventilating stack seventy feet high will be located here.
The style of architecture is " Utilitarian," and exhibits excellent taste on the

190 SOLLOWATB INDIANAPOLIS.

part of the architect, and practical knowledge of the requirements of such an in-
stitution.

Although the present edifice does not embrace the entire plan for the completed
building, it is perfect in itself, and contains all that is necessary for the proper
working of the institution. The complete plan is for a builiding with an extreme
length of five hundred and twenty-five feet. But several years will necessarily
pass before the entire building can be finished, or indeed, before it will be needed.

Owing to the premature adjournment of the last General Assembly, the neces-
sary appropriation for finishing the building, for furnishing it, and for carrying on
the institution, was not made. The inauguration of the institution has, therefore,
been delayed. The Committees of both Houses of the late General Assembly,
however, unanimously approved the expenditures already made, the work that has
been performed, and the estimates submitted for future appropriations; so that
the opening of the institution has only been deferred for a brief period, by the de-
fault of the General Assembly.

INDIANA HOUSE OF REFUGE.

The Legislature of Indiana, by an Act approved March 8, 1867, authorized an
institution to be known as "A House of Refuge for the Correction and Reforma-
tion of Juvenile Offenders.''

To carry out the provisions of this Act the sum of $50,000 was appropriated.
The general supervision and government of the Institut : on is vested in a Board of
Control, consisting of three Commissioners, to be appointed by the Governor, by
and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The members of the first Board
hold their offices for the respective terms of two, four, and six years, and after this
one member of the Board to be appointed in the same manner, every two years,
whose term of office shall continue for six years.

The following gentlemen were the first Board, viz : Charles F. Coffin, Esq.,
of Wayne county, Hon. A. C. Downey, of Ohio county and General Joseph Orr,
of Laporte county.

The Board held their first meeting in the Governor's rooms in Indianapolis,
Ind., on the 23d day of April, 1867, and organized by electing Charles F. Coffin,
President. The Board then resolved to visit and examine the Reform School at
Chicago, 111., the House of Refuge at Cincinnati, 0., and the Ohio State Reform
Schools, at Lancaster, O. After a full examination and consideration of the
merits of these institutions for the reformation of juvenile offenders, the Board
unanimously adopted what is known as the " Family System," (in imitation of the
Ohio State Reform Schools,) as contra-distinguished from the " congregate plan."
This system divides the inmates of the Institution into families of fifty boys each
each family having a separate house and- proper family officers. The officers to
each family are a House Father (who has the immediate charge of the family of
boys) assisted by an Elder Brother; all the families are under the jurisdiction of
a common Superintendent.

It was contemplated by the founders of the Institution, and by the legislature
calling it into existence, that it should be located at some suitable point near Indi-
anapolis, combining the several necessary conditions. Manifestly it should not be
located so near a large city as to allure unruly and truant inmates from the quiet
and discipline of the Institution to the temptations of the city. In view of this
and other essential considerations controlling its location, Governor Baker selected
and established a site for the institution, three-fourths of a mile south of Plainfield,

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.

191

in Hendricks county, on the line of the Indianapolis, Terre Haute, Vandalia and
St. Louis Railway, fourteen miles west of Indianapolis. The site is a very eligi-
ble one : being easy of access from all parts of the State.

The farm upon which the institution is located contains- two hundred and
twenty-five acres; combining beauty of location with fertility of soil; and particu-
lary favored with running streams affording an ab.mdant and unfailing supply of
water for the use of the institution, and for the needs of the live stock on the
farm. The site of the buildings is a beautiful plateau, about eighteen feet above
the level of the adjacent valley.

The engraving on another page will serve to give a good general idea of the
appearance of the buildings and grounds.

The Board, with the approval of the Governor, adopted a plan for the grounds
and buildings, with a view to the ultimate erection of one main building and eight
family houses, besides one house for a reading room and hos-pital, and two large
shops for mechanial labor, intended to accommodate four hundred boys.

On the 27th of August, 1867, the Board, with the approval of the Governor,
appointed Mr. and Mrs. Frank B Ainsworth, Superintendent and Matron. They
immediately entered upon the discharge of their duties, which they have ever since
discharged with great credit to themselves and to the institution.

On the first of January, 1868, three family houses and one work shop were
completed and ready for occupancy, and the Governor issued his proclamation
declaring the Institution ready for the reception of inmates. During the past
year the main building and one additional family house have been completed,

The plan of the buildings is an elongated octagon. All the family houses
front to the center of the plateau save the two on the east side, whieh front to the
east. The main building stands east of the centre, fronts to the east; it is sixty-
four by one hundred and twenty-eight feet, external measurement, and is three sto-
ries high above the basement. In the basement are the vegetable cellars, wash
room, ironing room, furnace room and kitchen. On the first floor are the office,
reception room, officers and boys dining rooms, pantry and store room. On the
second floor are the Superintendent's family rooms, private office, and five dormi-
tories for oificers, etc. On the third floor are the Assistant Superintendent's rooms r
a store room and library, the chapel and hospital.

The family houses are uniform in style, and are thirty-six by fifty-eight feet
external measurement. The basement contains a furnace room, a store room, and
a large wash room, which is also used for a play room in stormy weather. On the
first floor are two rooms for the House Father and his family ; and a school room,
which is also used for a sitting-room for the family of boys. On the third floor are
the boys' dormitory, a clothes room and a room for the Elder Brother, etc.

These buildings are erected on a plan suggested by an experienced reformer,
and admirably serve the purpose for which they were designed.

The first boy was received January 23d, 1868, into the institution, from Hen-
dricks county. A few days after this ten boya were transferred from the Northern
Prison. Since the opening of the institution twenty-two boys have been received
to its guardianship. There are at this time one hundred and seventy-eight inmates
remaining in the institution; two having been indentured; one having died, and
the rest having been discharged. Notwithstanding that there are no high fences,
walls, or physical contrivances, to prevent the boys from escaping, not a single boy
has succeeded in getting away, and although the inmates are of the most hardened
and desperate classes, not one has been subjected to corporal punishment.

192 HOLLOWArS INDIANAPOLIS.

The plan of instruction is that of the most approved common school system.
All the boys attend school one-half of each day and are engaged at some useful
employment, either on the farm, or in the garden, or shoe-shop, or tailor-shop, or
chair-shop, or some other division of the domestic department, the other half.
This discipline is mild and firm, and eminently parental the higher sentiments of
the boys being appealed to.

The institution is a success beyond all expectations, and it has already demon-
strated its value to the State by converting to a life of usefulness and respecta-
bility, many neglected children who would, but for its saving influence, have been
miserable waifs among the scum of society.

THE COUNTY INFIRMARY.

This institution is situated about three miles north-west of the city, and was
established in 1832. It is a well-managed and efficient institution. The "farm,"
consisting of 160 acres, was purchased in 1832. At this date the only building
on the site was a log cabin of two rooms. Buildings were erected from time to
time, as the demand for accommodations increased, of which the principal struc-
ture was erected in 1845. To this an addition for the accommodation of the insane
paupers was made in 1858. These buildings were soon found inadequate to the
demand upon them; and in 1869 was commenced the erection of the present capa-
cious and appropriate structure. The corner stone of the building was laid on the
28th of July, 1869; and it was dedicated in October, 1870, under the auspices of
the Young Men's Christian Association.

The principal building is in the Norman style of architecture. Its front is
two hundred and four feet; extreme depth, one hundred and eighty-four feet; height.
four stories. The building presents a fine architectural iippearance. The p'ian of
the interior is excellent; securing neatness, convenience, and plentiful light and
ventilation.

In the rear of the main structure is another building twenty-eight by seventy
feet, and two stories in height.

The increased room thus obtained has afforded opportunities for introducing a
much more thorough and efficient system than before existed. The contrast be-
tween the system of management of the Marion County Infirmary of to-day and
that of the past, is as striking as the contrast between the present buildings and
those they superseded.

Now the institution is so conducted as to secure the well-being of the inmates;
then it was merely a receptacle, into which was thrust that inconvenient class in the
community who, being unable to help themselves, were thus stuck away out of sight
and dismissed from public concern. Now the management conforms to common
morality and propriety by separate accommodations for the sexes ; then no adequate
separation of this kind was practicable. Now the insane are cared for apart from the
others, and humane and adequate means employed to ameliorate their condition and
conduce to their cure; then they were hidden away and confined in repulsive quar-
ters and surroundings calculated to craze the sane, and with nothing but the rudest
diet for eking out a miserable existence. Then the institution was unsightly, the
quarters unclean, the regimen scant and unwholesome, the medical assistance inad-
equte, because of inaequate compensation ; no regard was paid to the education of
the children, or to the moral instruction of either old or young. Now the converse
of all these conditions prevails: cleanliness pervades the buildings, and is enforced

BENEVOLENT INSTITVTIONS. 193

on the part of the inmates; religious services are regularly held in the chapel; a
"nursery department" has been provided for the children, where they are separ-
ately kept, and given the needful attention in respect to their education, their mor-
als and their health; the insane are appropriately provided for ; and the due dis-
tinction between the sexes is observed. This contrast, so favorable to the present
condition of the asylum, does not signify that it was formerly in a worse state than
most similar institutions of to-day; on the contrary it only illustrates the superi-
ority of the Marion County Infirmary over most pauper asylums. Neither is
any reflection on past officials intended ; nor is it charged that they could have
done better with the means with which they were furnished. The improvement
in the condition of the asylum is principally due to the attraction of the attention
of the community to the need for reform in the institution, and to the enlistment
of the benevolent and humane sentiment of the people in its behalf.

The first Superintendent was Peter Newland. From 1832 to 1839 the office of
Superintendent was discontinued, and its functions were discharged by a Board of
Directors. The records show the following to have served as Directors: Wm.
McCaw, Gary Smith, James Johnson, Isaac Pugh, Samuel McCray, George Lock-
erbie, and Thomas F. Stout.

The office of Superintendent was revived in 1839; since which time the follow-
ing have served in that capacity: Aquilla Hilton, James Higgenbottom, Nelson
McCord, Henry Fisher, William H. Watt, John Adams, Levi A. Hardesty, Parker
S Carson, Joseph L, Fisher, and William H. Watt,the present Superintendent.

The office of Physician to the Infirmary was created in 1840, previous to which
date the Superintendent was authorized to call in a physician whenever the services
of one might be required. Since the creation of the office the following have sue--
cessively served the county as Physician to the Infirmary : Drs. Parry, Yeakle,
Dunlap, Mothershead, Dunlap, John S. Bobbs, Sanders, John M. Gaston, M. H. .
Wright, H. C. Brown, Michael Lynch, K. N. Todd, Milton Phipps, J. K. Bigelow, ,
Wm. Wands, and H. H. Moore, the present Physician. The office of Physician was
for years an unattractive trust. The salary was the merest trifle; The duties con-
siderable and forbidding. Recently the salary has been increased ; but is still too
small to possess any pecuniary temptation to any competent physician to under-
take the discharge of the duties.

It was during Dr. Wand's term as physician that the new buildings were
instituted and completed. It is due to this gentleman to give him large credit for
agitation of the question of reform, for urging the necessity for the improvements
that have since been made, and for the present beneficent system of the Infirmary.

At this time there are about 38 children in the nursery department, which is
under the charge of Mrs. Durham.

In the department for the insane there are about 58 patients, under the imme-
diate charge of Nicholas Daly.

The whole number of inmates at this time is about 185.

The new buildings were erected at a cost of about $120,000, and the value of
the site is about $32,000.

INDIANAPOLIS CITY HOSPITAL.

A visitation of the small pox in 1855, first suggested the idea of a City Hos-
pital in Indianapolis. The result was, that early in March, 1856, the establishment
of such an institution was authorized by the Common Council. A site was secured
(13)

194 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

in the north-western part of the city, containing nine and one-half acres ; and the
Hospital building was completed in 1859.

To the efforts and influence of Dr. Livingston Dunlap, an estimable citizen,
an eminent physician, and a member of the Council, is the establishment of this
institution so largely due, that he has been appropriately called the " Father of
the City Hospital."

For about two years after its completion the Hospital was an idle piece of
property. First it was proposed to sell the property ; then various uses were sug-
gested; and a proposition from the Catholic Church to conduct it as a hospital was
defeated, because of denominational objections. Finally the property was placed
in the care of a keeper; in which condition it was found at the beginning of the
Rebellion. The concentration of troops at this point dictated the employment of
the institution as a hospital for military purposes ; and to this end Drs. Kitchen
and Jameson were appointed by the State authorities to the charge of the hospital
in May, 1861.

Under the zealous and very efficient direction of Dr. Kitchen, the institution
was used as a military hospital until July, 1865; during which period its great
usefulness vastly more than compensated for the outlay incurred in iis establish-
ment and maintenance. From July, 1865, to April, 1866, the institution was used
for a Soldiers' Home, under Dr. M. M. Wishard, in which capacity it again sub-
served in a large degree the causes of philanthropy and patriotism.

During Dr. Kitchen's administration extensive improvements in buildings, as
well as in the hospital system, were made ; so that at the close of the war, when the
institution was surrendered to the city, the latter found itself the possessor of
a hospital organized at the expense of the United States Government.

About 13,000 patients were treated in the hospital during the war. Under Dr.
Kitchen's administration, also, the grounds were ornamented by shade trees, fur-
ther adding to the usefulness and attractiveness of the place another result of
his constant concern and efforts for the improvement of the institution.

April 27th, 1866, Dr. Kitchen published a card in the Journal calling attention
to the neglected state of the institution, and to the necessity for putting it into an
efficient condition for use by the city. A meeting of the citizens was immediately
held, and Hon. J. D. Howland appointed to present the subject to the Council.
April 30th a committee of the Council, consisting of Dr. Jameson and Messrs.
Kappes and Emerson, were appointed to meet the Board of Health and perfect a
plan for the improvement and management of the hospital, and to report the neces-
sary ordinance for that purpose. At a special meeting, May 2d, an ordinance was
introduced authorizing the purchase of materials sufficient to equip a hospital with
accommodations for 75 patients. William Hannaman was appointed the agent of
t-ke city to make purchases. An ordinance for the management of the hospital was
also passed at the same time. These efforts were greatly accelerated by a threat-
ened visitation of cholera, then prevailing in Europe.

The ordinance for the management of the hospital provided for the election of
a Board of Directors, in which each ward was to be represented, who were invested
with full control of the management of the institution. The Board organized
June 12th, 1866, by the election of Dr. J. M. Kitchen President, and L. B. Wilson,
Esq., Secretary. June 28th, 1866, Dr. G. V. Woolen was elected Superintendent
for one year, also the following Medical and Surgical Staff:

Surgeons Drs. J. S. Bobbs, J. S. Athon, J. A. Comingor, and L. D. Waterman .
Physicians Drs. J. H. Woodburn, T. B. Harvey, R. N. Todd, and J. M. Gaston.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 195

Dr. Woolen opened the hospital on the 1st of July, 1866. . To the requisite
attainments in medical science he added great energy and much previous experi-
3nce in like responsibilities; and it was not long before the hospital was placed in
good condition for the reception of patients. Large repairs and some important
additions were made during his administration. Great care and economy were
necessary during the first year of its existence, in order to inaugurate and maintain
the charity without making it oppressive financially. Its officers found much
ignorance prevailing as to the nature and wants of such an institution, encountered
many perplexities unknown to the people generally, and certainly are deserving
the thanks of the public for their industry, and patience, and good management.

Dr. Woolen was Superintendent of the institution until July 1st, 1870, when
when he was succeeded by Dr. E. Hadley, the present Superintendent, who is serv-
ing the hospital well and acceptably.

Since his retirement from the superintendence of the institution, Dr. Kitchen
has remained the President of the Board of Directors; and still continues to take
his old interest in the success of the hospital.

During the official year ending July 1st, 1870, the number of patients treated
was 245; number of births 27; number of deaths 25. During the same period the
total expenditures of the institution wire $6,606.97; and the average expense per
capita was $0.50.

The present number of patients is 48 ; the whole number treated in the insti-
tution from the beginning, 1,180.

The officers for the current year are : President of the Board of Directors,
Dr. F. S. Newcomer; Superintendent, Dr. E. Hadley; Assistant Superintendent,
Dr. R. D. Craighead ; Matron, Mrs. E. M. Porter. The Medical and Surgical Staff
Is comnosed as follows : Consulting Officers Drs. George W. Mears and James
S. Athon; Surgeons Drs. J. A. Corningor, L. D, Waterman, G. V. Woolen and J.
K. Bigelow; Physicians Drs. Thomas B. Harvey, K. N. Todd, D. H. Oliver and A.
W. Davis.

HOME FOR FRIENBLESS WOMEN,

Location: Tennessee street, just beyond city limits.

In 1863, Stoughton A. Fletcher, sr., donated to the city of Indianapolis, seven
acres of ground lying southwest of the city, near White river, on condition that,
within a certain time a house should be built for abandoned women, to serve as a
prison for the vicious and intractable as a home for the more mild and teachable.
The gift was accepted, and the house commenced. Seven thousand dollars had
been expended on a foundation, when the work suddenly came to a stop ; all the
means in the public treasury being required for bounties for the soldiers. The
building was never completed, nor the site occupied for the use for which it was
donated, being too far from the city.

The Young Men's Christian Association cooperated with the active friends of
the enterprise; committees of the Association canvassed the city for funds; and
finally a building of nine rooms was obtained for a temporary Home, situated on
North Pennsylvania street. The early efforts of the Home were directed to the
amelioration of the condition of the prisoners in the county jail, from which its
first inmates were taken : all of whom were more or less benefitted, and many of
them greatly.

But the publicity of the location, as well as other reasons not necessary to be

SOLLOWAT'S INDIANATOLTS.

stated here, was an obstruction to the highest usefulness of the institution; am.
steps were soon taken to obtain the necessary means for a permanent Home in a,
more suitable location. For this purpose the city and county appropriated $7,500
each.

A location on North Tennessee street, just outside the city limits was secured;
aad by means of the city and county appropriations, money donations, and dona-
tions of city lots by James M. Ray, William S. Hubbard and Calvin Fletcher, of
Indianapolis, and by Stillman Witt, Esq , of Cleveland, Ohio, and early in May,
1870, a suitable building had been erected. The Home was dedicated on the 21st
day of May, 1870, the religious services on the occasion being conducted by Rev.
Drs. Scott, Holliday, Day, and others.

The building thus completed and dedicated was in the Renaissance style of
architecture, of brick, fifty-seven by seventy-five feet, three stories high, with forty-
nine pleasant rooms and chambers, having a capacity for one hundred inmates, and
was a neat, convenient, and commodious structure. ,

In this building for several months; the institution was conducted with the most
commendable philanthropy. It was conducted not as a prison, but as a Home, to
which the inmates should become attached. Pains were taken to learn the work-
ings of similar institutions elsewkere; for which purpose some of the Managers
traveled extensively.

It has been indeed, what its name signifies a " Home for Friendless Women."
Not alone as a refuge for Fallen Women; but also for the needy and helpless of
the sex, irrespective of the causes of their misfortunes.

The success of the Home has exceeded the expectations of its benevolent
founders. "Lost" girls "lost'' in the dreariest sense ef the word "lost" in
their own reckless abandonment to vice ' ; lost " in the judgment and estimation of
society shelterless and utterly depraved whose only home was the jail, the low
brothel, or the open air have found in the Home a refuge, and a restoration to the
community's and their own respect.

The institution was suddenly interrupted in its mission of usefulness by a fire
on the 23d of September, 1870; which laid the building in ashes, save a portion of
the walls. By this calamity, a loss of several thousands of dollars over insurance
was sustained. A building for a temporary Home was secured at No. 476 North
Illinois street; where the inmates have been provided with a home, while the mana-
gers and the community set themselves busily to work to rebuild the institution on
its old site. It was found that the walls of the burned building were available for
use in erecting the new ; appropriations were again obtained from the city and
county; and by these aids and individual donations, the work of rebuilding the
Home "was prosecuted with such vigor and success, that the new building, on the
site of the old, was recently dedicated and occupied a building as commodious, as
convenient, and as attractive as the one destroyed.

The results of the institution attest its usefulness, and speak the praise of its man-
a^ ement. The Home was opened on the 22d February, 1867-. During that year it
had 70 inmates; during 1868, 140; during 1869, 133; during 1870, 225. Its man-
agement has been as economical as it has been useful. During the first three years
of its existence, its aggregate expenses were $5,612.19. Conspicuous in the admin-
istration of the institution from the first have been James Smith acd his wife, Sarah
J. Smith members of the Society of Friends Both have been faithful and effi-
cient. Mrs. Smithas City Missionary, has blended decided energy with philan--
thropy.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.

The limits of this sketch do not admit of mention of all those, dead and living,
'who have given important aid and encouragement to this enterprise. Conspicuous
among these has been James M. Ray, Esq.; and it is justly claimed that to him
more than to any other one person is the establishment of the institution indebted.
The late Col. Blake was also a fast and useful friend of the enterprise. Both of
these citizens the one yet living, and the other gone to hie reward have been
permanently connected with many benevolent institutions and enterprises in the
city and county.

The present officers of the institution are: James Smith, Superintendent;
Sarah J. Smith, City Missionary; Miss Sarah M. Alcorn, Matron.

Officers of the Board of Managers. Mrs John S. Newman, President; Mrs.
-J. L. Ketcham, Mrs. Hannah Hadley, Vice Presidents; Mrs. C. N. Todd, Treas'r;
.Mrs. Charles W. Moores, Corresponding Secretary; Mrs. J. H. Kappes, Recording
Secretary ; Mrs. J. M. Kay, Auditor.

Officers of the Board of Trustees. James M. Kay, President; William S.
'Hubbard, Treasurer; Samuel Merrill, Secretary; D. E. Snyder Auditor.

OEPHAK'S HOME.

Location : Corner of Tennessee and Fifth streets.

The movement for the erection of this institution wae started in the year 1849,
'by the Indianapolis Benevolent Society. At the annual meeting of this associa-
tion, in that year, the destitution among the widows and orphans in the city was
a prominent subject of consideration ; and committees were appointed to enlighten
the public as to the extent of such destitution, and to enlist popular charity for
its amelioration. At a called meeting of the same society in November of the
; above year, a society for the relief of the classes stated, was organized, by the elec-
tion of a President, three Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Depositary,
thirteen Managers, and a Visiting Committee, all of whom were ladies; and an
Advisory Committee of gentlemen.

In January, 1850, this society obtained a legislative charter for the establish-
ment of the Home. The first officers were as follow :

Mrs. A. W. Morris, President^ Mrs. Alfred Harrison, Mrs. William Sheets,
Mrs. Judge Morrison, Vice Presidents; Mrs. Phipps, Treasurer; Mrs. Hollings-
'head, Secretary; Mrs. Wilkins, Depositary ; Mrs. Calvin Fletcher, Mrs. Graydon,
Mrs. McGuire, Mrs. I. P. Williams, Mrs. Cressy, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Willard,
Mrs. Underbill, Mrs. Irvin, Mrs Dr. Dunlap, Mrs. I. Hall, Mrs. Bradley, Mana-
gers; Mrs. Duncan, Mrs. Ferry, Mrs. Paxton, Mrs. Dunn, Mrs. Campbell, Mrs. A.
F. Morrison, Mrs. M'Carty, Mrs. Myers, Mrs. Brouse, Mrs. Wiseman, Visiting Com-
mittee; Messrs. N. M'Carty, A. Harrison, Judge Morrison, Willi-am Sheets, J. K.
'Osgood, Butler, A.O. Willard, Ohr, and Wilkins, Advisory Committee.

In 1854, the association was enabled to purchase two city lots for a site for the
Home; a third being then donated for that purpose by James P. Drake, Esq. In
1855, the first building on this site was erected, costing $1,200. In 1869, the build-
ing was greatly enlarged and improved, at a cost of $3,000; all as well as the
sums previously expended having been raised by popular donations. The prop-
erty and improvements are now worth about $14,000; aad the institution is in a
prosperous condition. It has an average family of thirty-five children. While the
.necessaries of life are provided for the children, their education is not neglected :

J98 BOLLOWAFB INMANAP&LIS.

in the institution a school is conducted three hours each day, by a competent
governess.

The domestic arrangements, which are managed in a most excellent manner,
are administered by a matron, governess, nurse, cook, and a man-of-all-work.

The Home is one of the most useful and efficiently conducted permanent char-
ities in the city. It has no endowment, and its successful establishment and main-
tainance is due to the unwearying philanthropy of those who have had its inter-
ests in charge sustained, of course, by popular contributions. Of late years the
County has come to the assistance of the institution with a quarterly allowance for
the board of each child.

Prominent in the infancy of the institution, and during their whole lives, for
valuable services and persevering benificence in this field, were Mrs. Alfred Harri-
son, Mrs. A. G. Willard, Mrs. Richmond, and Mrs. John H. Bradley.

The donations in support of the Home h-ave been many, and, in the aggregate,
large. Among these we find record of the following : A lot, donated by W. S.
Hubbard, Esq., from which $800 was realized; a legacy, of $1,200, from Mrs.
Bryant; considerable donations from Calvin Fletcher, Sr., Mrs. Givan, and Mrs.
John H. Bradley; and $600 worth of provisions from the Society of Friends.

The number of children cared for at the Home during the past year was 120.

The Presidents of the Society, so far as record of them is found, from the begin-
ning, have been, Mrs. A. W. Morris, Mra. A. G. Willard, Mrs. W. T. Clark, Mrs.
Wilson, and Mrs. Hannah T. Hadley.

At the last meeting of the Managers, held on the first Tuesday of May, 187],
the following officers were elected for the ensuing yea-r :

Mr* Hannah T. Hadley, President; Mrs. Dr. J. H. Woodburn, Mrs. John S.
Tarkington, and Mrs. John Bradshaw, Vice Presidents ; Mrs. Fred. Baggs, Treas-
urer; Mrs. Benj. Harrison, Secretary; Mrs. John C. Wright, Corresponding
Secretary.

Board of Managers. Mrs. William Mansur, Mrs. Joseph E. McDonald, Mrs.
John C. New, Mrs. David Macy, Mrs. Kachel Clarke, Mrs. John I. Morrison, Mrs.
William D. Hawk, Mrs. Cyrus Boaz, Mrs. J. T. Wright, Mrs. R. M. Pattison,
Mrs. Margaret Evans, and Mrs. John Fishback.

Advisory Committee.- His Excellency Governor Baker, Alfred Harrison, Esq.,
Hon E. B. Martindale, J. R. Osgood, Esq., John M. Lord, Esq., General Daniel
Macauley, Hon. Jos. E. McDonald, Jacob T. Wright, Esq., Thomas H. Sharpe,
Esq., W. H. Morrison, Esq., William Jackson, Esq., Hon. John W. Ray, James
M. Hume, and Gea. George F. McGinnis.

INDIANAPOLIS ASTLTJM FOR FRIENDLESS COLORED CHILDREN.

This institution is located in the north-western quarter of the city.

The Articles of Association for its establishment were filed for record on the 28th
of February, 1870. The building was erected and completed, during that year.

The management of its affairs is vested in a Board of Directors, now composed
as follows :

William Hadley, President; Solomon Blair, Treasurer; William C. Hobbs,
Secretary; James Kersey, of Hendricks county ; Joseph Morris, Plainfield ; Allen
Hadley, Mooresville; B. C. CofBn, W. L. Pyle, Enos G. Pray, Indiangolis ; Charles
Reeve, Eriendswood.

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 199

. INDIANAPOLIS BENEVOLENT SOCIETY.

On page 50, mention is made, in a general way, of this society. Its antiquity ;
its large usefulness; the honored names, living and dead, connected with it in
the past and present ; make appropriate a fuller sketch of ijs history in this
place.

The society was organized on Thanksgiving evening, in November, 1835. The
movement was participated in by representative Christian citizens of the city
generally, irrespective of denomination ; and the usual religious services on the
above mentioned evening, were dispensed with in all the churches, to enable the
members to participate in the work of organizing this society. Each succeeding
anniversary has been celebrated on Thanksgiving evening; on which occasions,
it is well understood that the usual Thursday evening services are not to be held
in the churches, that their members may attend the Anniversary meeting of this
society. Its plan is simple, as its work of charity is great.

For the purposes of the society, the city is divided into districts, now thirty
in number. The officers consist of a President, Secretary, and Treasurer. "Who-
ever contributes to the charities dispensed by the society, is a member of it. At
each anniversary meeting officers are elected for the ensuing year, donations are
collected and a canvassing committee (consisting of one gentleman and one lady)
is appointed for each district.

The officers, and these committees, constitute the whole Executive authority of
the society. The committees canvass their respective districts for contributions of
money and clothing. The money goes into the care of the Treasurer; the cloth-
ing, etc., into a depository.

The committees draw on the depository as occasion arises, for the articles there
deposited, for the benefit of the destitute in their respective districts. To prevent
the misappropriation of the money thus raised, a contract is made with one or more,
(generally two) grocers, to supply groceries on the order of the members of the
committees. The usual weeky allowance thus made is $1.50 for each family; in-
creasable, if required, in cases of sickness. A committee is also empowered to re-
lieve the destitution of transient persons, and aid in securing them transportation
to their homes or friends.

The first President of the society was the late James Blake, Sr.; who held that
trust continuously, to the period of his death, November 26th, 1870. Calvin
Fletcher, Sr., was its Secretary from the time of its organiztion, until his death,
May 26th, 1866; and James M. Ray, was its Treasurer, from the beginning, until
Mr. Blake's death, when he became President. The present officers are :

James M. Ray, President; Ebenezer Sharpe, Treasurer; Rev. Elijah T.
Fletcher, Secretary.

LADIES' SOCIETY FOR THE RELIEF OF THE POOR.

This society was organized on the 10th of February, 1869, by a few Protestant
and Catholic ladies of this city. Its object, in a word, is benificence. Its means
are derived by such methods as fairs, donations, etc.

The society is strictly undenominational in its membership, and its charities
are dispensed without reference to creeds. In an unostentatious manner, it has ac-
complished a great deal in the way of practical philanthropy. The officers are :

Mrs. J. H. McKernan, President; Mrs. John A. Reaume, Treasurer; Miss
Julia Cox, Secretary.

200 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

GERMAN PROTESTANT ORPHANS 1 ASSOCIATION.

This body was permanently organized on the llth day of August, 1867, with
Frederick Thorns, Esq., as the first President.

Like every other young organization of a benevolent character, unaided by
appropriations from the public treasury, its progress was at first slow; while ob-
stacles were abundant and difficult. The society, has, however, been superior to
all discouragements and come to be an important instrumentality in the work of be-
nevolence. In the absence of a building for an asylum for those for whose benefit
the society was organized and has labored, its benefactions have been performed in
such other ways as were practicable.

The society has purchased a site of six and three-quarter acres, at the termi-
nus of Virginia avenue, on which will be erected, as soon as possible, a suitable
building for an Orphans' Home. The association has about one hundred members.
Its present officers are :

Conrad Kusse, President; J. J. Wenner, Vice President; Tobias Bender and
Fr. Hillman, Secretaries; Henry Helm, Treasurer; Frederick Thorns, J. Helm,
H. H. Koch, T. Sander, William Teckenbrock, and Henry Mankedick, Trustees.

LADIES GERMAN PROTESTANT ORPHANS 1 HOME ASSOCIATION.

This is an auxiliary to the foregoing society, and its stated meetings are held
at the same times and place. It was founded in the month of October, 1870.
Its officers are :

Mrs. Ruschaupt, President; Mrs. Schoppenhorst, Vice President; Mrs. Eein-
heimer, Secretary ; Mrs. Reiher, Treasurer.

THE INDIANAPOLIS SOCIETY FOR THE RELIEF OF THE CRIPPLED, RUPTURED,

AND DEFORMED.

The system of Benevolent Institutions of this State, caring so liberally and
extensively for the Insane, Blind, and Deaf and Dumb, makes no provision for a
class at least as large as either of these, as helpless, and that would seem to be also
entitled to similar assistance from the State its crippled, impotent and deformed
population.

To remedy the condition of this class of unfortunates, a number of the liberal
and benevolent citizens of this city, incorporated the above named Society on the
7th of September, 1870. The proposed capital stock of the society was $100,000,
subject to enlargement. "Over that sum has been promptly subscribed for the ob-
ject here, mostly by citizens of the Capital, but that this foundation may be en-
larged, so as to provide for the aid of the affiicted and needy in all parts of the
State the co-operation of the friends of such an effort, in the several counties, is
needful and is earnestly solicited.

"The whole management of the association is in the hands of the subscribers
thereto, each sum of $25 entitling the subscriber to membership and an equal voice
in all its control, while the payment of ten dollars entitles to membership without
voting.

"The subscription of $25 also entitles the subscriber to nominate a patient for
treatment. $100 entitles the subscriber to the annual nomination of a patient.
$1000 entitles to the nomination of a patient for a free bed annually. $5000 enti-

BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 201

ties the subscriber, and his heirs or assigns, to the nomination of a patient to a
perpetual free bed from the society.

"The aim of the society is to provide comfortable homes and boarding in the
City of Indianapolis, at low rates or free of charge, as the necessities of the poor
may require also, surgical treatment, and mechanical apparatus, appliances, sup-
porters, etc., for relieving deformities, paralysis, and other affections destroying the
usefulness of their limbs or bodies."

The articles of association provide that no salary shall be attached to any office
held in the society.

All apparatus and appliances to be furnished at the cost only of the time and
materials required for their manufacture.

The society is, as yet, without a building of its own ; but the patients are pro-
vided with suitable board. The surgeons are Drs. Allen and Johnson, of the Sur-
gical Institute; and the superior facilities of that institution are thus afforded the
patients.

"Sixty patients have already received gratuitous treatment, aid, and relief,
through the society. Twenty cases have required and been provided with appara-
tus or mechanical appliances for deformity. Twelve cases have required and been
relieved by surgical operation. Fourteen of these patients reside in this city, but
the benefits of the society are designed to extend to sufferers of this class in every
part of the State, and already patients have been received, cared for, treated and
relieved, from the counties of Kipley, Jennings, Blackford, Franklin, Miami, Ma-
rion, Floyd, Morgan, Tipton, Vigo, Wayne, Warren, Fountain, Parke, Putnam,
Madison and Dearborn."

It is the expectation of the society, that the State will finally make appro-
priate provision for this class of its helpless population.

Its management is vested in a Board of Directors, an Executive Committee,
and the following officers :

James M. Bay, President ; Barnabas C. Hobbs, Addison Daggy, W. P. John-
son, A. L. Koache, Vice Presidents ; William H. Turner, Recording Secretary ;
K. H. Boland, Corresponding Secretary ; John C. New, Treasurer.

RELIGIOUS.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL.
CHRIST CHUECH,

Located on the north-east corner of Meridian and Circle streets, is an artistic speci-
men of the early English, or plain-pointed, architecture; and is, as all edifices
erected to the worship of the True God should be, true throughout. Where it
looks like stone, it is stone ; even to the mullions of the windows.' Its floor consists
of a tower porch, nave, and shallow north and south transepts; which, together,
will seat about five hundred worshipers. The chancel sixteen feet deep, and
raised four feet is lighted by a triplet window, adorned with rich glass, filled with
Christian symbols. The other windows of the Church, many being memorial, are
less elaborately decorated. The altar memorializing the one perfect and sufficient
sacrifice, propitiation and atonement is prominent in position, and superior in orn-
amentation. It is placed high against the east wall of the chancel. The font is
on the level of the nave, at the steps of the chancel. An oaken lecturn stands just
outside the chancel, on the north side. The pulpit, situated at the left side, is an
octagonal oaken structure, supported on a pedestal, all plainly but handsomely fin-
ished. The roof is open, heavily timbered, and the ceiling is colored with ultra
marine blue.

Outside, the whole building presents a beautiful, true, and churchly appear-
ance, with its lancet, triplet, and trefoil windows, appearing along the side, among
the buttresses, and up in the gable angles. The gray lime-stone walls, well laid in
irregular shapes and varying tints, are relieved by prominent buttresses, with
water-sheds and caps, high above the eaves. The roof is of blue and purple slate,
laid in square and octagonal courses.

The chief feature, however, of the building, is the fine tower and spire, which
occupies the south-west angle, and is the centrally prominent object in the city.
The tower pfoper, is about seventy-five feet high, heavily built, and boldly but-
tressed. Two doors open, one west, and the other south, into the lower story,
forming a vestibule ; the one south being decorated with appropriate carvings and
inscriptions. Windows mark the stories above, until four bold stone gables pierced
by triplets, with open blinds, complete the stone work. Within the last story a
chime of nine bells is placed, which ring out joyfully or plaintively, in the success-
ive seasons of festival and fast. Above the stone-work a timber octagonal spire,
slated like the roof, pierced with four windows, and having the angles covered
with a moulding of galvanized iron, rises sixty feet higher. This is surmounted
by a finial, which gives the name of the Church in monogram. It is formed by a
combination of the first two Greek letters in the name of CHRIST; and has been
since early in the fourth century, a well known symbol of Christianity, signifying
" Christ."

The parish and congregation of Christ Church, have been in existence nearly
a quarter of a century. The Rev. Melancthon Hoyt, first resided in Indianapolis)

IM DIANAPOLIS .

RELIGIOUS.

as* a Missionary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. No records of his work are
preserved. The Rev. Jehu C. Clay, (late Dr. Clay, of Philadelphia,) had also vis-
ited the place, and had been requested to settle, after Mr. Hoyt left. The Eev. Mr.
Pfeiffer, had preached here some fourteen years before, and baptized an infant;
and the Rev. Henry M. Shaw, had also appeared here as an Episcopal Clergyman.
On the 4th of July, 1837, the Eev. James B. Britton, (now of Ohio,) took up his
residence as Missionary, and on the Sunday following, July 9th, the regular servi-
ces of the Church in Indianapolis, commenced. In April, 1837, a few persons
started a movement, which, in July, of that year, resulted in the following agree-
ment and association :

"We, whose names are hereunto affixed, impressed with the importance of the
Christian religion, and wishing to promote its holy influence in the hearts and
lives of ourselves, our families and our neighbors, do hereby associate ourselves to-
gether, as the Parish of Christ Church, in the town of Indianapolis, township of
Centre, county of Marion, State of Indiana, and by so doing, do recognize the ju-
risdiction of the Missionary Bishop of Indiana, and do adopt the Constitution and
Canons of the Protestant Episcosal Church in the United States of America-"

Indianapolis, July, 13, 1837.

(Signed ) Joseph M. Moore, D. D. Moore, Chas. W. Cady, T. B. Johnson, Geo.
W. Mears, Thomas McOuat, Janet McOuat, Wm. Hannaman, A. St. Clair, Mrs.
Browning, Miss Howell, Miss Gordon, Mrs. Riley, Miss Drake r Mrs. Julia A.
McKenny, G. W. Starr and Mrs. Starr, James Morrisoa, A. &. Willard, M. D.
Willard, Jas. Dawson, jr., Edward J. Dawson, Jos. Farbos, Nancy Farbos, Joseph
Norman, Joanna Norman, Stewart Crawford, Jno. W. Jones, Edward Boyd,
Mrs. Stevens.

The first vestry, elected under this organization, (21st August, 1837,) consisted
of five persons, to wit :

Arthur St. Clair, Senior Warden ; Thos. McOuat, Junior Warden ; James
Morrison, Joseph M. Moore, and Wm. Hannaman.

On the 7th of May, 1838, the corner stone of the Church was laid by the
Rector, and the work progressed with such rapidity that the building was opened
for Divine Worship on the 18th of November following, and consecrated Decem-
ber 16, by the Right Reverend Jackson Kemper, D. D., Missionary Bishop of Indi-
ana and Missouri. This church was a plain, but neatly finished and strongly
built Gothic edifice, of wood, which, while it made no pretensions to architectural
beauty, was very far superior to any house of worship then erected in the place,
and, undoubtedly, gave impulse to the building of other places by the several de-
nominations, as its successor, the present beautiful Christ Church, did again, twenty
years later. It was, indeed, strange as it may seem in these days of architecural
taste, considered to be the handsomest church in Indiana ; and many letters were
received, from various parts of the State, requesting drawings of the " spire," as
it was called ; the said spire, being merely a belfry stuck upon the front gable of
the church. This building stood for twenty years, and was removed in 1857, to
make room for the new church. It was sold, afterwards, to the African Methodist
Congregation, and subsequently was destroyed by fire.

The succession of rectors in Christ Church, has been as follows, viz :
Rev. James B. Britton, three years, from 1837 to 1840 r Rev. Moses H. Hunter,
one year, form 1842 to 1843; Rev. Samuel Lee Johnson, four years, from 1844 to-
1848 ; Rev. Norman W. Camp, D. D., three years, from 1849 to 1852 ; Rev. Joseph

204 BOLLOWAV'S INDIANAPOLIS.

C. Talbot, seven years, from 1853 to 1860; Rev. Horace Stringfellow, Jr., two and
one-half years, from 1860 to 1863; Rev. Theodore J. Holcomb, one and one-half
years, from 1863 to 1864; Rev. J. P. T. Ingraham, four years, from 1864 to 1868;
Rev. Benjamin Franklin, 1868, the present Rector.

Of these all are living, gave one the Rev. Samuel Lee Johnson, who died in
office.

The present church was begun and nearly completed under the rectorship of
the Rev. Joseph C. Talbot, D. D. (now Assistant Bishop of the Diocese.)

The chime of bells was hung in the spring of 1861 ; and the spire erected in
the autumn of 1869.

The list of communicants numbers about two hundred and fifty. On the 15th
of October, 1569, the seats in this church were declared free; and reliance for sup-
port is made successfully upon the Sunday offerings.

The Sabbath-School is in a flourishing condition, and has about two hundred
and twenty-five members.

The value of the church property is about $70,000.

SAINT PAUL'S CATHEDRAL.

Location: Coraer of Illinois and New Tork streets.

This parish was organized on the 10th of July, 1866, a vestry elected, and the
Rev. Horace Stringfellow, Jr., called to the rectorship. For a brief period, begin-
ing September 2d, 1866, the regular services of the parish were held in Masonic
Hall. Meanwhile the present church site was purchased, on the rear of which a
brick chapel was erected. The first services in the chapel were held on Christmas
day, 1866.

The erection of the Cathedral was commenced in the spiring of 1867. It was
opened for Divine worship at the meeting of the Diocesan Convention, in June,
1868.

The Rev. Mr. Stringfellow resigned the rectorship, in Jane, 1869, and was
succeeded by the Rev. Treadwell Walden, the present rector, in February, 1870.

The parish was organized with six communicants ; the number in June, 1870,
was one hundred and ninety-seven.

The dimensions of the Cathedral are sixty-five by one hundred and fifty feet ;
the extreme dimensions of the entire building, sixty-five by one hundred and
-eighty-three feet

The style of the architecture is the rural English Gothic, of the twelfth cen-
tury. The exterior aspects of the building are striking, and well illustrate the
sharp, bold, outlines and details of the Gothic style. Its greatest length is on New
York street. The superior elevation of the roof is sixty feet ; and the height of
the tower one hundred and twenty feet.

The interior of the Cathedral consists of a central and two side naves, with
three aisles. West of the auditorium is the baptismal font and section room. In
the transept are the chancel, vestry-room, library, etc.. The chancel, thirty by
forty feet, containing the Bishop's seat and sixteen stalls, is very elegant. It has
fifteen windows, of stained glass, and is artistically ornamented with appropriate,
emblematical designs. The windows of the auditorium are also of stained glass,
feut less ornamental than those of the chancel. The window of the baptismal font
Is likewise richly ornamented. The ceiling of the auditorium is of the ornamental

>TT, LPAQRS GAUM

INDIANAPOLIS.

RELIGIOUS. 205

open-roof construction. The seating capacity of the auditorium is about one
thousand.

, The principal material of the walls is brick, tastefully trimmed with dressed
stone and Milwaukee yellow brick.

The Cathedral is furnished with a splendid organ, worth about $8,000.

From Saint Paul's parish has sprung a flourishing Mission in the north-wes-
tern portion of the city, elsewhere spoken of.

The vestry is composed of the following: W. H. Morrison and T. A. Hend-
ricks, Wardens ; Joseph E. McDonald, John M. Lord, E. S. Alvord, John W. Mur-
jihy, David E. Snyder, "W. J. Holliday, and J. A. Moore.

The Sabbath-School is in a prosperous condition ; numbering, (including the
Sunday School Mission,) about two hundred and fifty pupils.

The cost of Saint Paul's Cathedral, and value of site, are about $75,000.

GRACE CHBRCH.

Location : Corner of Pennsylvania and St. Joseph streets.

This parish was organized in January, 1854. The membership of Christ
Church, having become very large, and it being believed that there was a field for
a new enterprise, Messrs. Deloss Root, J O. D. Lilly, and Nelson Kingman, with
their families, withdrew, and organized the present parish of Grace Church.

The present house of worship of the parish was built without delay, and
dedicated in the summer of 1854. Shortly afterward, the Rev. M. V. Averill, was
called to the rectorship of the parish, who remained about two and a-half years.
Mr. Averill was an energetic, as well an able rector; and the prosperity of
the parish during his rectorship, is attested by the fact that in that period, the
number of communicants increased from ten to sixty. Mr. Averill was succeeded
by the Rev. Dr. C. E. Davidson, who remained with the parish about three years j
at the end of which time the number of communicants waa about seventy-five.
Dr. Davidson retired on the 10th of October, 1870. For several months the parish
was without a rector. On the 1st of January, 1871, the Rev. James Runcie was
called to the rectorship; who entered upon bis duties on the 1st of March, 1871.

The present membership of the church is about aeventy-five.

The Sabbath-School, of which George W. Geiger, Esq., is Superintendent, has
one hundred and ten members.

The church edifice is a frame building, of the modified Gothic style, and is
particularly neat and tasteful in its ensemble, finish, and appointments. It is
doubtful if at a like expense, a better effect in respect of a house of worship,
could be produced. The aspects of the interior are inviting and suggestive of
comfort. The windows are of stained glass; the ceiling, of the open-roofed con-
struction. The chancel, in the ornamentation of its triple windows, and its ap-
pointments, is artistic ; the symbols typifyng, with fine effect, the idea expressed
in the name, Grace Church. The church has a fine organ.

The value of the building and site, is about 11,000.

CHURCH OF THE HOI/T INNOCENTS.

Location : Corner of Fletcher avenue and Cedar street.

This parish was organized as a " Mission Sunday School of Christ Church,"
in July, 1866, at the residence of James Meade, No. 50, Forest avenue, by Rev. C.
C Tate, Assistant Minister of Christ Church. The attendance upon the services

2Q6 HOLLO WA r 8 INDIANAPOLIS.

of the young society augumented to such an extent, that increased accommodations
soon became necessary. Steps were accordingly taken to build a chapel on the
north-east corner of Fletcher avenue and Cedar street, which had been donated for
that purpose by S. A. Fletcher, Jr. The required amount for building the chapel,
$1,800, was raised by the members of Christ Church mainly through the exertions
of the Rev. C 0. Tate, and of that earnest worker, the Rev. J. P. T. Ingraham,
Rector of Christ Church, who was the moving spirit of the enterprise.

The chapel, in size, twenty-five by forty feet, beside the chancel and robing-
roorn, was opened for public worship on the afternoon of the Epiphany Sunday,
January, 6, 1867, the services being conducted by the Revs. J. P. T. Ingraham and
C. C. Tate. The singing exercises were assisted by a cabinet organ, the gift of
Miss C. J. Farrell. The chapel then took the name of the Ho ly Itmocenls. Reg-
ular afternoon services were held by Rev. Mr. Tate, until the following July, when
he resigned as Assistant Minister of Christ Church, to accept the Rectorship of
St. Paul's Church, Columbus, Ohio. At the latter date, Mr. Willis D. Engle, was
elected Superintendent of the Sunday School, the afternoon services 'being con-
ducted by the Rev. J. P. T. Ingraham, assisted by a lay-reader. During this
time the chapel building was further improved through the exertions of the few
who labored there.

January 1st, 1868, the Rev. George B. Engle, as Assistant Minister of Christ
Church, took charge of the Mission, and continued to serve in that capacity, until
January 4th, 1869, when, with the consent of the Bishop, and the concurrence of
the other parishes in the city, the 'Church of the Holy Innocents was organized, with
a membership of about thirty. The first ofBcers of the Church were :

A. Willis Gorrell, Senior "Warden ; William A. Taylor, Junior Warden ;
Ansel B. Denton, George Davidson, Daniel S. Moulton, David B. Hunt, Edwin
Vickers, Thomas V. Cook, and Willis D. Engle, Vestrymen ; Willis D. Engle,
Secretary and Treasurer.

A call was extended to the Rev. George B. Engle to become the rector of the
church, and was accepted.

On Easter Monday, March 29th, 1869, the same officers were re-elected, except
John Boawell, whose place as vestryman, was filled by the election of Joseph
Thompson. Willis D. Engle was elected as delegate to represent the parish in the
Diocesan Convention.

On Easter Monday, April 10th, 1871, the following officers were elected:

A. Willis Gorrell, Senior Warden; William A. Taylor, Junior Warden;
Ansel B. Denton, John Algeo, George Davidson, D. B. Hunt, James Meade, Daniel
S. Moulton, and Willis D. Engle, Vestrymen. Willis D. Engle, Secretary ; William
A. Taylor, Treasurer ; and Willis D. Engle, delegate to represent the Parish in the
Diocesan Convention.

During the fall of last year, considerable expenditures were made in improve-
ments on the church building, in neatly inclosing it, and in adorning the grounds
with shrubbery and shade trees.

The membership at this time is about sixty. The Sunday-School numbers
eighteen teachers, and one hundred and forty pupils. The seats are all free. The
rector's salary is paid by subscription, and the current expenses by the offertory.

EPISCOPAL MISSION.

A flourishing Mission, sustained by St. Paul's Parish, has been established in
the north-western part of the city, A suitable site has been purchased ; and du-

RELIGIOUS. 207

ring the present year, Saint Paul's Chapel (Second) will be completed ; the site and
building to cost about $5,000.

Pending the appointment of an Assistant Minister of Saint Paul's the Mission
will continue to be served by the Rector, the Rev. Mr. Walden ; who conducts its
regular religious services every Thursday evening, in the temporary building
occupied by the Mission. Of Sundays its members attend the services in Saint
Paul's Cathedral.

The Sabbath-School, of which Mr. S. R. Lippencott, is Superintendent, and
Mrs. Harriet Preston, Lady Manager, is in a flourishing condition.

Summary. Total membership of the Episcopal denomination, in Indianapolis,
five hundred and eighty-two; total Sabbath-School membership, seven hundred
and forty-three; total value of church property, $168,000.

PRESBYTERIAN.

FIRST CHURCH.

Location: Corner of Pennsylvania and New York streets.

The First Presbyterian Church is one of the religious landmarks of this city, and
with its early history is associated the early history of Presbyterianism in this
State. The foundation of this church society was half a century ago, when this
was the " Far West," and when the church was following closely in the foot-
steps of pioneer civilization. Of those who took an active part in the organi-
zatidn of this church there yet remain a very few to tell the story of its early
history.

In 1820, the future city of Indianapolis was mapped out and its lots offered
for sale. In August of 1821 Rev. Ludlow G-. Gaines preached the first Presby-
terian sermon in the city, in a grove south of the present State House square. In
1822, Rev. David C. Proctor, of Connecticut, was engaged as a missionary for one
year.

In 1823 a subscription of $1,200 was raised and a house of worship erected on
Pennsylvania street, near the corner of Market. On the 5th of July of the same
year, a Presbyterian church was organized and the names of fifteen members
enrolled.

In 1842, a second house of worship was erected, on the corner of Market and
Circle streets, at a cost of $8,300, and on the 6th of May, 1843, it was dedicated.

In 1864, the foundations of the present church edifice were laid. The chapel,
containing a lecture room, a social room, Sabbath-School rooms and pastor's study,
was erected and opened for service in 1866. The present audience room was
opened for service December 29th, 1870.

Since the organization of the society in 1823, a period of nearly 47 years,
the congregation has built three church edifices and one mission church now
the Seveuth Presbyterian Church and has had the following pastors : Rev. Geo.
Bush, Rev. John R. Moreland, Rev. James W. McKennan, Rev. Phineas D. Gur-
ley, D. D., Rev. John A. McClung, D. D., Rev. Thomas Cunningham, D. D., Rev.
J. Howard Nixon, and Rev. R. D. Harper, D. D. Dr. Harper recently resigned the
pastorate to accept a call from Philadelphia, and the church authorities have not,
at this writing, selected his successor.

The only surviving pastors are Rev. Dr. Cunningham, of San Francisco; Rev.

J. Howard Nixon, of Springfield, Missouri, and Rev. Dr. Harper, of Philadelphia.

At different intervals the following persons have served the church with great

208 HOLLOWAT8 INDIANAPOLIS.

acceptance as stated supply: Kev. Ludlow G. Gaines. Rev. David C. Proctor,
Rev. Isaac Reed, Rev. William A. Holliday, Rev. Samuel Fulton, Rev. Charles S.
Mills and Rev. J. P. Dripps.

The following persons have served as elders in this church from its organization
until the present time: Dr. Isaac Coe, Caleb Scudder, John Johnson, Ebenezer
Sharpe, John G. Brown, Col. James Blake, Hon. Samuel Bigger, George S. Bran-
don, Charles Axtell, H. C. Newcomb, James M. Ray Thomas H. Sharpe. William
Sheeto, Thomas Mclntire, General Benjamin Harrison, Myron A. Stowell and Wil-
liam R. Craig.

In December, 1838, fifteen members of this church were granted letters of dis-
mission to organize the Second Presbyterian Church of this city; and in 1851,
thirteen years subsequently, letters of dismission were granted to twenty-one per-
sons, including three Elders, Caleb Scudder, James Blake and H. C. Newcomb, to
organize the Third Presbyterian Church of this city. These little bands, who sep-
arated from the parent society, have grown into full, well-equipped organizations,
and are doing good service in the cause of Christianity.

The church has a membership of three hundred and fifty one. The Sabbath-
School has four hundred and twenty-five members. The principal officers of the
church are:

Ruling Elders James M. Ray, Thos. H. Sharpe, Wm. Sheets, Thos. Mcln-
tire, M. A. Stowell, Benj. Harrison, Robert Browning, James W. Brown, Jere. Mc-
Lene, Issac C. Hays, H. L. Walker, A. M. Benham.

Deacons Wm. J. Johnston, J. A. Vinnedge, Henry D. Carlisle, E. P. Howe,
Carlos Dickson, Charles Latham.

Trustees E. B. Martindale, Robert Browning, James W. Brown, William
Braden, Upton J. Hammond. Superintendent of Sabbath School, E. B. Martin-
dale.

The church edifice is in the Gothic style of architecture / and is an artistic and
elegant structure. The main building, sixty by one hundred feet, fronts on Penn-
sylvania street; and in the rear, on New York street, is the chapel building, fifty
by seventy-five feet. The audience room, in its design and appointments, is one
of the finest in the country. Its pews are arranged in curved lines; the windows
are of beautiful stained glass; the ceiling is very ornamental, "rafter finished,"
and finely frescoed. The tower is one hundred and seventy-six feet in height.

The building is built of pressed brick, trimmed with dressed stone. The
chapel is divided into three rooms: two for social meetings, and one for the pastor's
study. The second story contains the Sabbath-School room. The dimensions of the
building are sixty-five by one hundred and fifty-five feet. The cost of building
and site was $104,117.74.

SECOND PRESBYTEBIAN CHURCH.

Location: Corner of Pennsylvania and Vermont streets.

The materials for the ensuing sketch of this organization have been chiefly
obtained from a discourse preached at the opening of the present chapel, by Rev.
Hanford A. Edson, the pastor.

The society was formed, with fifteen members, November 19, 1838, in the
Marion County Seminary, a small brick building standing, until 1860, at
the south-west corner of University Square. The Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, the
first pastor, entered upon his work July 31st, 1839. Worship was continued in

RELIGIOUS, 209

the Seminary for a year. Afterward the congregation removed to their own edi-
fice, the present High School building, on the north-west corner of Circle and
Market streets, occupying at first the lecture-room. This house was dedicated to
the worship of the Most High, October 4th, 1840. On th3 19th of September, 1847,
the pastorate of Mr. Beecher closed, and he removed to Brooklyn, New York, where
he has since gained the reputation as a pulpit orator, with which the world is
familiar. He was succeeded by Rev. Clement E. Babb, at the time a student in
Lane Seminary, now associate editor of the Herald a* d Presbyter, of Cincinnati.
He commenced work May 7th, 1848, and continued in the pastorate until January
1st, 1853. It was under his supervision that a colony, now the Fourth Presbyte-
rian Church, was established, with twenty-four members. This occurred Novem-
ber 30th, 1851. The third pastor, Rev Thornton A. Mills, began his work Janu-
ary 1st, 1854, and remained with the Church three years, the relation between pas-
tor and people, being dissolved by the Presbytery, February 9th, 1857. Dr. Mills
having been elected Secretary of the General Assembly's Committee on Educa-
tion, went at once to New York. He is the only one of the pastors of the Church
not now living. He died suddenly June 19th, 1867. Rev. Goorge P. Tindall was
his successor, called to the pastorate August 6th, 1857, and continuing in the field
until September 27th, 1863. During his ministry, in 1858 and 1859, large numbers
were added to the Church. The present pastor, Rev. Han ford A. Edson, has oc-
cupied the place since January 17th, 1864. On the 15th of May of that year, a
building was dedicated at the corner of Michigan and Blackford streets for a Mis-
sion Sunday School, which had been established by members of the Second Church,
and which has now grown into the " Fifth Presbyterian Church." November 20th,
1867, another colony, the "Olivet Presbyterian Church," was formed with twenty-
one members, a house of worship having been dedicated for them a month pre-
vious.

For the beautiful stone edifice at the corner of Pennsylvania and Vermont
streets, of which we present an engraving, ground was broken in the spring of
1864. The corner stone was laid May 14th, 1866;' the chapel occupied December
22d, 1867; and the completed edifice dedicated January 9th, 1870. Mr. Joseph
Curzon, of this city is the architect. The entire cost of the property is about
$105,000. The present membership of the church is considerably above four hun-
dred. The Sabbath-School is in a flourishing condition, and has three hundred pu-
pils enrolled.

Be?ides the pastor, the officers of the society are as follows:

Ruling Elders. William N. Jackson, Samuel F. Smith, Enoch C. Mayhew,
Edwin J. Peck, John S. Spann, William S. Hubbard, Thomas A. Morris, Moses R. .
Barnard, and Frederick W. Chislett.

Deacons. Sandford Morris, Edward S. Field, Clement A. Greenleaf, George
W. Crane, William W. Wentz, Richard M. Smock, David W. Coffin, and Willis
H. Pettit.

Trustees. William P. Fishback, William M. Wheatley, John S. Spann, James
M. Bradshaw, and William Mansur.

The church edifice is massive and imposing. It is built, from foundation to
ipire, of rubble limestone; the corners, buttresses, and other projecting angles,
being artistically faced with dressed stone. Its architecture is the Gothic style of
the twelfth century. The auditorium is seventy-eight feet in length by fifty-
seven feet in width ; thirty-seven feet high in the center, and twenty-six and
one-half feet at the side walls ; with a recess for the choir twelve by thirty-two
(14)

210 HOLLOW ATS INDIANAPOLIS.

feet, and another for the pulpit, five by fourteen feet. The ceiling is finished in
ash and black walnut; with plastered panels separated by stucco mouldings. The
pews, pulpit, and other wood work, in the interior, are also, richly finished in wal-
nut and ash. The windows are highly ornamented. The chapel, session room,
and pastor's study, are in keeping with the elegance of the auditorium; as is, also,
the Sabbath- School room, now in the second story. The auditorium is lighted by
silvered reflectors. The main tower is one hundred and sixty-one and one-half feet
in height, and eighteen feet square at the base. A smaller tower at the entrance
to the chapel, is ninety-five and one-half feet in height. Without, the structure is
massive and artistic; within, it is elegantly and tastefully finished and furnished.

THIRD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

Location : Northeast corner of Illinois and Ohio streets.

This church was organized on the 23d September, 1851, at the residence
of Caleb Scudder, Esq., in this city, by the Presbyttry of Muncie; twenty-one
person withdrawing for the purpose from the First Church.

Prominent among the founders of this association were James Blake, Caleb
Scudder, John W. Hamilton, H. C. Newcomb, Nathaniel Bolton, Dr. W. C. Thomp-
son and C. B. Davis. The congregation first met for religious worship in Tem-
perance Hall ; and afterward erected the present church building, which was com-
pleted and dedicated in 1859.

The Third Church has for many years been a prominent religious power in the
community. Its present membership is four hundred and fifty. The Sabbath-
school numbers two hundred and thirty-three pupils.

In 1867 a colony went out from this congregation and formed the Fifth Pres-
byterian Church; which has since been sustained in part by the parent church.

The Third Church has had the following pastors: The Rev. David Stevenson,
from 1851 to October, 1860; the Kev. George C. Heckman, D. D., from 1861 to
1867; the Rev. Robert Sloss, the present pastor, since June, 1868.

Prominent among the earlier members and oflicers of this church are the
names of James Blake, Caleb Scudder, Hon. H. C. Newcomb. John W. Hamilton,
Chas. N. Todd, Dr. W. 0. Thompson, the Rev. C. G. McLean, D. D., Wm. M. Blake,
William Stewart, Silas T. Bowen, Dr. Theophilus Parvin, J. D. Carmichael, L. N.
Andrews, "William Glenn and H. W. Keehn.

The church edifice, though not so imposimg or elegant in its architectural as-
pects, as several others in the city, is nevertheless a commodious and substantial
structure, built of brick, with stone facings, in the modified Norman style of archi-
tecture. Its external dimensions are eighty by forty-eight feet. The size of the
audience room is eeventy-one by forty-five feet; and it has, including the gallery,
seating capacity for about six hundred persons. The value of the property is
about $50,000.

The present officers of the church are :

Pastor. Rev. Robert Sloss.

Elders. H. C. Newcomb. S. T. Bowen, J. D. Carmichael, Dr. T. Parvin, C. N.
Todd, L N. Andrews, A. S. Walker.

Deacons. James Muir, James Wilson, Wm. M. Blake, Chas. G. Stewart, D. H.
Wiles, R. Frank Kennedy, Wm. Judson. James D. Brown.

Trustees. Thos. D. Kingan, W. W. Woollen, D. H. Wiles, R. F. Kennedy, Wm.
Judson, James Hasson, Frank Landers.

KELIGIOUS.

Location : Corner of Delaware and Market streets.

The Fourth Presbyterian Church was formed by a colony from the Second
Presbyterian Church.

On the 30th of November, 1851, twenty-four members of the latter society
withdrew by letters, and proceeded at once to organize under the name of the
Fourth Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis. Two elders were elected, Alexander
Graydon and Samuel Merrill. A call was extended to the Rev. George M. Max-
well, of Marietta, Ohio, with the offer of a salary of $800. The call was accepted,
and Mr. Maxwell commenced his services as pastor early in the year 1852.

After nearly six years of struggle, the society, on the 13th of September, 1857,
was enabled to dedicate the present house of worship to Divine service. The num-
ber of members at that date was one hundred and fifteen.

In the spring of 1858 a religious revival resulted in a large increase of the
membership.

In November, 1858, Mr. Maxwell's health failing, he resigned, much to the
regret of his congregation.

In October, 1859, the Rev. A. L. Brooks received a unanimous call, which he
accepted, at a salary of $1,500.00, and commenced his labors immediately. Rev.
Mr. Brooks labored with the church until March, 1862, when he accepted a call
from Chicago.

In July, 1862, the Kev. Charles H. Marshall accepted a call to the pastorate
of the Fourth Church. His salary, at first $1,000, was gradually increased during
his stay to $2,500.

Many additions were made to the church during the revival of 1869.

In October, 1870, Mr. Marshall was compelled by failing health to sever his.
pastoral relation with the church, to the general regret of the membership. Dur-
ing his pastorate the war for the Union began and ended; and at one time the
Fourth Church demonstrated its patriotism by sending to the field not only its pas-
tor, as chaplain, but some forty of its young men.

On the 1st of January, 1871, Mr. Marshall was succeeded by the Rev. J. H.
Morron, of Peoria, Illinois, the present pastor.

The church membership numbers one hundred and eighty-five; that of the Sab-
bath-Schools, about one hundred and seventy-five.

The church edifice presents a somewhat ancient and time-worn aspect exter-
nally. It is quite commodious, having seating accommodations for about six hun-
dred persons. The building is of stuccoed brick, and is surmounted by a high
tower. The value of the property is about $50,000, and it is free of debt.

The elders of the church since its organization have been :

Alexander Graydon, Samuel Merrill, Horace Bassett, John L. Ketcham, Henry
S. Kellogg, Alexander H. Davidson, Charles W. Moores, David Kregelo, Robert
Evans, Emanuel Haugh, John McKeehan, Samuel Merrill, J. H. Brown, Robert
M. Stewart. Col. Samuel Merrill is Superintendent of the Sabbath-schools.

The officers for the current year are :

Elders. David Kregelo, Robert Evans, John McKeehan, Samuel Merrill,
Robert Stewart, James H. Brown.

Deacons. William H. Comingor, Joseph R. Haugh, Hervey Bates, John L.
Ketcham, Robert W. Cathcart, Daniel W. Grubbs.

Trustees. Wm. A. Bradshaw, Joseph K. Sharpe, David Kregelo, Joseph R,
Haugh, John D. Condit.

212 HOLLOW ATS' INDIANAPOZIS.

FIFTH CHURCH.

Location : East side of Blackford street, between Vermont and Michigan 1
streets.

A frame chapel, erected on the above stated site in 1864, for the purposes of
a Mission Sabbath-School, waa purchased in the autumn of 1866, by the Third
Church, into whose control the School then passed. In October, 1867, it wag or-
ganized by the authority of the Indiana-polls Presbytery, as the Fifth Presbyterian
Church, with eighteen members : twelve from the Third, and one from the First
Presbyterian Churches- of this city, and five from churches elsewhere located.
The exercises incident to the organization were conducted by Kevs. George C.
Heckman, L. G. Hay, W. W. Sickles ; and Elders James Blake and Charles N.
Todd.

The first, only, and present pastor of the society, is the Rev. William B,
Chamberlain, who began his labors as such in the summer of 1869 ; was ordained
in October of that year, and installed in October, 1870.

The chapel is a frame building; coat, with site, $2,000; and will seat two
hundred persons.

The growth and prosperity of the society have been such as to demand and
warrant a better and more commodious house of worship. For this purpose a
desirable site has been secured on the south-west corner of Michigan and Black-
ford streets; where excavation is now being made for a new building, to be of
brick, cruciform, with a fine tower; having a basement for Sabbath-School and
other purposes; and an audience room with a capacity to seat four hundred and
fifty persons. The cost of the new structu-re will be from $12,000 to $15,000. The
society expect to occupy the basement by the fall of 1872, and hope to complete
the building within two or three years.

The number of members is about one hundred and fifty. The Sabbath-School
has two hundred and ftfty members.

OLIVET CHURCH.

Location : Corner of Union and McCarty streets.

This church was established by a colony from the Second Church. A few
members of the parent body, met with their pastor, on the 22nd of June, 1867,
and instructed a committee to buy a suitable site in the south-western quarter
of the city. The corner of Union and McCarty streets was selected for that pur-
pose ; the present church building was erected without delay, and was dedicated
on the 20th of October, of the same year, by the Kev. H. A. Edson, pastor of the
Second Church. On the 20th of November, 1867, a church organization was
effected. The first pastor was the Kev. J. B. Brandt; the second the Rev. Lnman
A. Aldrich; the third, and present, the Rev. Joseph E. Scott. The house of wor-
ship is a plain, comfortable frame building. The property is valued at $2,500, and
is free from debt. The Church membership numbers over one hundred persons ;
that of the Sunday-School about one hundred and twenty-five.

SEVENTH CHURCH.

Location : Elm street r near Cedar.

Originally established as a mission enterprise, by the First Church, and in its
infancy conducted and sustained by the parent body, the' Seventh Church has

RELIGIOUS. 213

mow about attained the stature of a full grown and self-sustaining organization;
able and entitled to manage its own affairs. Of the maxim that " Christianity is
the greatest civilizer," the results of this enterprise are a triumphant exemplifi-
cation.

One Sabbath day, early in the year 1865, Wm. R. Craig, a resident of the south-
eastern part of the city, was much disturbed by a rude and lawless troop of boys, out-
rageously wanting in that training which inspires a decent respect for the Sabbath
day. Their repeated and flagrant violations of the Sabbath, and unruly conduct
generally, had often outraged the feelings of the staid old Scotchman, but never to
such a degree as oa this occasion; and now, for the first time, he began to seriously
debate with himself the question of a remedy. He thought of applying to the po-
lice; and then dismissed that recourse, as being an inadequate measure of relief,
and not sufficiently radical. Finally he decided that a Sabbath-School, by reach-
ing the consciences of the offenders, -would, in the course of time, effect a thor-
ough and lasting cure. Mr. Craig, who was a member of the First Church, pro-
ceeded at once to prepare for the application of his remedy.

The pastor and elders of that church concurred in his proposition, and called
a meeting of the pastors and elders of the four principal Presbyterian churches,
to consult upon apian for opening the campaign; a meeting of the officers and
pastors of the First and Third Churches was shortly afterward held to consider
the question ; and finally it was agreed that the First Church should take suitable
steps to provide spiritual instruction for the south-eastern quarter of the city. Wm.
R. Craig and N. M. Wood were shortly afterward appointed a committee to estab-
lish a Sabbath-school there; for defraying the expenses .of which work of organi-
zation, $180 was voted. A room in an old carpenter shop, belonging to Peter Rou-
tier, on Cedar street, was rented for the purpose. The school was organized by
Messrs. W. K. Craig and Thomas Mclntire, and successfully conducted through the
.summer ef 1865 under the superintendence of N. M. Wood, Esq.

Tbe rude building then occupied by the mission proving too small and uncom-
fortable for the purpose, it was decided to erect a suitable building for Sabbath-
School and other religious services. Through the exertions of James M. Ray, a
member of the First Presbyterian Church, a site was secured in Fletcher's Addi-
tion, donated by Calvin Fletcher, Sr., A Stone, W. S. Witt, Elisha Taylor and
James M. Hough. The Board of Church Extension pledged $500 to aid in the
erection of a building, and the First Church took upon itself the responsibility of
seeing to it that the new enterprise should not fail. To this end Elder Thomas
Mclntire and James W. Brown, Esq., were appointed a committee to superintend the
work of erecting the new building. Subscriptions to the amount of over $3,200
were co^Jected, and the building was completed and occupied by the Sabbath-School
early in December, 1865. The parent church supplied the Rev. W. W. Sickles to
preach for the young congregation for a period of six months. The dedicatory
exercises were held on the 24th December, 1865, and were conductsd by the Rev.
J. H. Nixon, pastor of the First Church. The Rev. Thomas Gtilt, licentiate, of
Chicago, preached for the congregation from May to September of 1867; and was
succeeded by Rev. C. M. Howard.

At 7J p. M., on the 27th November, 1867, the church was formally organized
'by order of the Presbytery; the committee consisting of the Revs. J. H. Nixon and
William Armstrong, and Elders Thomas Mclntire and William R. Craig. Twenty-
three persons, either by examination or by letter, were admitted into the new organ-
isation. Wm. R. -Craig was chosen the first elder, and the Rev. C. M. Howard w-as

214 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

invited to become the pastor. Mr. Howard was a gentleman of extraordinarj
religious enthusiasm and industry. The field was forbidding, and a pastor IB search
of a pleasant sphere of labor, where the wilderness had been subdued by Christian
cultivation, would have avoided the pioneer duty assumed by Mr. Howard. The
latter labored with such patient and persevering industry, that great success
followed his efforts, and the church rapidly increased in numbers. Worn out by
hard service, he was obliged to ask a release from his pastoral duties, and he retired
from that position in October, 1869.

In November, 1869, the Rev. John B. Brandt was called to supply the congre-
gation. At the end of the year he was compelled to discontinue his pastoral rela-
tion to the church, on account of the demands on his time by the Young Men's
Christian Association of this city, of which he was the Superintendent.

During the year 1869 Samuel E. Kennedy, Edwin G. Barrett and Alexander
Craig were elected elders; Messrs. J. W. Kolwes, Lewis H. Decker and James
Duthie, deacons; C. A. Griffith, Robert J. Pedloe, John R. Childers, Jacob Beltz,
Hiram C. Husted, J. W. Brown, Edwin G. Barrett, and John Jolly, Trustees.

Rev. L. G. Hay took charge of the church November 1st, 1870, remaining
about six months. He was specially qualified for this pest by many years of expe-
rience in similar fields, and by a happy union of religious zeal with practical
sagacity, and the society flourished during his pastorate.

Rev. Charles H. Raymond has recently assumed pastoral charge of this church,
and entered upon his work with the hearty co-operation of his people.

The Scotchman's remedy for the cure of disorder in his locality has proven
successful.

The present number of communicants is over one hundred. The Sabbath-
School reckons about two hundred and fifty members and twenty officers and
teachers The success of the latter is largely due to the Superintendent, Mr. Ebe-
nezer Sharpe, who lately retired from this position to take charge of the North
Street Mission School. The present Superintendent Is Mr. Alexander Craig,

The value of the property is about $2,000.

PfcESBYTERIAN MISSIONS.

North Street Mission. Location : On the corner of North and Delaware streets.

This flourishing mission of the First Presbyterian Church, was established in
July, 1870. The mission building had been occupied for Sabbath-School pur-
POSPS before this time, being known as the "Saw Mill Mission," but for several
months the field had been abandoned. The leading spirits in the new organiza-
tion were Gen. Ben. Harrison, Dr. C. C. Burgess, Ebenezer feharpe, Capt. E, P.
Howe, I. C. Hays and others, all members of the First Presbyterian Church.

The Sibbath School has an average attendance of over two hundred, some-
times reaching nearly two hundred and fifty. Regular religious services are held of
Sunday evenings, and a prayer meeting, conducted by the officers of the mission,
is held on each Wednesday evening.

Rev. L. G Hay has been appointed to take charge of this mission, and it is
expected that a church will be established in the course of the present year.

The laborers in this work have been active and zealous, and it has been a suc-
cessful enterprise from the start. The chapel occupied by the mission, was pur-
chased for that purpose by James W. Brown, Esq., a. citizen noted for his munifi-
aence in regard to religious enterprises in this city. The mission has thus had &

RELIGIOUS.

chapel furnished free of rent an assistance of no small moment to a young organ-
ization.

From the importance of this field and the encouragement which the enter-
prise has received, it is confidently predicted that the North Street Mission will, at
no greatly distant day, develop into one of the largest and most prosperous
churches of Indianapolis.

The value of the property is about $2,500.

Memorial Chapel is located on the corner of Christian avenue and Bellefon-
taine street ; and was founded, as it has since been maintained, by the Second Pres-
byterian Church. A Sabbath-School, under the charge of Mr. M. K. Barnard, as
superintendent, was immediately organized, and has steadily increased in pros-
perity ever since. George Crane, Esq., succeeded Mr. Barnard, in October, 1870.
His labors in building up the mission have been both zealous and successful ; so
that the average attendance is about seventy-five. From the first, weekly prayer
meetings have been held ; which have also been well attended the citizens in
that vicinity taking an active interest in the success of the mission. Should the
enterprise continue to prosper in the future as in the past, (of which there is no
reason to doubt,) the result will be the early admission of this mission into the
Presbytery as a full grown church.

The building in which the services of the Mission are held, is a neat frame
structure, with seating room for about two hundred persons, and was erected in the
spring of 1870, at a cost, including that of site, of about $3,500.

West Street Mission. Location : West street, near Georgia.

This mission was established on the 25th of July, 1869, by a colony of young
men from the First Church, assisted by two or three other persons ; who secured,
for their purpose, a building formerly used as a Soldiers' Barracks, located as
above.

The field was not inviting, and the building anything but elegant or attract-
ive ; but the founders of the enterprise, with little but their own zeal and persist-
ence (of which they have certainly expended an extraordinary amount) to aid
them in the work, succeeded in establishing and conducting a useful and growing
mission of the Presbyterian Church, in a locality where there was great need of
such an undertaking.

They began by organizing a Sabbath-School, with Henry D. Carlisle as super-
intendent. The school was successful from the beginning. The average attendance
of pupils is about seventy-five; any material increase of which number is hin-
dered by the limited capacity of the building. Mr. Carlisle has, with the excep-
tion of an intermission of a few months, been the superintendent ever since. The
young men who founded the mission have, with the assistance of an additional
helper or two, continued to sustain it; and have managed to accumulate a hand-
some Sunday-School library, and an organ, besides fitting up the room and paying
the rental.

During the past summer, out-door meetings, largely attended, were held every
Sabbath in front of the building ; and when the cold weather put a stop to these,
and forced the " Colony " to adjourn to the inside, these meetings were not dis-
continued. These religious services have been conducted by the five young men
in charge of the Sabbath-School, (Henry D. Carlisle, P. L. Mayhew, E. D. Craig-
head, Leroj W. Braden, and Charles Meigs;) who as they express it "being

215 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

too poor to secure a regular minister, have had to do their own preaching, with
what help they could get from laymen of the different churches of the city."

The attendance at these Sabbath evening meetings has generally been as large
as the limited capacity of the building would admit of.

Indianola Mission. The location of this mission is in Indianolu, on Washing-
ton street, half a mile west of the White River Bridge. The property was, for a
number of years, occupied as a Methodist church. Having fallen into disuse by
the latter denomination, a mission Sabbath-School was started thereon the 15th of
July, 1870, by three of the young members of the Third Presbyterian Church ;
H H. Fulton, E. G. Williams, and John G. Blake. The field for ihe mission was
large and necessitous ; and it has had a good degree of success. Beside the usual
Sabbath-School exercises, religious services of Sabbath evenings, have for some
time been regularly held chiefly by laymen.

Arrangements for the purchase of the property by the Presbyterian denomi-
nation, will, it is expected, be concluded shortly; and thus another addition to the
list of Presbyterian churches in this city, is far advanced in its developement.

The mission is directed by John G. Blake, as Superintendent, with an Assist-
ant Superintendent, ten teachers, and the usual additional officers. The number of
members is about one hundred. The value of the property is about $1.000.

Summary Total membership of the Presbyterian Denomination in Indiana-
polis, 1,736; total Sabbath-School membership, 2,008; total value of church prop-
erty, $320,117.74.

BAPTIST.

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.

Location : North-east corner of New York and Pennsylvania streets.

The first assemblage of Baptists in Indianapolis was nearly fifty years ago-.
An old record, still preserved, quaintly states that "The Baptists at, and near Indi-
anapolis, having removed from various parts of the world, met at the School House
in Indianapolis, in August, 1822, and after some consultation, adopted the follow-
ing resolution : Resolved, that we send for helps, and meet at Indianapolis, on
the 20th day of Sept'r next for the purpose of establishing a regular Baptist church
at s'd place. That John W. Reding write letters to little Flat Rock & Little Cedar
Grove churches for help. That Samuel McCormuck write letters to Lick Creek and
Franklin churches for helps then adjourned."

The next meeting was pursuant to adjournment. Elder Tyner attended from
Little Cedar Grove church and "after Divine service went into business." "Let-
ters were received and read from Brothers Benjamin Barns, Jeremiah Johnson,
Thomas Carter, Otis Hobart, John Hobart, Theodore V. Denny, John McCormack,
Samuel McCormack, John Thompson, and William Dodd, and Sisters Jane John-
son, Nancy Carter, Nancy Thompson, Elizabeth McCormack, and Polly Carter,
then adjourned until Saturday morning 10 o'clk."

Saturday morning:

" Met according to adjournment and after Divine service letters were rec'd from
John W. Reding and Hannah Skinner. Brother B. Barns was appointed to speak
and answer for the members and Brother Tyner went into an examination, and
finding the members sound in the Faith pronounced them a regular Baptist church,,
and directed them to go into business.."

RELIGIOUS. 217

" Brother Tyner was then chosen moderator, and John W. Reding clerk 1st
agreed to be called and known by the name of the First Baptist Church, at Indi-
anapolis, then adjourned until the third Satui'day in Oct'r 1822.

J. W. REDING, CK."

Benjamin Barns appears to have been rather the most prominent among the
early membership, for on the third Saturday of June, 1823, the record recites:
"agreed that Bro. B. Barns be called to preach to this church once a month until
the end of this year: to which Bro. Barns agreed."

The first deacon was John Thompson, who was, by a unanimous vote of the
church, called to that office on the third Saturday of December, 1822.

In May, 1823, Samuel McCormack was "ordered to be a singing elk. to this
church."

A committee appointed to secure a Jlice for worship, consisting of J. Carter,
H. Bradly, and D. Wood, reported that " the School houie may bo had without in-
terruption." This was a new log school house, situated on the north side of, and
partly in, Maryland street, between Tennessee and Mississippi streets.

On the third Saturday, in November, 1824, a committee of three was appointed
(i to rent a room or repair the school house for a meeting house the ensuing season,
to report at the next meeting." At the next meeting, in January, 1825, the com-
mittee reported "that 1.25 had been expended in repairing the school house,
and the deacon is requested to pay the same out of the joint funds, and that each
Brother pay the Bro. deacon a small sum on to-morrow." At the same meeting it
was, " on motion, agreed that the church petition the present Gen'l Assembly for a
site to build a meeting house upon ; and that the S. E. half of the shaded block 90
be selected, and that Bro. J. Hobart, H. Bradley and the elk. be appointed to bear
the petition." In due time the committee reported that the petition had "failed."

In the spring of 1825, Major Thomas Chinn invited the church to use his
house as a place for worship during the summer; which invitation was accepted.

In June, 1825, the church purchased from Wm. Wilmott, Esq., lot 2, in square
50, for use. There was a small frame house on the lot, which was not plas-
tered, and arrangements were made to finish it, which were afterwards " post-
poned sinadi," and the house left as it was. An apportionment was ordered to pay
for the house and lot, and a committee reported an assessment of $48, divided
among the fifteen male members of the church.

In January, 1826, Rev. 'Cornelius Duvall, of Owen county, Kentucky, was
called to the pastorate. Nothing resulted from this call, so far as appears upon the
records, and in December, 1826, Rev. Abraham Smock was called as pastor for
one year ; he accepted and soon began his labors. Soon afterward, the church
disposed of the lot purchased from Wilmott, and lot 3, in square 75 (where Schnull's
block now stands) was purchased for $100, and a meeting house erected in 1829.

In July, 1830, Rev. A. Smock resigned, and for some time the church was
without a pastor.

In September, 1831, of two members received into the church, by letter, one
was "Bro. Mosely Stewart, (man of color.")

In May, 1832, Rev. Byron Lawrence was " requested to preach for us as fre-
quently as he can on Lord's day for six months."

In April, 1833, Revs. Jameson Hawkins, Byron Lawrence, and Ezra Fisher,
were "invited to preach for this church statedly, on each Lord's day, making
their own arrangements."

In August, 1833, " Bro. Anthony A. Slaton, (man of color,) was rec'd by letter."

218 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

In February, 1834, Rev. Ezra Fisher was called " to be the stated preacher
of the church." He served in this capacity some months, and in January, 1835,
T. C. Townsend was requested to preach by the church, until a regular pastor
should be settled.

In July, 1835, Rev. J. L. Richmond was called to the pastorate and accepted.

The house of worship first erected on the new lot was replaced in due time
by a more pretentious frame edifice, which was occupied by the church as a place
of worship, for a number of years.

In 1843, the Rev. George C. Chandler took the pastorate and remained until
1847. He was succeeded by Rev. T. R. Cressy, who continued until 1852. He, in
turn, gave way to Rev. Sidney Dyer, who labored until 1857, and was followed by
Rev. J. B. Simmons, who preached from 1858 to 1861. On the morning of the
first Sunday, in January, 1861, the church building was destroyed by fire, and
for a time after that, the congregation worshiped in Masonic Hall. Mr. Sim-
mons resigned the pastorate in 1861, and Rev. Henry Day, of Philadelphia, was
called to the vacant pulpit. Mr. Day accepted the call, has been the pastor of
the church ever since, and has fully earned his high place in the public esti-
mation, without as within his congregation. To repair the destruction caused by
the fire, the church at once purchased a desirable site on the north-east cor-
ner of New York and Pennsylvania streets, and in 1862, began the erection of
the commodious and handsome brick edifice shown in the accompanying engrav-
ing.

Under the ministration of Rev. Mr. Day, the church has enjoyed an uninter-
rupted progress ; so that to-day, in respect of the extent and character of its con-,
gregation, and of influence, it occupies the front rank in the numerous religious so-
cieties of Indianapolis,

The present number of members is five hundred and fifty-eight.

The Sabbath-School is also in a highly prosperous condition. For a period
of over twenty years, it was under the charge of the late J. R. Osgood, to whose
eminent zeal, piety, and efficiency, a large measure of its prosperity is due. The
school now numbers over six hundred scholars.

The church building, though not strictly homogeneous and "true" in re-
spect of its architecture, is nevertheless, a commodious and elegant edifice ; and
its internal appointments are of the first class'. It cost about $50,000; and will
readily seat twelve hundred people. It has a fine organ that cost 2,500. Its
erection was one of the fruits of that quite recent spirit of rivalry in splendor of
church architecture, that has resulted in making Indianapolis eminent for the
number of its elegant church edifices.

The officers for the present year are as follow :

Pastor. Reverend Henry Day, D. D.

Deacons. E. C. Atkins, H. S. Gillet, and J. M. Button.

Trustees. C. P. Jacobs, J. W. Smither, E. J. Foster, H. Knippenberg, H. C.
Martin, J. M. Sutton, S. C. Hanna, and W. C. Smock.

SOUTH STBEET BAPTIST CHURCH.

Location : Corner of South and Noble streets.

The "Home Church" (as the First Baptist Church is called) purchased a lot
on the corner of South and Noble streets, erected a neat brick chapel thereon, and
began a mission in that part of the city. A Sunday-School was at once estab-
lished, which developed a deep interest, and in 1869, seventy-six of the members of

RELIGIOUS. 219

the First Church withdrew by letter, and formed a new society known as the South
Street Baptist Church, receiving from the parent body a free gift of the chapel
building and grounds. This church now enjoys a happy prosperity under the
pastorate of Kev. William Elgin.

The number of members is about one hundred ; Sabbath-School membership,
two hundred and fifty.

The value of the property is about $10,000.

GARDEN MISSIOK.

Location: Corner of Washington and Missouri streets.

A second mission interest was established by the First Church, in 1866, in the
old German theater, on the corner of Tennessee street and Kentucky avenue. It
now occupies the building at the corner of Washington and Missouri streets,
and sustains a weekly prayer meeting, and a Sunday-School of one hundred and
fifty scholars. Henry Knippenberg, Esq., is the Superintendent.

NORTH BAPTIST MISSION.

In April, 1870, a third mission interest was established on the corner of Cherry
and Broadway streets, and is now known as the North Baptist Mission. This in-
terest sustains a Sunday-School of about one hundred and -seventy pupils, under
the charge of C. P. Jacobs, Esq., Superintendent. Preaching every Sunday, a
weekly prayer meeting on Tuesday evening, and an adult Bible class. A neat
chapel, thirty-two by forty-five feet, has been erected and furnished, and a church
will doubtless be organized here during the coming year.

The value of the property is about

SECOND BAPTIST CHURCH (COLORED.)

Location : Michigan street, between Indiana avenue and West street.

This church was founded in the year 1846, by the Rev. Mr. Sachel, a missionary
of Cincinnati. The services of the congregation were first held in a school house
on Alabama street. In 1849, they built their first house of worship, on North
Missouri street, between Ohio and New York streets. It was a small building,
twenty by thirty feet; and was burned in the winter of 181. The building was
not insured, and the congregation for some time afterward, worshiped in a house
near the corner of North and Blackford streets, owned by John Brown, Esq., (now
deceased), who was a deacon of the church, and a prime mover in building the first
and second houses of worship of the congregation.

In the latter part of the year 1852, the church building was rebuilt, on the
site occupied by the building that had been burned. It was a cheap, one story
structure, twenty-six by thirty-six feet ; and was enlarged in 1864. The congre-
gation seem to have always been both prosperous and enterprising ; and accord-
ingly we find them commencing the erection of a more commodious house of wor-
ship, in September, 1867.

It will, when completed, be a neat and capacious building, reflecting great
credit on the congregation, considering the means at their disposal and the obsta-
cles they had to overcome. The dimensions are sixty-three feet square. The base-
ment has been completed and occupied, and the building will be completed in
due time.

220 BOLiowArs INDIANAPOLIS.

The auditorum will occupy an entire story, with a ceiling twenty-two and one-
half feet in height, and a gallery all around. The extreme elevation at the top
of the belfry, will be one hundred and five feet. The cost of the completed struct-
ure will be about $16,000. The congregation has been served by the following
pastors.

Joshua Harmon, (since deceased), 1848-51 ; Jesse Young, 1852-53 ; J. J.
Fitzgerald, (since deceased,) 1853-5; George Butler, 1855-6; Pleasant Bowles,
1857, (for six months) ; and Kev. Moses Broyles, the present pastor, who is now
in the fourteenth year of his pastoral relation to the congregation. For the want
of method and system in the administration of its affairs, the church underwent
many trials and vicissitudes during the first eleven years of its existence. When
Mr. Broyles took charge of affairs in 1857. the membership was not more than
twenty-five; now it is four hundred and thirty-five, and steadily increasing. The
usual Sabbath and week day religious services, are regularly held in this church.
Its affairs are now methodically administered, and it has all the officers of a well
appointed, thoroughly organized church. The Sabbath-School, of which Andrew
Lewis is superintendent, has two hundred and sixty-five members, and is divided
into twenty classes, with as many teachers.

Summary Total membership of the Baptist Church in Indianapolis, one
thousand and ninety-three; total Sabbath-school membership, one thousand two
hundred and sixty-five; total value of church property, $76,000.

CONGREGATIONAL.

PLYMOUTH CHURCH.

Location: Meridian street, near Circle Park.

This church was organized August 9th, 1857. The original membership con-
sisted of thirty-one persons, a majority of whom joined by letter from other
churches in this city. For several months previous to the organization, these mem-
bers supported religious worship and a Sabbath-School in the Senate Chamber of the
State House. There the church continued to worship (except for a short period,
during which services were held in Ramsey's Hall on Illinois street), until their
removal to their present edifice on the north-west corner of Circle and Meridian
streets. For a few months after the organization, Rev. W. C. Bartlett officiated as
minister.

The original officers of the church were as follow:

Trustees. A. G. Willard, E. T. Sinker, W. W. Roberts, E. J. Baldwin.

Deacons. Horace Bassett, Albert G. Willard, Edward T. Sinker, Benjamin M.
Ludden.

Clerk. E. Montgomery.

Treasurer. Albert G. Willard.

Rev. N. A. Hyde, the first pastor, entered upon his duties in October. 1868, and
resigned the pastorate in August, 1867, to become Superintendent of the American
Home Missionary Society for Indiana.

Rev. E. P. Ingersoll, the next pastor, commenced his labors March' 1st, 1868,
and resigned January, 1870.

Rev. Joseph L. Bennett, the third and present pastor, entered upon his duties
in January, 1871.

The officers at the present time are the following :

RELIGIOUS. 221

Trustees. S. A.Fletcher, E. T. Sinker, (died April 5th, 1871), N. R. Smith, S.
A. Fletcher, Jr.

Deacons. H. S. Rockey, A. G. Willard, I. S. Bigelow.

Clerk. Jared M. Bills.

Treasurer. Albert B. "Willard.

The membership of the church now numbers about two hundred. The Sab-
bath-School, John Martin, superintendent, numbers about one hundred and twenty-
five.

The house of worship occupied by this church was commenced in the fall of
1858; the front part, containing the lecture room, pastors study and social rooms,
was completed in September, 1859; this was occupied as the pKce of worship by
the congregation until the main audience room was erected, in 1866.

Of the church building extensive improvements, both external and internal,
were commenced in October, 1870; and the reconstructed and improved edifice was
dedicated on the 30th of April, 1871, at which time the present pastor, the Rev.
Joseph L. Bennett, was installed.

The house of worship, if surpassed by others in size and architectural splen-
dor, is nevertheless one of the most pleasant and convenient in this city of elegant
and costly church buildings.

The value of building and site is about $38,000.

MAT FLOWER CHURCH.

Location : Corner of St. Clair and East streets.

A Sabbath-School, organized by the Young Men's Christian Association, at a
small private house on the corner of Jackson and Cherry streets, resulted in the
organization of the present Mayflower Congregational Church, on the 23d May,
1369. The original membership consisted of thirteen members, who united with
the church by letter: five from the Plymouth Congregational Church of this city;
two from the Third Street M. E. Church; one from Roberts Park M. E. Church;
three from the Fourth Presbyterian Church.

The church building, located as above, was dedicated in January, 1870. It is
a frame building, forty by sixty feet, and simple and neat in its architectural
aspects. From the time of organization as a church until November, 1870, the
Rev. C. M. Sanders was pastor. He was succeeded on the 1st April, 1871, by the
Rev. G. W. Barnum, the present pastor.

Forty-three members have united with the church since its organization.

The present number of members is about thirty-five. The Sabbath-School has
about two hundred and twenty five pupils.

The present officers are : M. S. Whitehead and J. R. Irving, Deacons ; An-
drew Fisher, Treasurer; E. D. Olin, Clerk; S. A. Fletcher, Andrew Fisher and E.
D. Olin, Trustees.

The value of the church property is about $5,000.

Summary Total membership of the Congregational Denomination in Indiana-
polis, two hundred and thirty-five; total Sabbath-School membership, three hun-
dred and fifty; total value of church property, $43,000.

222 HOLLO WA Y'8 INDIANAPOLIS.

CHRISTIAN.

CHRISTIAN CHAPEL.

Location : South-west corner of Ohio and Delaware streets.

This society was organized on the 12th January, 1833. Dr. John H. Sanders
and Peter H. Roberts were its first ruling elders. The number of names enrolled
at the time of organization was twenty. Eld. John O'Kane may appropriately be
considered the Father of this church. He visited the city in the latter part of 1832,
and started the movement that led to the organization of the society, of which he
was the first preacher.

During the early history of the church, and when it most needed aid, Ovid
Butler, Esq., Robert A. Taylor, (since deceased, and father of Hon. Napoleon B.
Taylor, of this city), Dr. John H. Sanders, (father of Mrs. Governor Wallace, Mrs.
R. B. Duncan and Mrs. Dr. Gatling, of this city), and Mr. Charles Secrest were
fast and liberal friends of the enterprise, and contributed freely to its support.
Elder O'Kane, J. L. Jones, M. Combs, L. H. Jameson, A. Prather and others
visited the city during the early years of the church, to hold protracted meetings
which were generally successful. B. K. Smith, and Elder Chauncey Butler were
resident laborers in this service. Through these instrumentalities the church grad-
ually grew in strength; and a house of worship was built in the summer of 1836,
on Kentucky avenue.

On the 1st October, 1842, at the instance of Elder O'Kane, Elder L. H. Jam-
eson became resident evangelist, in which service he continued until 1853. Dur-
ing the latter year the congregation occupied the present church edifice. At this
date the membership had increased to three hundred and seventy-five.

The succession of pastors thenceforward was: Elders James M. Mathes, for one
year; L. H. Jameson, one year; Elder Elijah Goodwin, three years; Elder Perry
Hall, three years; Elder O. A. Burgess, seven years; Elder W. F. Black, the pres-
ent pastor, who has served the church for two years,

Christian Chapel ranks among the leading churches of the city. The present
number of members is about six hundred. The Sabbath-School has about two
hundred members.

The church building is quite plain externally; but is attractively furnished and
appointed within.

The value of the building and site is about $35,000.

SECOND CHRISTIAN CHURCH (COLORED).

Location : First street, between Mississippi street and the Lafayette Railway.

This society was established in the spring of 1867, as a mission of the First
Christian Church of this city, Prominent in its establishment and support during
its infancy were Messrs. W. W. Dowling and J. M. Tilford. As soon as possible,
and in a short time, a house of worship was secured at the above stated location.
It is an unpretentious frame building, but sufficient to meet the present wants of
the society; having capacity for about two hundred and fifty persons.

The society consists of about one hundred members. The Sabbath-School is
in a prosperous state, having about one hundred and twenty-five members.

Rev. Rufus Conrad, the present pastor, has served the society in that relation
ever since its organization.

The value of the building and site is about $2,000.

RELIGIOUS. 223

THIRD CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

Location: Forest-Home avenue, near Ash street.

In the spring of 1867 a Sunday-School was organized at the North-western
Christian University, and placed in charge of Prof. A. C. Shortridge, who was
mainly instrumental in its establishment. Out of this grew the organization of the
Third Church, which took place in the chapel of the University on the first Sabbath
in January, 1869. For the first year of its existence the congregation had no regu-
lar minister, but maintained the usual weekly meetings, with preaching by various
ministers as their services could be obtained. The second year the services of Aus-
tin Council were secured as pastor. Since then Elder Elijah Goodwin has been
serving in that capacity.

The church has built a comfortable house of worship on Forest-Home avenue,
near Ash street, a frame building, sixty feet long and thirty-four wide, with a
baptistry under the pulpit platform, and dressing rooms in the rear. The society
numbers something over one hundred members. The Sabbath-School has about one
hundred and seventy-five members.

The value of the property is about $8,000.

The present officers are:

Elders. E. Goodwin, J. M. Tilford, J. M. Bramwell, E. T. Brown.

Deacons. A. C. Shortridge, H. C. Guffin, K. M. Cosby, J. P. Elliott.

FOURTH CHRISTIAN HURCH.

Location: Corner of Fayette and Walnut streets.

This organization began as a Mission Sabbath-School on Sunday, 28th June,
1868, at a dwelling on Blake street. Here the school continued to meet every Sab-
bath day until the following November, when the place of meeting was changed
to a room on the corner. of New York and Blake streets. In the following winter
the mission was organized as a church society by Elder J. B. New as pastor, with
W. "W. Dowling as superintendent of the Sabbath-School. In the summer of 1869,
the place of worship was changed to a small hall on Indiana avenue, where the
services were held until the close of the year 1870. On the 1st of January, 1871,
the present house of worship was dedicated.

The chapel is a neat wooden structure, capable of seating about three hundred
persons ; and cost, including the site, about $4,000.

The present membership of the society is about one hundred; that of the Sab-
bath-School, about one hundred and twenty-five.

Elders John B. New, L. H. Jameson, W. W. Dowling and others have filled
the pulpit from time to time. The society is yet without a regular pastor.

SALEM CHAPEL.

Location : Corner of Illinois and Fifth streets.

This is a prosperous mission of the First Church. The bouse of worship was
dedicated on the 25th December, 1870, by Elder W. F. Black. The Sabbath-School,
under the superintendence of Geo. W. Snyder, has about two hundred members.
The prospects are excellent that this mission will, at no distant day, be discharged
from its wardship to the parent organization, and become a separate and flourishing
church. The value of the present building and site is about $4,000.

224 HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

OLIVB MISSION.

Location : Corner of Tennessee and Fourth streets.

This is also a mission of the First Church, and was founded in 1869. Its servi-
ces are now held in a rented building; but its members expect (an expectation war-
ranted by the growth of the enterprise) to build a suitable edifice at an early date
for the use of the mission.

The Sabbath-School, of which Jasper Finney is superintendent, numbers about
one hundred and seventy-five members.

Summary Total membership of the Christian denomination in Indianapolis,
about nine hundred; total Sabbath-School membership, one thousand. Total value
of church property, $53,000.

GERMAN REFORMED.

There are two societies of this Denomination in Indianapolis: the First and
Second German .Reformed Churches.

This denomination is a branch of the church of the great Reformation inaugu-
rated in Germany in the sixteenth century, and the source of the present numerous
family of Protestant denominations. Among the fathers of the German Reformed
Church were Zwingle, Melancthon and Calvin, whose creed differed in several
respects from that of the Father of the German Reformation, Luther.

The Lutheran and German Reformed denominations originated about the
same time (A. D., 1519) : the former in Northern Germany; the latter in Switzer-
land, whence it spread into Southern Germany, France, Holland and England.

The German Reformed Church first obtained a foothold in this country in the
year 1740, in Pennsylvania, where the Rev. Mr. Schlatter labored as the first Ger-
man missionary of that church in North America. Thence arose the German
Reformed Synod of the United States, and the other Synods that labor through the
Board of Domestic missions of the German Reformed Church

This much by way of preliminary observations upon the denomination in
general.

THE FIRST GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH OF INDIANAPOLIS

Is located on Alabama street, between Washington and Market streets.

In the fall of 1851 the Board of Domestic Missions sent to this city, to labor
as its missionary, the Rev. George Long. He began by preaching every Sabbath
day in the Court house. Before long he had succeeded so well that he was enabled
to organize a congregation, who in the spring of 1852, began the erection of a
house of worship on the above location, which was dedicated in October of the
same year. In November, 1856, Mr. Long resigned his pastorate, and on the 25th
of the following month the Rev. M. G. I. Stern was elected his successor. During
the ministry of Mr. Stern his church ceased to be a missionary enterprise, and became
a self-supporting society. The debts of the church were all paid, and it steadily
grew in membership and in the attendance upon its services.

On the 26th July, 1865, the Rev. Henry Echmeier succeeded Mr. Stern, and
became pastor of the church. During his pastorate the church building was
enlarged to its present dimensions and otherwise improved.

Mr. Echmeier resigned after serving the church over three years as its minister ;
and the Rev. J. S. Barth is now the supply of this congregation.

RELIGIOUS. 225

The house of worship is a plain but neat brick building. The present mem-
bership of the church is about two hundred ; that of the Sabbath-School, nearly
the same number.

Some of the founders and prominent early supporters of this church are still
active members. Among these are J. W. Brown, at present elder and superin-
tendent of the Sabbath-School, Henry W. Tenneman, William Stolte, Frederick
Kortepeter, Frederick Schowe, Henry Kruse and Herman Kortepeter.

The value of the property of the society is about $12,000.

SECOND GEEMAN BEFOBMBD CHURCH.

Location: South side of East street, south of Merrill.

This society was organized in the summer of 1867, by several members of an
extinct church organization, living in the south-eastern quarter of the city. The
Kev. Mr. Steinbach, who had labored here as a Lutheran missionary, took charge
of the young society thus established. He served for a brief period, resigning at
the close of the year 1867.

At a meeting of members held on the 1st January, 1868, the Kev. M. G. I. Stern
was selected as Mr. Steinbach's successor in this missionary field. The result was
the organization, in the autuma of 1869, of a second church of the German Re-
formed denomination in Indianapolis.

Mr. Stern is still the pastor of this church; which has been a prosperous
society from the first. The present number of members is about one hundred, and
the average attendance upon Sabbath-day services about two hundred and fifty to
three hundred.

Connected with this church is a German-English parochial school, with an-
average attendance of about one hundred pupils, and having two instructors. The
Sabbath-School membership is about two hundred and fifty.

The church building is a plain neat, frame structure, having capacity for five
hundred communicants.

The property of the church is valued at about $9,000.

l

Summary Total membership of the German Reformed Church of Indian-
apolis, three hundred; total Sabbath-School membership, about four hundred and.
fifty; total value of church property, $21,000.

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS.

There is but one church of this denomination in Indianapolis. The house of
worship is located on the corner of Delaware and St. Clair streets.

The church was organized in the year 1854. For two years the small congre-
gation held their religious services in the old Lutheran church building, on North
Pennsylvania street, near St. Clair. The officiating minister during this period
was Mrs Hannah Pierson, from Lockport, New York. In 1866 the society built
their present house of worship, located as above stated. The next ministers of the
church were David Tatum and Hannah B. Tatum.

In 1865 the society organized a "monthly meeting," and has had the following
resident ministers : Jane Trueblood, W. G. Johnson, Barnabas C. Hobbs, and Enos
G. Pray.

The present number of members is about two hundred and forty-six. The
Sabbath-School has about eighty members. The value of the property is about
$12,000.

(15)

226 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

METHODIST.

MERIDIAN STREET M. E. CHURCH.

Location : South west corner of Meridian and New York streets.

This church society, long known as Wesley Chapel M. E. Church, was the
pioneer organization of the Methodist denomination in this city, and occupies to-
ward the numerous family of Methodist churches in Indianapolis to-day, the rela-
tion of a tree to its branches.

To begin with the beginning of the history of this church, it is neccessary to
go back to the year 1822, when the Indianapolis Circuit of the Indiana District of
the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized by Rev. William Cravens, who
had been appointed to this circuit at the session of the Missouri Conference.

In 1825, the Missouri Conference was divided, the Illinois Conference was cre-
ated, and the Indiana District became a part of the latter body.

In 1829, Indianapolis Station was formed. This station subsequently passed
within the limits of the Madison District, created in 1830; of the Indiana Confer-
ence, created in 1832 ; and of the Indianapolis District of the latter Conference,
created in 1833.

At the session of the Indiana Conference, held in Centerville, on the 19th of
October, 1842, the Indianapolis Station was divided into two charges : The "Wes-
tern (Wesley Chapel), and the Eastern (Roberts Chapel).

At the session of the Indiana Conference, held in Madison, on the 16th Octo-
ber, 1845, the charge was again divived, forming the central charge, (Wesley
Chapel), and the western charge (Strange Chapel).

In 1870, the society took the name of Meridian street M. E. Church, from the
location of their elegant new church edifice, now nearly completed.

For many years, the society, of which the present Meridian Street Church is
the development and continuation, occupied as a house of worship the well-remem-
bered Wesley Chapel building, on the south-west corner of Meridian and Circle
streets. This familiar and weather-scarred structure, gave way, in the year 1869,
for the erection on its site of the present Sentinel Building.

The society purchased a site on the south-west corner of Meridian and New
York streets; on which a costly and artistic house of worship is now near comple-
tion. The basement has for sometime been occupied, and the edifice will be com-
pleted and dedicated during the present summer.

Between the dates of the abandonment of the Wesley Chapel building and of
the occupation of the yet unfinished strtucture, the congregation worshipped in
the building of the Second Universalist Church.

The circuit preachers, stationed preachers, and presiding elders, have been as
follows :

1821 Rev. William Cravens, Circuit Preacher. 1822-3, Samuel Hamilton,
Presiding Elder; James Scott, Circuit Preacher. 1823-4, William Beauchamp,
Presiding Elder; Jesse Hale and George Horn, Circuit Preachers.

In 1825, on the division of the Missouri Conference, John Strange become
Presiding Elder, and John Miller, Circuit Preacher. 1825-6, John Strange, Pre-
siding Elder; Thomas Hewston, Circuit Preacher. 1826-7, John Strange, Presid-
ing Elder; Edwin Ray, Circuit Preacher. 1827-8, John Strange, Presiding Elder ;
N. Griffith, Circuit Preacher 1828-9, John Strange, Presiding Elder; James
Armstrong, Stationed Preacher. 1829 to 1832, Allen Wiley, Presiding Eider; Thos,

227

SIftt, Stationed Preacher. 1832-3, John Strange, Presiding Elder ; Benj. 0. Steven-
son, Stationed Preacher. 1833, Allen Wiley, Presiding Elder; C. W. Ruter, Sta-
tioned Preacher. 1833-4, James Havens, Presiding Elder ; C.- W. Ruter, Stationed
Preacher. 1834-5, Jas, Havens, Presiding Elder; E. R.Ames, Stationed Preacher.
1835-6, James Havens, Presiding Elder; J. C. -Smith, Stationed Preacher. 1836-7,
James Havens, Presiding Elder; A Eddy, Stationed Preacher. 1837-8, A. Eddy,
Presiding Elder; J. C. Smith, Stationed Preacher. 1838-9, A. Eddy, Presiding
Elder; A. Wiley, Stationed Preacher. 1839-40, A. Eddy, Presiding Elder; A. Wiley,
Stationed Preacher. 1840-1, James Havens Presiding Elder; W. H. Goode, Sta-
tioned Preacher. 1841-2, James Havens, Presiding Elder; W.'H. Goode, Stationed
Preacher.

1842-3' "Indianapolis station" having been divided into two charges, James
Havens was appointed Presiding Elder, and L. W. Berry Stationed Preacher, of the
Western charge (Wesley Chapel).

1843-4 Same appointments. A building committee, consisting of Alfred Har-
rison, Thos. Rickards, and Bentley Alley, was appointed to erect a parsonage build-
ing on the church lot.

1844-5 L. W. Berry, Presiding Elder, and W. W. Hibben, stationed preacher,
Superintendent Sabbath-Schools, J. J. Drum, A. W. Morris and Mrs. Eliza Drum.

1845-6 L. W. Berry, Presiding Elder; Wm. V. Daniels, Stationed Preacher,

1846-7 Rev. E. R. Ames, Presiding Elder, and W. V. Daniels Stationed
Preachers. Salary of Stationed Preacher, $550.

1847-8 Rev. E. R. Ames, Presiding Elder; Rev. F. C- Holliday, Stationed
Preacher. Same salary.

1848-9 Same appointments. Salary of Preacher increased to $600

1849-50 Rev. E. R. Ames, Presiding Elder; Rev, J. S. Bayless, Stationed
Preacher. Salary of latter, $500.

1850-51 Rev. C. W. Ruter, Presiding Elder; Rev. B. F. Crary Stationed
Preacher. Salary, $600.

1851-2 James Havens, Presiding Elder; Giles E. Smith, Stationed Preacher.

1852-3 B. F. Crary, Presiding Elder; John Kurns, Stationed Preacher.
Salary of preacher, f 700.

1853-4 B. F. Crary, Presiding Elder; J. P. Linderman, Stationed Preacher.

1854-5 B. F. Crary, Presiding Elder; James H. Noble, Stationed Preacher.

1856-7 W. C. Smith, Presiding Elder; James Hill, Stationed Preacher.

1858-9 Wm. C. Smith, Presiding Elder; E T. Fletcher, Stationed Preacher.

1860-2 Jas. H Noble, Presiding Elder; C. D. Battelle, Stationed Preacher.

1862-4 Jas Hill, Presiding Elder; S. T. Gillett, Stationed Preacher.

1864-6 James Hill, Presiding Elder; Wm. McK. Hester, Stationed Preacher.

1866-7 S. T. Gillett, Presiding Elder; Wm. McK. Hester, Stationed Preacher.

1867-8 S. T. Gillett, Presiding Elder; C. N. Sims, Stationed Preacher.

1868-70 B. F. Rawlins. Presiding Elder; C. N. Sims, Stationed Preacher.

1870-71 B. F. Rawlins, Presiding Elder; R. Andrus, Stationed Preacher.

The present membership of the church numbers five hundred and four; that
xjf the Sabbath-School, four hundred and eighty-nine.

The pastoral labor is performed by Rev. Reuben Andrus.

The following persons constitute the "Official Board," who, in their respective
departments, supply the work of the church :

Trustees Oliver Tousey, Ingram Fletcher, A. Ballard, V. T. Malott, Daniel
Stewart, J. H. Ross, Jacob P. Dunn, Dr. H. E. Carey, C. W. Smith.

228 HOLLOWA'-FB INDIANAPOLIS.

Stewards J. F. Ramsey, J. C. Yohn, T. P. Haughey, Jason Carey, Aaron.
Ohr, J. M. Kidenour, F. A. W. Davis, J. H. Colclazer, J. H. Osborn.

Class Leaders. R. Ferguson, T. P. Haughty, A. Ballard, R. S. Carr, I. Tay-
lor, B. V. Enos

Local Preachers. E. T. Fletcher, T. A. Goodwin, J. 0. McCoy, R. Ferguson.

Committees. Missionary, J. M. Ridenour, C. W. Smith, Charles Dennis,
Wilson Morrow.

Sunday-School. Dr. H. G. Gary, C. W. Smith, R. S. Carr.

Tract Cause. R. Ferguson,. J. H. Ross, Aaron Ohr

The principal officers of the Sabbath-School are :

Superintendents. Wilson Morrow, H. G. Carey, Mrs. Theo. P. Haughey.

Secretaries. J. H. Colclazer, Miss Annie Dunlop.

Treasurer. J. S. Carey.

Fifty per cent, of the entire school are adults, and about one-half of the mem-
bership of the church, including twenty-one out of twenty-three of the active mem-
bers of the official board, are engaged in the Sabbath-Sxjhool.

The church edifice has a front of seventy-three feet on Meridian street, and a
depth of one hundred and twenty-one feet on New York street. Its walls, towers
and buttresses are built of a bluish-looking lime stone, with cut-stone trimmings,
and irregularly laid and neatly pointed. The style of its architecture is the Mod-
ern Gothic; after designs of Messrs. Enos & Huebner, of this city. Externally
the principal feature of the building is the front, the center of which is flanked on
either side by a graceful, buttressed tower, terminating in a lofty spire (not yet com-
pleted). The center terminates in a high gable, surmounted by the Rock of Ages
the Cross of Christ. On each side of the center are wings, whose corners are
strengthened and ornamented by buttressed turrets. The sides of the walls are
also buttressed.

The entrance is by three large doors, whose arches are supported by richly
ornamented columns. Above the entrance is a large and very beautiful rose win-
dow> elaborately ornamented. The entrance is into a spacious vestibule, leading
into the lecture room in the first story, and into the audience room in the second
story. The first story contains the lecture room, Mxty-two by forty-six feet; two
infant class rooms, ladies' parlors, the class room, and the pastor's study. The
windows of this story are all of beautiful stained glass. From the rear of the first
story a long winding stairway leads to the audience room.

But it is in the decorations and appointments of the audience-room that this
edifice especially excels. Its dimensions are sixty-six by eighty-seven feet. Its-
height at the sides is twenty-six feet; at the center, forty-three feet. The ceiling is
highly ornamented. The pews, which are of elegant pattern and finish, are-cur -i-
linearly arranged. The most artistic features- are its elaborately ornamented win-
dows, each one of which typifies in its design, some one of the prominent attributes-
ef the Christian religion. This room will easily seat one thousand persons^

The total cost of the property will be about $100,000.

ROBERTS PARK M. E. CHURCH.

Location: Corner of Delaware and Vermont streets.

This society was organized in October, 1842, by a division of the Meridian
Street congregation (then called " Wesley Chapel," and worshiping on the corner
of Circle and Meridian streets)- The new congregation was called "The Eastern

229

Oharge " the city being then divided by the Conference into two charges sepa-
rated by Meridian street.

The first pastor was the Rev. John S. Bayless; the first place of -worship, the
Court house. At the end of the first year the membership numbered three hundred
and twenty-two.

The society was active and energetic from the first; and within a short period
after its organization, it had erected a commodious church building on the north-
east corner of Pennsylvania and Market streets, which was christened Roberts
Chapel, in honor of the famous Bishop Roberts. This building, so long a religious
landmark of the city, gave way in 1868 to the encroaching march of commerce-;
and the same reasons that made its site valuable to the uses of trade, also recom-
mended the purchase of a new site for the church, less surrounded by the noise
of business, and more appropriate for Divine worship. So the venerable building
disappeared, and on its site a business block was erected.

The congregation purchased an acre of ground, fronting on Delaware and Ver-
mont streets ; and in the center of this ample space a splendid and substantial edi-
fice is rising. Pending its erection the congregation have been worshiping in an
old frame building, near the location of the new edifice, which has -been aptly
named Roberts' Chapel Tabernacle.

The elegant structnre now in process of erection is in the Renaissance style of
architecture, one hundred and twenty-three by seventy feet, and will be sur-
mounted by a lofty spire. The walls will be of white magnesia lime stone.

The entrance to the main audience room is from the west, fronting on Delaware
street. The entrance to the lecture room is from the south side of the church,
fronting on Vermont street ; the entrance is into a short hall, on the east side of
which is the Sabbath-School and church libraiy room. There are two large double
doors from this hall, one opening into the lecture room, and the other into the
church parlor and infant class room. Its dimension are fifty by sixty-two feet, and
including the church parlor and infant class room, which connect with it by large
folding doors, will be capable of seating eight hundred persons. The wood work
is of oiled ash. The ceiling is divided into nine large pannels, with elegant wooden
cornices; and from the center df each pannel hangs a chandalier. The room is
lighted by six double windows. All the windows of the church are of ground
glass; the body of each light is plain, with a vine border around the edge. The
upper part of each window is semi-circnlar, and furnished with a beautiful emblem
or motto. The main audience room will seat one thousand three hundred persons.
A gallery will encircle the auditorium around its entire extent. The organ
loft and singers' gallery will be in the rear of the pulpit. The estimated cost of
the building, including the site, is $150,000.

The congregation has been characterized by great spirituality and energy as a
religious organization, and has set off several flourishing colonies: Asbury Church,
on South New Jersey street; Trinity, on the corner of North and Alabama streets;.
and Grace Church, on the corner of East and Market streets, are all offshoots from
Roberts, Chapel.

The church membership numbers five hundred and twenty-seven ; that of the
Sabbath-School, three hundred and fifty-two.

Roberts Park Church has been served by the following pastors, in the order
given :

Revs. John S. Bayless, John L. Smith, George M. Beswick, Samuel T. Gillett,
.John H. Hall, William Wilson, Samuel T. Cooper, William H. Barns, J. W. T..

230 BOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

McMullen, C. W. Miller, W. Wilson, H. Colclazer, John V. R. Miller, A. S. Rinnan,.
W. H. Mendenhall, F. C. Holliday. The present pastor, the Rev. Dr. Holliday,
BOW in the third year of his pastorate, is widely knowa, as well without as within
his denomination, as an able and effective minister a conspicuous light, for many
years, in the Methodist church of Indiana.

The principal officers of the church are: Rev. F. C. Bolliday, D. !>., Pastor;
John B. Abbett, Local Elder; Thomas A. Nelson, Local Preacher; George W.
Ackert, Local Preacher.

Church Trustees Dr. L. Abbett, John W. Ray, A. &. Porter, George Tousey,
Frederick Baggs, J. F. Wingate, W. H. Craft.

Sunday-School Superintendent, John W. Ray; Assistant Superintendent, W.
L. Heiskell ; Female Superintendent, Mra. Anna C. Baggs.

ST. JOHN'S M. K. CHURCH.

Location: Corner of California and North streets-.

This society was organized under the name of the Western Charge (west of
the canal), in the year 1845;. The first minister appointed to the charge was the
Rev. Wesley Dorsey.

A frame building for the use of the congregation was built on Michigan street,
west of the canal, and christened Strange Chapel, in honor of Rev. John Strange,
an eminent and honored pioneer of the Methodist church in Indiana, whose remains-
lie in the old cemetery of this city. This building soon proved to be disadvanta-
geously located, and it was aceordingly removed to a site on Tennessee street, near
Vermont.

At a quarterly meeting conference, held January 12th, 1869, the following
resolution was adopted and put upon the minutes:

" Resolved, That it is the sense of this Quarterly Conference, that the prosperity
of the charge, spiritually and financially, will be promoted by its adherence to the
old usages of the church, especially in the seating of the congregation, and sing-
ing; and that the Conference hereby pledge the charge to stand by these usages."

This resolution was passed to accommodate some wealthy members, who did not
believe in promiscuous or pew sittings, nor in choral or instrumental music. The
result was the withdrawal of about one-half of the membership from the church
by letter, and the addition of but four or five other members to the church during
the ensuing quarter.

During the year 1869 the church property on West Michigan street was sold,
and a new house of worship built, located on the corner of Michigan and Tennessee
streets. This building, erected at a cost of $13,000, was dedicated on the 9th of
t^nuary, 1870. To secure the further religious exercises of the congregation
against all innovations on "old fashioned Methodism," provisions to that effect
were incorporated in the body of the conveyance of the site. The edifice dedica-
ted to these principles stood but one year, and was consumed by fire on Sunday,
the 8th January, 1871.

Several months prior to the latter date, the membership had become divided
on the question of receiving the pastor appointed by the Conference. The ma-
jority, but least wealthy, of the members were worshiping in Strange Chapel at
the time of its destruction by fire. The other division, the lesser in numbers, the
greater in wealth, had been worshiping in the building of the Second Universalist
church congregation, over the way from Strange ChapeL

RELIGIOUS. 231

The church property that portion which had not been destroyed by fire was
sold; and the remainder of the congregation, at length a unit in belief and action,
have since held their religious services in Kuhn's Hall, with Mr. Walters as pastor.

The third quarterly conference, held March 6th, 1871, appointed a committee
to purchase a lot on which to erect a house of worship. A building committee con-
sisting of D. B. Hosbrook, Kev. G. Morgan and J. A. Gregg, were appointed and
invested with plenary power to devise plans and erect a suitable building for the
use of the congregation.

By a unanimous vote the name of the church was changed to St. John's
M. E. Church, and the leaders' and stewards' meetings, and boards of trustees, were
authorized to transact business hereafter under that name.

The purchasing committee has selected a lot on the corner of California and
North streets, sixty by ninety-five feet, for which $1,400 was paid, and on which
a church is to be built, in the Norman style of architecture, to cost from $12,000 to
$15,000. The church is to be completed by the 1st of July, 1871, with the Kev.
L. M. Walters, as pastor.

The society, dating from the last schism, is reported to be in a flourishing con-
dition. The present membership numbers about one hundred and forty. The Sab-
bath-School has one hundred and fifty members.

From Strange Chapel sprung a flourishing local mission enterprise, which has
since become the Third Street M. E. Church, elsewhere mentioned.

The following is a list of the pastors who have served Strange Chapel since its
organization :

Rev. Wesley Dorsey, Rev. D. Crawford, Rev. Wm. Morrow, Rev. T. G. Behar-
rell, Rev. Frank Taylor, Rev. E. D. Long, Rev. T. S. Webb, Rev. G. M. Boyd,
Rev. Griffith Morgan, Rev. William Graham, Rev. N. L. Brakeman, Rev. J. C.
Reed, Rev. James Havens, Rev. J. W. Green, Rev. C. S. Burgner, Rev. G. W.
Telle, Rev. J. W. T. McMullen, and Rev. L. M. Walters.

ASliURY M. E. CHURCH.

Location: New Jersey street between Louisiana and South streets.

This church was organized in 1849, under the name of the Depot and Indian-
apolis East Mission. It was a colony of Roberts Chapel Church, to which con-
gregation collectively, and to the Rev. William H. Goode, Presiding Elder of the
Indianapolis District of the Northern Indiana Conference especially, it owes its
existence as a church. The original membership was composed entirely of Metho-
dists residing in the southern part of the city, and who had previously been mem-
bers of Roberts Chapel Church.

During the period of its wardship to Roberts Chapel, Asbury Church was
controlled and sustained by the quarterly conference of that body, aided by a
small missionary appropriation from the North Indiana Conference. Its first pas-
tor, the Rev. Samuel T. Cooper, was a member of Roberts Chapel Quarterly Con-
ference.

The first stewards of the Depot Mission, John Dunn, Theodore Mathews,
John E. Ford, Miles J. Fletcher, and Rich&rd Berry, were elected by the quar-
terly conference of Roberts Chapel Church, on the 17th of November, 1849. The
connection of the mission with the parent body, and its dependence thereon, con-
tinued until the 9th of November, 1850.

The members of this young organization seem to have had their full share of

232 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

difficulties and deprivations to encounter in rearing the infant charge to the stat-
ure of a grown-up and self-supporting church. In default of a better, they used
as a place of worship an upper room in the freight depot of the Madison and
Indianapolis Railroad Company, until the erection of their present church build-
ing, which was dedicated in the summer of 1852. Henceforth, the obstacles were
few, and the progress was more rapid and less interrupted. The church is now in
a prosperous condition, having a membership of two hundred and fifty, and a nour-
ishing Sabbath-School of two hundred members.

The pastors of the church have been as follow, in the order given:

Kev. Samuel T. Cooper, Kev. J. B. De Motte, Kev. Samuel T Gillett, Kev. Samuel
P. Crawford, Eev. J. W. T. McMullen, Rev. Joseph Cotton, Rev. Asbury F. Hes-
ter, Rev. E. D. Long, Rev. John G. Chaffee. Rev. R. M. Barnes, Rev. W. W. Sny-
der, Rev. J. W. Mellender, Rev. F. C. Holliday, Rev. John H. Lozier, Rev. Sam-
uel T. Gillett, and Rev. Charles Tinsley.

The present officers are :

Pastor. Rev. Charles Tinsley.

Trustees. Joseph Marsee, William Hannaman, George W. Hill, Valentine
Rothrock, and William L. Wingate.

Stewards. George W. Hill, R. L. Lukens, George W. Crouch, Andrew May,
W. K. Davis, James Fisler, Isaiah G. Shafer, and Jacob Coffman.

Sabbath-School Snperindent James H. V. Smith.

The value of the church building and site is about $15,000.

The church owns a valuable lot on the south-east corner of South street and
and Virginia avenue, valued at $10,000, on which it is proposed to erect a house of
worship next year.

TBINITT M. E. CHURCH.

Location : North-west corner of North and Alabamba streets.

On the 17th May, 1854, a class of sixteen members of Roberts Chapel, led by
J. W. Dorsey, Esq., met and organized as the " Seventh Church." The place of
meeting then, and during the remainder of the year, was "Dorsey's School House,"
a small frame building, on the west side of North New Jersey street, north of
Walnut.

The Sabbath-School was at first larger than the church membership, and in a
short time the house of worship became too small for the society. The present
location was then purchased; on one side of which, by the end of the year 1854, a
plain brick church building was erected. Here the society, young and feeble,
looking unpropitious circumstances resolutely in the face, began an earnest strug-
gle for existence; and in the succeeding years has made gradual and sure progress
over a way hedged up with formidable trials and obstacles.

The first pastor was Rev. Mr. Griffin, who served six months. At the end
of his term, the name of the society was changed to North Street M. E. Church.

Following Mr. Griffin, as pastor, came Revs. William Holman, for three
months; John C. Smith, one year and nine months; Frank A. Harding, one year
and six months, Jchn Hill, two years; C. P. Wright, one year; Charles Martin-
dale, six months. Rev. Elijah Whitten filled out the remainder of Mr. Martin-
dale's year, as supply.

For the years 1862 and 1863, the charge was left to be "supplied," various
local preachers officiating, until Rev. George Betts, for a brief period, and after

RELIGIOUS. 233

him, Rev. William Wilson, were regularly employed. In April, 1864, the Rev.
W. J. Vigus was appointed to the charge. The Missionary Society appropriated
$300 in payment of his salary. Mr. Vigus served three years.

In the spring of 1867 the Rev. R. D. Robinson succeeded Mr. Vigus ; aod it was
during his pastorate that the church for the first time became self-sustaining.

By the action of the General Conference of 1868 on the question of boundaries,
this church was transferred from the jurisdiction of the Northern to that of the
South-Eastern Indiana Conference. In September of the same year the Rev. J.
Monroe Crawford, the present pastor, was appointed. Mr. Crawford has been
more than a pastor, simply, of the church; he has at the same time labored unre-
mittingly, and with great success, to rescue the church from financial embarrass-
ments.

The following clergymen have served the charge as Presiding Elders: Revs.
James Hill, Augustus Eddy, H. Barnes, J. V. R. Miller, and R. D. Robinson, the
present Presiding Elder.

The Sabbath-School has flourished from the first; now having an average
attendance of two hundred and twenty-five, and an enrolled membership of three
hundred and fifty. Its present Superintendent is Eli. F. Ritter, Esq.

The church has a total membership of two hundred and twenty-three, including
the members on probation.

The present house of worship was dedicated on the first Sabbath in January,
1867, by the Rev. T. M. Eddy, D. D. The society now took its present name of
Trinity M. E. Church.

The building yet in an unfinished condition is built of brick, with stone
trimmings; dimensions, fifty by eighty feet; is pleasantly located; and is pro
vided with permanent sittings for six hundred and twenty-eight persons. The
property is valued at about $20,000.

The officers of the society are : John G. Smith, Local Elder ; Christian Spie-
gle, John S. Dunlop, Eli F. Ritter, W. H. Smith, Rev. Henry Wright, Trustees.

AMES M. E. CHURCH.

Location : Corner of Madison Avenue and Union street.

The history of this church, though brief in chronology, is abundant in peculiar
interest. Its establishment to-day on a firm and prosperous footing is not due to
the liberality of an opulent membership, nor to any considerable extent to extrin-
sic assistance, nor to propitious chance ; but pre-eminently to the persistent energy
of a few persons of limited means.

Ames Church was organized by Rev. Joseph Tarkington, while he was city
missionary for the four Annual Indiana Conferences, whose boundaries meet at In-
dianapolis. The field of the young church being within the limits of the Indiana
Conference, a few members of Wesley Chapel purchased a lot on the corner of Nor-
wood and South Illinois streets, upon which a small, rude tabernacle was placed, in
July, 1866. In this humble structure Mr. Tarkington held services fortnightly;
until the cold weather forced him to abandon the place. But " where there is a
will there is a way; " and accordingly we find the young congregation worshiping
for the next three months in an unoccupied grocery building, on Madison avenue.
While thus situated, in February, 1867, a society, comprised of twelve members,
was organized; a series of meetings followed; and a number of additions to the

234 HOLLOWArs INDIANAPOLIS.

church, on probation, were made. A Sabbath-School was organized on the 1st of
February, 1867.

On a lot, purchased for the purpose by members of Wesley Chapel, an unpre-
tending place of worship for the congregation twenty-four by forty feet waa
meanwhile being erected. This was completed in March, 1867, and was occupied
by the congregation during the same month.

In September, 1867, the Indiana Conference made an appropriation of 650,
from the missionary funds, for the partial support of a pastor for the young church,
and Rev. L M. Walters was appointed to the charge. On entering upon his duties
he found a congregation consisting of but twenty-one available members, and five
probationers. The first fruit of his pastorate was a revival of religion, during
the following winter, resulting in the addition of nearly one hundred members.
The church now began to flourish ; the house was insufficient; an addition was
built in the summer of 1868, and this, too, was shortly filled. The increase of
membership was so considerable, that the winter of 1868, found the building still
inadequate. But the members were more abundant in exemplary zeal, than in
this world's goods ; and were unable to build the sort of an edifice their numbers
and needs required. External aid was sought to no purpose; the time was un-
propitious; the wealthier Methodist Churches of the city, were too much occupied
with their own enterprises, to aid the young and struggling church. Its prospects
were anything but promising. Here was a house full of poor members, unable to
support the present establishment ; no space for the necessary increase of accom-
modations ; and no means at hand, or prospect of aid from without, to obtain a
suitable site and erect a suitable building.

So discouraging was the prospect, that many of the members had about come
to the conclusion to disunite with the church, and join some other society, better
established, and free from unusual financial difficulties, as a means of ridding them-
selves of present and prospective church burdens.

The pastor, seeing that the church must take prompt and energetic action, if
it was not to perish untimely, opened a vigorous campaign against the discouraging
forces, and, over considerable opposition, effected the purchase of the Indian-
apolis Mission Sunday-School property, on the corner of Madison avenue and
Union street. The price was $5,000 ; for the payment of which a period of five
years was allowed. This gave the church a substantial brick building, forty by
seventy-two feet; which they have occupied ever since June, 1869. The congrega-
tion, in addition to the purchase money, have expended 1,500 on repairs and im-
provements.

By an advantageous sale of their church property, on South Illinois street, for
$4,000, the congregation have almost liquidated the debt incurred in obtaining
their present church property, and the remainder of the debt will not mature for
four years. The church, meanwhile, has flourished and become stronger ; and, at
length, after a succession of financial embarrassments, and a steady progress from
a small beginning, Ames Church, in the fourth year of its age, is a fixed and flour-
ishing society. Within the past three years there has been expended for the sup-
port of the church an aggregate of about $8,750; of which about 57,000 was raised
within the church.

The membership now numbers about two hundred persons. The audience room
will seat comfortably about three hundred ; and if the church will nofr compare
in splendor or magnitude with the older and more pretentious ones in this city,

RELIGIOUS. 235

it can challenge any of them to show better results in proportion to the means of
each. The Sabbath-School has about .two hundred and twenty-five members. The
present pastor is Rev. Joseph W. Asbury.

The church is under many obligations to Wesley Chapel for aid and encourage-
ment in its darkest days. To the Rev. Mr. "Walters praise is due for his unwearying
patience and disinterested labors in an untempting field, to rescue the church
from its manifold difficulties, and establish it on a firm and enduring basis, when
so many embarrassments and discouragements combined against the struggling
society.

GRACE M. C CHURCH.

Location : North-east corner of Market and East streets.

At a meeting of the friends of a missionary movement for the planting of a
Methodist church in the eastern part of Indianapolis, held on the 10th September,
1868, the following memorial was adopted:

" We, the undersigned, members of the M. E. Church, residing in and near
Indianapolis, respectfully represent :

1. That there is a large field ripe for the harvest, embracing the eastern part
of our city, occupied by our denomination, and which only requires vigorous culti-
vation to produce much fruit for our beloved Methodism.

2 That we hereby pledge ourselves to sustain to the best of our ability, a
missionary movement for the occupancy of this inviting field, both by personal
identification with such organization, and the contribution of our means.

3. That we promise to pay the amount set opposite our names, to sustain a
missionary appointed for this work.

4. That we believe the sum of $5,000 can be raised to build a house of wor-
ship, and we pledge ourselves to go forward at once in the enterprise of building a
church for the use of such congregation."

The memorial asked for the appointment to this work of a minister of " zeal and
experience," and was signed by Willis D. Wright, Charles W. Brouse, W. H.
McLaughlin, Arthur L. Wright, William Moffitt, John H. Fraaier, John Berry-
man, J. W. Hossman, Charles Potts, J. M. W. Langsdale, James Ballenger, W. J.
West, W. Q. Smith and S. T. Beck. J. M. W. Langsdale, Wm. H. McLaughlin
and Arthur L. Wright were appointed a committee to lay the memorial before
Bishop D. W. Clark, then presiding over the Southeastern Indiana Conference,
in session at Franklin, Indiana.

In compliance with the request of the memorialists, the Rev. W. H. Menden-
hall, who had served Robert's Chapel as its pastor, was appointed to the new
charge.

The first quarterly meeting was held on the 19th and 20th of September, 1868 ;
at the close of which one hundred members from Roberts' (Jhapel had united with
the mission. The first quarterly conference was organized September 22d, 1868>

A suitable site for a house of worship was at once obtained ; the building was
rapidly erected, and on the 2lst February, 1869, it was dedicated by Bishop D. W.
Clark.

Rev. M. H. Mendenhall was reappointed by Bishop Simpson at the session of
the South-eastern Indiana Conference, September, 1869, and served the charge until
April, 1870, when he was transferred to the North Indiana Conference, and Rev.
J. W. Locke, D. D., was appointed to fill the vacancy until the close of the Confer-

236 HOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

ence year. The present pastor, the Rev. Thos. H. Lynch, was appointed to the
charge September 7th, 1870.

Highly successful revival services have been held in this church from time to
time, and there is not in the city a congregation that has made better progress, con-
sidering its age.

The entire cost of the building, including site, furniture, and other appoint-
ments, has been about $20,000. The building is pleasantly located, is inviting
in appearance without and within, and has seating accommodations for about six
hundred persons.

The church membership numbers about two hundred and forty ; that of the
Sabbath-School, over three hundred.

THIRD STBKET M. E. CHURCH.

Location : Third street, between Illinois and Tennessee.

In July, 1866, a class was organized, with Jesse Jones as leader, and a mem-
bership of thirty-six persons, to meet at the residence of Mr. Ellison Brown.

This class was the origin of Third Street M. E. Church.

In the spring of 1866, a site was purchased on Third street, and the erection
of a building commenced, under the direction of the Ames Institute, intended for
a mission church. Not receiving the necessarry support, the young men of the
institute were unable to finish the building; and Jesse Jones, a member of Strange
Chapel, completed the work at his own expense.

At the session of the N orth- Western Indiana Conference, in September, of that
year, the church was placed under the control of Rev. J. W. Green, of Strange
Chapel.

Soon after this, the Kev. A. L. Watkins, was made associate pastor with Mr.
Green, and labored successfully in the new church for four months, when his fail-
ing health compelled him to abandon his work. The services of R. N. McKaig, a
student of Asbury University, were secured for the remainder of the conference
year.

The church building was dedicated September 8th, 1867, by the Rev. Thomas
Bowman, D. D.

At the session of the North- Western Indiana Conference, September, 1867,
Third Street Church was made art independent charge, and Rev. S. J. Kahler was
appointed pastor.

The boundaries of the Indiana Conferences having been changed by the Gen-
eral Conference of 1868, Third Street Church fell within the limits of the South-
East Indiana Conference,.

Rev. S. C. Noble was the pastor during 1868-9; and Rev. L. M. Wells, during
1869 '70. The Rev. Frost Craft, the present pastor, was appointed in 1870.

The church edifice is a neat frame building, and its auditorium has seating ca-
pacity for about three hundred and fifty persons.

The membership numbers one hundred and thirty ; the Sabbath-School, about
one hundred and twenty-five.

The value of the building and site is about $6,000.

GERMAN M. E. CHURCH.

Location : Corner of New Jersey and New York streets.

This congregation was organized in the year 1849, with fifteen members.

SELIGIOU8. 237

The first house of worship was built in 1850, on Ohio street, between New
Jersey and East streets. The first Trustees were: Wm. Hannaman, Henry Tute-
wiler, John Keeper, Frederick Truxess, John B. Stumph.

The growth of the society rendered a more capacious house of worship a neces-
sity, and on the 19th of December, 1868, the site, of the present church building,
corner of New York and New Jersey streets, was purchased. The erection of the
building was much delayed by the want of the requisite means. The basement
was occupied on Christmas day, 186S ; and through the persistent energy of the '
pastor, the Rev. G. Trefz, and the liberality of his congregation, the building was
finally completed. The dedicatory exercises took place on the 17th day of April r
1871. Sermons were preached on the day of dedication by Professor Loebenstein,
of Berea College, Ohio; Dr. William Nast, and the Rev. H. Liebhart.

The building is fifty-three by seventy-six feet in size, outside dimensions. The
style of architecture is Byzantine, and the material of the structure is stone and
brick. From the middle of the roof rises a tower, fifteen feet square, terminating
in a spire one hundred and fifty-eight feet in hight. The interior is furnished in
artistic style, and is neatly and comfortably appointed. The room is lighted by
twelve Gothic windows, having ground glass centers and colored side pieces. The
seating capacity, including galleries, is seven hundred and fifty, although a thou-
sand could probably gain admittance. The room is lighted at night by a ceiling
gas reflector, seven feet and a half in diameter, containing forty-two burners the
largest single reflector in the city.

The pastors have been : Rev. John Muth, 1849 to 1850; Rev. John H. Barth,
1850 to 1852; Rev. John H. Bahrenberg, 1852 to 1854; Rev. G. A. Braunig, 1854
to 1855; Rev. John Bier, 1855 to 1856; Rev. John H. Luckemeyer, 1856 to 1857;
Rev. Max Hohans, 1857 to 1858; Rev. G. F. Miller, 1858 to 1850; Rev. John Hop-
pen (who died in 1861, and was one of the most zealous and effective ministers in
the conference), 1860 to 1861; Rev. John Schneider, 1861 to 1862; Rev. William
Ahrens, 1862 to 1863; Rev. G. A. Braunig, 1863 to 1864; Rev. A. Loebenstein,
1864 to 1866; Rev. H. G. Lich, 1866 to 1868; Rev. G. Trefz, the present pastor,
who entered upon his duties in 1868.

The present Trustees are : Frederick Thorns, Peter Goth, Frederick Rapp,
George Albright, Joseph Long, George Hereth, Gustave Stark.

The present membership numbers two hundred and twenty-five; the Sabbath-
School has twenty-four officers and teachers, and two hundred pupils.

The cost of the building and site was $27,500; anl the society is virtually out
of debt.

MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE CHURCH.

Location: Corner of Massachusetts avenue and Oak street.

This society was organized in the summer of 1870, under the pastoral direction
of Rev. B, F. Morgan, with about eighty members.

The Rev. Amos Hanway, the present pastor, was appointed by Bishop Scott, in
September, 1870.

The number of communicants is now about one hundred and eighty ; the Sab-
bath-School has about two hundred and fifteen members, and is in a growing condi-
tion.

The church site and building are worth about $4,000.

238 HOLLOWArS IXDIANAPOLIS.

ALLEN CHAPEL (COLORED).

Location : On Broadway street, between Christian Avenue and Cherry street.

This society was organized August 6th, 1866, by Bishop Campbell ; and began
with only eight members. In the same year the conference appointed Elder W. S.
Lankford a missionary for the north-eastern portion of the city. He began his
labors by holding religious services at a private house in that quarter of the city.
Here he organized a Sabbath-School. Steps were early taken to procure a site and
erect upon it a house of worship for the society. By the aid of a small contribution
from the conference, and larger ones from individual friends of the enterprise, the
above site was secured, upon which a neat frame building thirty-six by forty-four
feet, having a seating capacity for about two hundred and fifty persons, and credit-
able in its style and appointments was promptly erected. By Christmas, 1866,
the society had occupied their new building.

Elder Lankford was succeeded in the pastorate, at the expiration of one year,
by Elder Henry Brown, who remained one year. The latter's successor was the
Rev. Henry PePugh, the present pastor, now in his third year.

The society has shown great energy from the first, and has had a correspond-
ing prosperity. Its membership now numbers about two hundred, and the Sab-
bath-School has one hundred and twenty-five members. The value of the property
is about $5,000.

BETHEL CHAPEL (COLORED.)

Location: Vermont street, between Missouri and West streets.

This society was organized in 1836. The colored population of the city at that
time, and for many years following, was inconsiderable in number and limited in
means. Consequently the society prospered indifferently, and contended against
many difficulties. For several years the religious services were held in such
buildings as the means of the society enabled them to secure in private houses,
etc. Finally a site was secured on West Georgia street, between Mississippi and
the Canal, to which was removed the discarded building formerly used by the con-
gregation of Christ Church. In this building the society worshiped for several
years; when it was destroyed by fire, July 9th, 1862.

Several years later the property on Georgia street was sold, for which $3,000
was realized.

The society secured their present church site, on Vermont street, between
Missouri and West, and energetically proceeded to erect thereon a far more costly
and pretentious building than the one tbjat the fire had destroyed. Pending its
erection and dedication the congregation worshipped in the old Strange Chapel,
on North Tennessee Street.

Though their new house of worship is not yet completed, the audience room
has for some time been occupied by the congregation. To complete it and extin-
guish the debt of the society will require several thousand dollars.

It is quite a neat and commodious structure, and will seat from six hundred to
eight hundred persons. The property includes a parsonage, adjacent to the church
building. When the improvements shall have been completed, the value of the
property will be from $25,000 to $30,000.

Owing to the deficiency of the records of this church, and of the other sources
of information that have been accessible for the present purpose, it has not been

RELIGIOUS. 239

.

practicable to obtain a list of the past pastors of this society. The present pas-
tor is Eev. W. C. Trevan ; and particularly prominent, energetic and efficient among
his predecessors, was the Rev. W. R. Kevels a brother of Ex-Senator Revels, of
Mississippi who served the congregation from 1861 to 1865.

The present church membership is about four hundred; that of the Sabbath-
School, two hundred.

Summary Total membership of the Methodist Denomination in Indianapolis,
three thousand two hundred and nineteen ; total Sabbath-School membership, two
thousand eight hundred and six; total value of church property, $391,500.

ROMAN CATHOLIC.

OUTLINE OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH HISTORY IN INDIANAPOLIS.

The year 1836 may be given as the date of the initiatory steps in the forma-
tion of the first Roman Catholic society in this city. Prior to that date several
Catholic families had settled in this city and in its vicinity, who were visited once
or twice a year by priests from a distance. The earliest of these visitors was
the Rev. Father Francois, who was living and laboring among the Indians near
Logansport, Indiana. Another pioneer minister of the church was the Rev. Theo-
dore Badin, the first priest ordained in the United States, who held religious servi-
ces a few times in Indianapolis and Sbelbyville, Indiana. There being no house
of worship dedicated to the Roman Catholic faith anywhere in this section, the
visiting clergymen were content to say mass at the residences of Joseph Laux,
Michael Shea, John O'Connor, and of other of the early Catholic settlers.

Some time during the year .1837, the Rt. Rev. Simon Gabriel Brute, appointed
the first Bishop of Vincennes in 1834, assigned the Rev. Vincent Bacquelin to the
charge of the Catholic settlement near Shelbyville, Indiana. The latter laid the
foundation of St. Vincent's Church, which was soon after completed. Once or
twice each month he visited the infant Catholic society here ; who, for want of a
church building of their own, now rented a small room which they used for church
purposes for nearly three years.

In 184C a lot was purchased beyond the canal, opposite to the old "Carlisle
House, ' on which a small frame church called The Holy Cross Church was erected.
This building is still standing, but is now used for trade purposes. The pastor,
Father Bacquelin, a zealous and earnest evangelist, continued to attend alternately
St. Vincent's, Shelby county, and the Holy Cross, Indianapolis, until August,
1846, in which year he was accidentally killed, and was buried at St. Vincent's.
For several months after his death, the church was served by Rev John McDer-
mott; who was succeeded by Rev. Patrick J. R. Murphy, who, in March, 1848, was
located elsewhere; and the charge was then given to Rev. John Gueguen. At the
time of the accession of the last named minister to the pastorate, the congregation
had outgrown the capacity of their church, and steps were taken for the erection of
a suitable edifice. Accordingly work was commenced on the present St. John's
Church, which was completed in 1850. Father Gueguen officiated here until the
year 1853, and was succeded by Rev. Daniel Maloney, who, in 1857. enlarged the
church building.

In the same year the Roman Catholic Germans, whose minister was Rev. L.
Brandt of Madison, commenced building the present St. Mary's Church, on Mary-
land street, near Delaware. The enlargement of St. John's church had scarcely

240 BOLLOWA T'S INDIANAPOLIS.

been completed when Father Maloney was removed, and Rev. Aug. Bessonies
appointed pastor. The appointment was made in October, 1857, and on the 5th
November following Kev. Mr. Bessonies began the pastoral labors which he has
ever si ace performed with unremitting zeal, and in a most exemplary Christian
spirit.

In January, 1858, the German Roman Catholic congregation were assigned a
settled pastor, in the person of Rev. J. Seigris% who officiated a short time in St.
John's, until, by extraordinary effort, the erection of the German church was so
far advanced as to permit its use for Divine service on August 15th of that year.
In 1858 the members of St. John's congregation began building a Young Ladies'
Academy on the corner of Georgia and Tennessee streets, which was completed
and opened by the Sisters of Providence in 1859, and was enlarged in 1861. Dur-
ing the four years succeeding 1859, several purchases of real estate were made, and
a number of buildings for church uses erected ; among which may be specified the
Catholic Cemetery, in 1862, and St. John's Pastoral Residence, in 1863. In 1862
Rev. J. M. Villars was appointed assistant pastor of St. John's, and was succeeded
by R. F. Gouesse.

In 1865 1 St. Peter's Church, at the end of Virginia avenue, was built by the
Rev. Aug. Bessonies, and was opened for Divine service on the 29th of June,
(Feast of St. Peter). Rev. Joseph Petit was the first pastor. In 1865 the large
school building for boys adjoining St. John's Pastoral residence, was begun. It
was completed in 1866; and in 1867 the Brothers of the Sacred Heart took charge
of it and began their educational labors. At the same time the German Catholics
built school houses for boys and girls, and in 1866 the Sisters of St. Francis, from
Oldenberg, opened their academy.

The house of worship of St. John's Church, notwithstanding the formation of
the two new parishes St. Mary's and St. Peter's was now too small; and the
erection of a splendid cathedral, fronting on Tennessee street, between Maryland
and Georgia streets, was commenced in 1867. The foundation, which cost over
$7,000, having been finished, on July 21, 1862, the corner stone was laid by the Rt.
Rev. Maurice de St. Palais, Bishop of Vincennes, in the presence of the Governor
and officers of State, the members of the City Council, and an immense concourse
of the inhabitants of the city and neighborhood, such as was never before gathered
together in the city on any similar occasion.

The general style of the cathedral is the French Gothic of the thirteenth cen-
tury, and the front will be very imposing and elegant. The extreme dimensions
of the building are seventy-five by two hundred two and a-half feet. The center
nave is fifty feet wide and fifty-three feet high at the highest point. The transept
is to be fifty by sixty-seven feet. The three principal entrances are on the west,
the center one being double. Also north and south side entrances.

The sanctuary is forty by thirty and a-half feet, with the vestry rooms on
either side. There will be a chapel for the baptismal font on the north side of the
church, near the entrance; and four smaller chapels on each side of the nave, for
side altars and confessionals. The pulpit will be at the south-west corner pillar
of the transept.

The elevation comprises two towers surmounted by spires, similar in general
outline and finish, and two hundred feet high. The three front portals are trim-
med with cut stone. One leads through each tower. The central portal is thirty-
two feet in height and eighteen feet in width. The others are sixteen feet in
height and eight in width.

RELIGIOVB.

Above the chancel, there is a large rose window, eighteen feet in diameter, filled
with cut stone tracery. The glass will be stained and filled with emblematic fig-
ures.

There will be a gallery for an organ and choir, thirty feet in width, and ex-
tending across the front of the church; but no other gallery.

The foundation of stone is very heavy; and the window and doorways will be
set in cut stone. Two large furnace and coal cellars underneath are arched, and
heating pipes will be enclosed with iron cylinders, so that the building will be fire
proof.

On the occasion of the laying of the corner stone, the sermon was preached by
the Jesuit Father Smarius.

The Rev. Father P. R. Fitzpatrick, who succeeded Father Gouesse, in 1866,
was appointed to make the requisite collections for continuing the work of erect-
ing the edifice, and Rev. D. McMullen was sent here to assist in the parochial du-
ties and to attend to adjoining missions. In 1868, the pastor, Rev. Aug. Bessonies,
took charge of the building, and, with Father Fitzpatrick, collected funds to carry
on the work. In June, 1869, the latter was assigned to St. Peters Church to take
the place of Rev. Father Petit, who visited Europe In October, 1869, Father
Brassart was sent to assist at St. John's, until January 1st, 1870, when Rev. Father
Petit returned and was located at St. John's until the Bishop's return from Rome.
St. John's new church, better known as the Cathedral, in expectation that the
Bishop of Vincennes, will remove to this city, or that a new See will be created
at Indianapolis, is now completed as to the exterior; and work on the interior is
steadily progressing. The interior finish and appointments will be in keeping
with the artistic elegance of the general design. The cost of the completed edifice
will be about $120,000.

In 1870, Father P. R. Fitzpatrick, then pastor of St. Peter's church, finding
that building to small to accommodate his fast increasing congregation, laid the
corner stone of a new church building, called St. Patrick's. It is a fine brick
structure, and will be completed sometime in August, 1871, when the old church
will be used for a school house by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, for the instruc-
tion of the boys of the congregation.

St. John's Home for Invalids, whose character and purposes are sufficiently
indicated by its name is located on Maryland street, between Illinois and Ten-
nessee, and is under the charge and administration of the Sisters of Providence.
In place of this institution, the erection of a hospital on East street is proposed
for which purpose an appropriate site has been secured.

House of Refuge. The erection of a building for this purpose is proposed ;
and to this end suitable property has been donated to the Sisters of the Good
Shepherd, by the city of Indianapolis, and by S. A. Fletcher, Esq.

The Catholic population of the city, including children, is estimated at ten
thousand, distributed among the parishes as follows :

St. John's, five thousand ; St. Mary's three thousand ; St. Peter's two thousand.

The pastors now in charge are: St. John's, Rev. Aug B.essonies, and Rev.
Joseph Petit; St. Peter's, Rev. P. R. Fitzpatrick; St. Mary's, Rev. S. Siegrist.

Summary. Total number of communicants of the Catholic Denomination in
Indianapolis, about four thousand; total Sabbath-School membership, about one
thousand; total value of church property, $300,000.
(16)

242 HOLL OWATB INDIA NAPOLIS.

H E B RE W.

The Hebrew population of Indianapolis numbers about five hundred. The
Judaic faith has one church society in this city; whose house of worship is lo-
cated on the south side of Market street, between New Jersey and East streets.
Prior to 1833, the families of Moses Woolf and Alexander Franco, constituted the
entire Hebrew population of this city. With these for a nucleus, the number slowly
increased; and in the winter of 1855, a congregation was organized, who purchased

three and a-half acres near the city and dedicated it to the uses of a cemetery.
The constitution and by laws of the society give the following list of officers and

'members at the date of organization :

Mr. Moses Woolf, President; Dr. J. M. Rosenthal, Vice President; Mr. Max
Glaser, Treasurer; Mr. Ad. Dessar, Secretary; Mr. Ad. Rosenthal, Mr. Max Dern-

?ham, Mr. Mr. Julius Glaser, Trustees ; Mr. Peter Harmon, Mr. Josesph B. Dessar,
Mr. Selig Weil, Mr. Jacob Maas, Mr. S. Sloman, Mr. H. Bamberger, Mr. Simon
Wolff, Mr. J. M- Altman, Mr. H. A. Jessel, Mr. F. Ullman, Dr. N. Knepfler, Mri
Fred. Knefler, Mr. Henry Kittner, Mr. Moses Heller, (Knightstown,) Mr. H. Ro-
senthal, (Kokomo.)

Of these Mr. Woolf and four others are the only members still connected with

'the society. No minister was engaged until the autumn of 1856; when a small

'room in Blake's Row was rented and fitted up for religious services, and the Rev.
Mr. Berman was engaged as pastor during the holidays.

The congregation increased very rapidly during the next few years, and in

"1858 was able to provide a more suitable place of worship, a hall in Judah's Block,
which was dedicated by the Rev. Dr. Wise, of Cincinnati. During the same year
the energetic congregation engaged the Rev. J. Wechsler, a minister of eminent
zeal and ability, as pastor; who served until 1861.

During the latter year the society was without a pastor and was on the brink

of dissolution -the membership at one time having been reduced to thirteen. In
1862, the society rallied, and made a forward movement by the election of Rev. M.
Moses as pastor. Meanwhile, several innovations were made in the old-time cere-

monies and tenets of the Jewish faith, and the worship was not a little modified
and altered, in accordance with the spiritual progress of the age. Thus a life-giv-
ing spirit and harmonious zeal were infused into the society. Among the changes
made at this time was the organization and employment of a choir. Henceforth

the society had a more rapid growth.

Mr. Moses retired from the pastorate in 1863, and was succeeded by the Rev.
Dr. Kalish, a learned divine who rendered general satisfaction. The membership
had now increased to over fifty, and the society began to seriously consider the ne-

cessity of obtaining suitable church property of their own. To secure the success of
this enterprise, the Rev. Mr. Wechsler, who was a second time chosen, persist-
ently labored. To impress its importance upon his congregation he made nearly
every sermon an occasion; and, finally, in 1864, subscriptions were started. Du-
ring the same winter a sufficient sum was subscribed to authorize the purchase of a
site on East Market street, and on the 7th day of December, 1865, the corner stone of
the present temple was laid, with the impressive ceremonies of the Jewish Church,
the Rev. Dr. Lilienthal, of Cincinnati, delivering the oration. But before the build-

: ing had been completed the subscriptions were exhausted, and work was suspended
for over a year. The society was again in the midst of a crisis, from which the

KXMIGIOVS. 243

prospects of escape were anything but encouraging; and it was abundantly pre-
dicted and readily bslieved, that the property would have to be sold to pay the in-
cumbrances upon it.

From this dilemma the liberality of a few members rescued the imperiled en-
terprise. These weat into the money market and raised the requisite means for
completing the buildiog.

The temple, erected and furnished at a cost of $22,000, was dedicated on
the 30th of October, 1868. The dedicatory exercises were of an imposing charac-
ter: embracing a large procession, an address by H. Bamberger, -Esq., the President
of the congregation ; a dedicatory sermon by the Rev. Dr. Wise, and a banquet at
night.

In the autumn of 1867, Mr. Wechsler was succeeded by 'the Rev. Morris
Messing, the present pastor.

The congregation has certainly shown great perseverance in the face of for-
midable discouragements; and may be pardoned for no small degree of pride, in
the building of so handsome a house of worship by a membership so small.

The society now has fifty-eight members, and sustains a Saturday and Sunday-
School of fifty-four pupils.

The temple is in the Renaissance style ef architecture, and is a tasteful structure
in its exterior aspects and interior finish and appointments. It is built of brick,
with an elegant stone front. Its dimensions are forty by eighty feet ; and the
auditorium has seating capacity for about four hundred persons.

The value f the building and site is about $27,000.

LUTHERAN,

FIRST ENGLISH LUTHERAN CHURCK.

Location : Corner of Alabama and New York streets.

This association was organised in January, 1837, by the Kev. Abraham Reck;
and was at that time composed of twenty members, among whom were the heads
*of the Brown, Haugh, Ohr, and other families, well-known names in the city.

Of the primary organization but seven members are now living; and these
are still connected with the church.

The founder, and first pastor, died in 1869, in Lancaster, Ohio.

The first church building, a one-story brick was erected in 1838, on the
south-east corner of Meridian and Ohio streets.

The Rev. Mr. Reck resigned the charge in 1840, and was succeeded by the
Rev. A. A. Timper, (now of Illinois,) who served until 1843. He was shortly af-
terward succeeded by the Rev. Jacob Shearer, (since deceased,) who was the pas.
tor until 1845. From 1845 to 1850, the Rev. A. H. Myers, (now of Ashland, Ohio,)
was pastor of the congregation. Hie successor was the Rev. E. R. Guiney, whose
labors were closed by his death, in 1853, and whose remains lie in Crown Hill
Cemetery. The next pastor was the Rev. J. A. Kunkleman, (now of Philadelphia,)
whose ministry covered a period of over eight years; during which period the pres-
ent church edifice was built, (completed and dedicated in 1861.) After the retire-
ment of Mr. Kunkleman, in 1866, the congregation was served successively by the
Rev. J. H. W. Stuckenberg, (now of Pittsburgh,) for about eighteen months; and
Prof. H. L. Baugher, (of Gettysburg, Penn.,) for nearly a year. The present .pas-
tor, the Rev. W. W. Criley, accepted the charge in 1869.

244 BOltOW&fS ISDJANAPOilS.

The society now numbers over two hundred members; the Sabbath-Senooi ;
one hundred and fifty.

The church edifice is a neat brick building, having capacity for about three
hundred persons. Connected with tke church is a parsonage.

The value of the church property is about $18,000, and the society is entirely
out of debt.

ST. PAtTL'S GEBMAN EVANGELICAL

location : Corner of East and Georgia streets.

This association was organized on the 5th June, 1844, at a meeting held in
the old seminary building. Pursuant to the action of that meeting, a site was pur--
chased on Alabama street, between Washington and Louisiana streets; on which
a brick church edifice was built, and dedicated on the llth day of May, 1845. The
first pastor was the Eev. Theodore 3. G. Kuntz; who was succeeded in 1851 by
the Rev. Charles Frinke. Under the energetic and wise administration of the lat-
ter pastor, the congregation increased to such an extent that the capacity of their
ehurch-building became insufficient, necessitating the erection of another and
larger edifice.

For this purpose the requisite site was secured at the corner of East and Geor-
gia streets ; where a house of worship, fifty by one hundred and seventeen feet was
erected, and was dedicated November 3d, 1860, by the Rev. Dr. Wyneken, Pres-
ident of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod.

The completion of this commodious structure was a sotrree of appropriate
pride and satisfaction to the congregation that had labored so assiduously and har-"
moniously to that end ; and whose success, considering the difficulties to be over"
come, had been as conspicuous as it had been speedily attained.

On the same site, immediately in the rear of the church edifice, two buildings
for school purposes were also erected by the congregation ; who, since their first
organization, have sustained a parochial school, which is now conducted by three
teachers: Messrs. Contselmann, A. Krome, and William Brueggemann.

The Rev. Mr. Frinke, having accepted a call from Baltimore, Md., was suc-
ceeded by the present pastor, the Rev. Chr. Hochstetter, called from Pittsburgh,
and installed in his present pastoral relation on the 24th of April, 1868.

Under the pastoral charge of Mr. Hochstetter the church has had great pros-
perity ; and the number of members, as well as of pupils in the parochial school,
has largely increased.

In 1869, a site fora parsonage was purchased on the corner of East and Ohio
streets, and a neat residence was erected upon it.

In 1870, ten acres of ground were purchased in the south-eastern suburb of
the city, and dedicated to the purposes of a cemetery for the Lutheran population
of Indianapolis.

The number of voting members of this church is two hundred and ten.

A capable choir and a large organ furnish a good quality of music at the re-
ligious services of this society.

The present number of pupils in the parochial school is two hundred and
sixty.

The governing authorities of the church for the current year, are as follow r

Rev. Chr. Hochstetter, Pastor; Frederick Ostermieer, William Cook, and Charles

SEL1GWUS. 245

Grange, Trustees; Louis Meier, and William Roeber, Elders; Ernest Roeber, and
>Charles Stiegman, Presbyters.

The value of the property is about $50,000.

ZION'S CHURCH.

Location: Olio street, between Meridian and Illinois.

This society was founded in 1840. The first pastor was the Rev. J. <r. Kuoz ;
who served the church until 1842. The church had no regular pastor until 1844,
when the Rev. J. F. Isensee was called to the charge.

The first hous of worship, located on the site of the present church building,
was .dedicated on the 18th of May, 1845. The society now took the name of the
German Evangelical Zion's Church the first 'German Protestant church organi-
zation in Indianapolis.

The Rev. Mr. Isensee retired from the pastorate in 1850; since which time the
church has been served by the following pastore :

The Rev. A. Rahn, 1850-51; the Rev. Mr. Riley, 1851-52; the Rev. C. E.
Zobel, 1853-54; the Rev. A. E. Kuester, 1854-59. The Rev. H. Quinius, the
present pastor, has served the congregation since 1859.

. In 1860, the society built a two story brick building, for parochial school pur-
poses.

In 1866, was begun the erection of their present house of worship. The cor-
ner-stone was laid on the 1st of July, of the same year ; and the building was ded-
icated on the 5th of February, 1867. The church now has four hundred commu-
nicants ; the Sabbath-School two hundred pupile, and the parochial school one hun-
dred and eighty.

The church property is valued at $30,000.

Summary Total membership of the Lutheran Denomination, in Indianapolis,
sight hundred and ten; total Sabbath-School membership, three hundred and fifty;
iotal value of property, $98,000.

GERMAN EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION.

J3ALKM -CHURCH.

'Location : Nw Jersey street between Market and Ohio.

This society was organized on the 19th day of June, 1855, with twenty-oe
members, tinder the name of "Iramanuel Church ef the Evangelical Association of
Indianapolis."

The first Trustees of the organization were, M. ~W. Steffey, Samuel Dickover,
and George Klepfer.

The society has had to contend against great financial embarrassments, but
the liberality and energy of the members have been superior to all emergencies.

The present house of worship, located as above stated, is a plain, substantial
brick building, in size thirty-six by sixty feet, of the value (with site) of about
9,000. The auditorium has seating capacity for about three hundred persons-
The society has been served by the following pastors :

The Revs. M. W. Steffey, Henry Kramer, Matthew Hoehn, Michael Krueger,
.A. B. Shaefer, G. G. Platz, J. M. Gomer, John Puchs, F. Wiethaup, I. Haufmaa,.
and Conrad Trainer, the present jpasloc.

HOLLOWAf'8 INDIAN APOL1&

On the 23d of August, 1870, the name of the society was changed to Salem.
Church.

The organization is in a prosperous condition : numbering one hundred and-,
eighteen members ; the greater poriion of whom are of mature age and heads of
families.

The Sabbath-School is likewise in a flourishing state, and has about one hum.
dred and fifty members..

UNIYERSALIST,

fflRST UN1VEK6ALIST CONGREGATION.

The organization of the first TJniversalist Church Society in thia eity, was a&
early as 1844. The society, owhjg to the limited number of adherents to the Uni-
versal faith living here at that time, had but a feeble and brief existence.

In 1853 a church was organized under the name of the "First Universalist
Church of Indianapolis." Of 'this society, the Rev. B. F. Foster, was the first pas-
tor, continuing in that relation until 1860. His successor, for something over one
year, was the Rev. W. C. Brooks, who was succeeded by the Rev. B. F. Foster, who
was followed, in 1.866, by the Rev. J. M. Austin, of New York. Mr. Austin re-
mained about six months, at the expiration of which period, Mr. Foster, being at
that time State Librarian, and a resident of Indianapolis, took temporal charge of
the church, continuing in that relation until the dose of his term as State Librarian,
in 1869. Since then the. church has been without any settled pastor, though occa-
sional services have been held.

An effort is being matured for the re-establishment of the church on a perma-
nent basis.

The society has never had a house of worship of its own, and its services-
have been held in the following places : In the old Seminary building Con the site
of the present University Park,) in the Court House, in Temperance Hall, in Ma-
sonic Hall, in College Hall, and in the Hall of Wallace's block.

SECOND TJNIVERSALIST CONGREGATION.

The organization of this society grew out of a schism in the First Universal-
ist church, in the year 1860 ; not on account of doctrinal differences, but of indi-
vidual differences.

About $3,500 was obtained by subscriptions ; of which sum $1,000 was sub-
scribed by John Thomas, Esq., the leader of the movement. A site was secured,
and a house of worship erected, on the corner of Michigan and Tennessee streets.

By the foreclosure of a mortgage on the property, and by discharging an in-
debtedness of nearly $5,000, Mr. Thomas afterward became the exclusive owner
thereof.

"With the exception of the first twelve months after the dedication during,
which time the Revs. G. E. "Woodbury and W. W. Curry officiated as pastors
the building has not been used for religious purposes by the Universalist denomi-
nation. It was occupied for some time by "Wesley Chapel (Methodist Episcopal)
congregation, pending the completion of their new building, and afterwards by
one wing of the Strange Chapel (Methodist Episcopal) congregation, called the
Congregational Methodist Church, with the Rev. J. "W. T. McMullen as pastor..

RELIGIOUS. 247

The latter organization has also disbanded ; and the premises are now unoccupied
for religious uses.

UNITED BKETHREN IN CHRIST.

This denomination is represented in this city by but one church; whose house
of worship is located on the south-east corner of Ohio and New Jersey streets.

This society was organized in 1850; and the present church building was
erected in the year following. Until a few years since the organization had a steady
growth in prosperity. During the late war the membership had increased to three
hundred and fifty-three ; but the withdrawal by letter, at the close of the war, of a
number of the soldiers who had attached themselves to this church while in camp
here, reduced the membership to about two hundred.

In the autumn of 1869 a schism occurred in this society, resulting in a new
organization under the name of the Liberal United Brethren, and embracing a
majority of the original body. The Liberals held possession of the church prop-
erty, closing its doors against the othe,r body.

A resort to the courts resulted in placing the original society again in posses-
sion of the property on the 31st August, 1870.

The Liberals disbanded their organization, and its members generally united
with the Methodist Episcopal denomination.

The society was then re-organized, and now numbers forty-two active members-
The Sabbath-School, which had been disbanded by reason of the dissensions, has
also been re-organized, and now reckons about eighty members.

The church building has capacity for about four hundred persons ; and the
property is valued at $5,000.

The society has been served by the following pastors, beginning with the first
in the order stated: Revs. J. D. Vardaman, two years; A. Long, one year; A.
Davis, one year; M. Wright, one year; D. Stover, one year; C. W. Witt, four
years ; P. S. Cook, two years; William Nichols, one year; L. S. Chittenden, one year
and a half; J. S. Wall, six months; Thomas Evans, two years; A. Hanway, on
year; B. F. Morgan, oae year; and W. J. Pruner, the present pastor.

UNITARIAN.

FIRST UNITARIAN SOCIETY OF INDIANAPOLIS,

On the 13th of February, 1868, pursuant to a call signed by George K. Perrin,
J. B. Follett, and others, a small company met in this city to consider the feasi-
bility of forming a Unitarian Society. The late Judge David McDonald presided
at this meeting. It was decided to open correspondence with various Unitarian
clergymen with a view to securing the services of a regular pastor ; and Morrison's
Opera Hall was engaged as a place for holding the services of the society. In
this hall on the 12th of April, 1868, were held the first public services of the so-
ciety, Dr. G. W. Hosmer, of Antioch College, Ohio, officiating. Thereafter, until
the following summer vacation, services were held regularly at this hall; after
which the society met for a time at the office of Judge McDonald.

On the 14th of May, 1868, the society was formally organized, and a presi-
dent, an executive committee and secretary were elected.

248

HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

In October, 1868, the Rev. Henry Blanchard, by invitation delivered a sermon
before the society in the Academy of Music; and a call was at .once extended to
him to become the pastor of the society. He accepted, entered upon the work in
January, 1869, and remained for about two years. Mr. Blanchard was the only
regular pastor the society has had; and since his resignation the pulpit has been
irregularly filled by ministers from other cities.

The following is the Declaration of Belief adopted by the society:

" Reverently recognizing our dependence on Almighty God, the one God and
Father of us all, who is above all, and through all, and in us all, and believing in
the usefulness of public worship; accepting Jesus of Nazareth, who taught the
Absolute Religion of love of God and Man, as the world's greatest Teacher and
Example, and desiring to imitate his life and study his words, we, the undersigned,
agree to unite ourselves in a religious association to be known as the First Unita-
rian Society of Indianapolis, Indiana."

Mr. Blanchard was a popular pulpit orator and generally attracted large con-
grpgations. The largest attendance at his meetings was about twelve hundred ;
the average, about five hundred. The greatest number of enrolled Sabbath-School
pupils was about one hundred and twenty.

KECAPITULATION.

The following table shows the Church and Sabbath-School membership of each
Denomination in this city, and the value of the church property held by each
Denomination, according to reports famished, in most instances, by the pastors of
the several churches:

CHURCHES.

Church Member-
ship.

Sabbath-School
Membership.

Value of
Church Property

Protestant Episcopal .

582

743

$16 800

Presbyterian

1,736

*2,208

320,117

1,093

tl,435

116,000

3,219

2,806

391,000

Roman Catholic.

4,000

1,000

300,000

Congregational

235

350

43,000

Christian

900

1,000

53,000

Lutheran

810

350

98,000

300

450

21,000

German Evangelical Association-
United Brethren

118

42

150

80

9,000
5,000

Universalistll

Unitarian

500

100

58

54

27,000

246

80

12,000

Total

13,839

10,806

$1,529,117

* In the Summary on page 216, the number 2,008 should be 2,208.

t In the Summary on page 220, the number 1,265 should be 1,435.

J In the Summary on page 220, the amount $76,000 should be 882,000.

g Includes the estimated cost, when completed, of buildings in process of erection.

I No reports. See page 246. ' v

RELIGIOUS.

UNDENOMINATIONAL RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

The Young Meris Christian Association, of Indianapolis, had its organized
beginning on the 12th December, 1854, about five years after the first organization
of this kind was founded, in London, England. The history of its work of benefi-
cence and charity like that of kindred organizations the world over cannot be
written to advantage, as in the case of a separate religious congregation, worship-
ing at stated periods and in a particular edifice. The latter is a conspicuous object,
and its work is done in w&ys and manners so regular and methodical as to be "seen
of men." On the contrary, the real extent of the services performed by the Young
Men's Christian Association of Indianapolis can be fully appreciated only by the
workers in that organization, and by Omniscience.

The number of persons who have been the recipients of its benefactions would
amount to thousands. Its charities and ministrations are contracted or limited by
no form of sectarianism. To serve God by benefiting man is its only faith its
comprehensive creed. While it has regular spheres of labor, it also claims the
world for its field, and to the best of its means, aids the destitute and ministers to
the neglected, wherever found. Subordinate to the church in one sense, its effect
is to extend the influence of the church to individuals, and into the waste places.
For the benefit of the destitute and neglected classes the Association was particu-
larly intended.

Chief among the more comprehensive labors of the Association in this city,
from time to time, have been the establishment and maintenance of mission Sunday-
Schools, and religious services in destitute parts of the city principally conducted
by laymen.

The quarters of the Young Men's Christian Association until recently, loca-
ted in Vinton's block, opposite the Post office contain, beside the offices, a reading
and library room, with current files of the principal religious periodicals, for perusal
by citizens and strangers whenever they choose. The rooms are open every night
and day for the accommodation of strangers, of both sexes, who may be inclined to
call; and for the large number of applicants for assistance. Not the only recipi-
ents of its charities are these applicants. The destitute and sick are invited, wher-
ever they may be all possible aid given them.

Besides the prayer meetings held at the rooms every morning, there are some
missions and other places of worship where regular religious services are held by
the Association. During the summer season from six to fifteen open-air meetings
are held under its auspices every Sunday.

The amount of money expended in these charities, in the first year of the Asso-
ciation, was $370.00; and for the year just closed, $4,681. The latter sum by no
means embraces all the material charities of the Association. To this should be
added a larger amount, in the shape of articles of clothing distributed by the Asso-
ciation, and donated to them by citizens. Considering that its resoureea are entirely
made up of voluntary offerings, it is seen by the above figures that the work and
influence of the Association have greatly increased; and that it has now a firm
hold in the consciences and upon the purses of the people.

The following are names of its Presidents from the beginning : E. J. Baldwin,
to March, 1856; Miles J. Fletcher, from March, 1856, to March, 1857 ; S. T. Bowen,
from March, 1857, to March, 1858; J. W. Mclntire, from March, 1858, to March,

250 HOLLO WAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

1859; Benjamin Harrison, from March, 1859, to March, 1860; Theophilus Parvin,
from March, 1860, to March, 1862; F. A. W. Davis, from March, 1862, to July,
1865; W. P. Fishback, from July, 1865, to September, 1866; J. A. Kunkleman,
from September to October, 1866; W. H. Hay, from October, 1866, to September,
1868; W. A. Bell, from September, 1868 to September, 1869; John W. Kay, from
September, 1869, to September, 1870; and the latter was succeeded by Wilson
Morrow, the present President.

From 1862 to 1865, by reason of the extraordinary demands of the war, the
Association was comparatively neglected. Beginning with Mr. Fishback's admin-
istration peace having returned the vigor of the Association renewed itself; and
it has steadily grown in efficiency and power ever since.

The principal part of its early work was performed by volunteers, until early
in 1868, when Rev. Wm. Armstrong was elected to the post of City Missionary and
Superintendent of the work of the Association. In this capacity he zealously served
until July, 1863, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. B. Brandt, the present incum-
bent, an industrious, zealous and competent gentleman for the place.

Lectures are occasionally given under the auspices of the association, by the
more prominent public lecturers, serving the double purpose of giving the out-
siders the benefit of the lectures, and the association the assistance of its portion of
the net profits of the engagement.

The membership of the association, at this time, numbers about three hundred
and seventy-five.

The above is, necessarily, the merest outline of the history of the association.
As stated in the beginning of this sketch, the magnitude of the good it has done
cannot be known by any one person in this world. Yet thousands of men and
women can testify to benefits received through its ministrations. Hardly a church
has been organized here since the existence of the Association but is more or less
indebted to it. It is gratifying to know that the Association is in a more prosper-
ous condition than ever before. It is now one of the permanent institutions of the
city, with every promise of continually increasing usefulness.

On the 1st of March, 1871, the Trustees purchased, for the occupancy and use
of the Association, the building on the west side of North Illinois street, between
Washington and Illinois streets, known as the Exchange Theatre.

The purchase price was $24,000; which sum has nearly all been raised or sub-
scribed. The building has been refitted and renovated, and the Association now
has accommodations more commensurate with its needs.

The officers for the current year are : Wilson Morrow, President ; Ed. S. Field,
Vice President; Charles C. Dennis, Recording Secretary; M. R. Barnard, Corres-
ponding Secretary; Joseph McDowell, Treasurer; Rev. J. B. Brandt, Superin-
tendent.

Board of Trustees William S. Hubbard, President; E. C. Mayhew, Treasurer ;
Wm. C. Smock, Ingram Fletcher, Benj. Harrison, R. Sedgwick, John H. Ohr, Theo.
P. Haughey.

Executive Committee Joseph McDowell, Chairman ; C. C. Dennis, Secretary ;
Wilson Morrow, M. R. Barnard, W. H. Hay, E. S. Field, Mrs. Anna Baggs, Mrs.
Delitha B. Harvey, T. H. K. Enos.

STANDING COMMITTEES. On Finance D. H. Wiles, R. Sedgwick, Wm. C.
Smock.

Library and Rooms J. G. Kingsbury, D. H. Wiles, E. A. Cobb.
Lectures and Sermons W. A. Bell, M. R. Barnard, Joseph McDowell.

251

Meetings K. Frank Kennedy, C. C. Olin, C. P. Wilson.

Temperance John W. Ray, W. H. Hobbs, Mrs. Dr. Siddall.

Hotels and Boarding Houses E. A. Cobb, Edward Gilbert, G. W. Alexander.

Ladies' Working Committee Mrs. Anna Wilson, Mrs. Martin Byrkit, Mrs. L.
L. Jackson.

Ladies' Missionary Committee Mrs. Mary E. Carey, Mrs. Rebecca Newland,
Mrs. Dr. James Braden.

Missionary W. S. Wooten, D. W. Coffin, Joseph Sutton.

Statistics John B. Brandt, Joseph R. Perry.

THE WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

This auxiliary of the Young Men's Christian Association was organized in
October, 1870. Its principal sphere is to secure homes and employment for home-
less women, and to visit and care for the indigent sick. It also has charge of a
Sabbath-School for newsboys, boot-blacks, &c. The society has about one hundred
members, of whom about thirty are on the active list.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, GERMAN.

This Association, similar ia its character and objects to the Young Men's-
Christian Association of Indianapolis, was organized on the 5th of January, 1870.

An organisation of this character, dependent entirely for support on the vol-
untary aid of individuals, cannot, in the space of a little more than one year, be-
come great and powerful ; yet, considering its age, the Association has made good
progress.

The present membership numbers about sixty.

Each member pays a yearly contribution of one dollar into the treasury ; the
payment of $20.00 secures a life membership.

The regular meetings of the Association are keld every Tuesday evening.

It is proposed to open, at an early day, suitable rooms for the purposes of a
library, reading rooms, and offices.

The officers of the Association are: President, J. J. Wenner; Vice Presi-
dents (one from each of the German churches), Christian Schmidt, Second German
Reformed Churc-h; J. J. Wenner, German Methodist Church; Adam Helm, Zion's-
Church ; William Braun, First German Reformed Church ; Chas. Aldag, German-
Evangelical Church.

INDIANAPOLIS FEMALE BIBLE SOCIETY.

This association is an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, and was organ-
ized in 1839. The object of the Society is shown by its title, and is known by ite
works : The distribution ef the Bible to the destitute who cannot afford to buy it,
and in public places where its reading is neglected. The jurisdiction of the Society
is the city of Indianapolis and Marion county.

The funds of the Society are derived from the voluntary donations of the churches
and citizens generally. During the war the Society gave an aggregate of fifty-
one thousand four hundred and ninety-one Bibles and Testaments to soldiers and
prisoners of war stationed at this point. The total number gratuitously distributed
since 1853, is fifty-eight thousand one hundred and sixty-nine.

252 BOLLOWAF8 INDIANAPOLIS.

The affairs of the Society 'are directed by a president, a vice president, treas-
urer, secretary and board of managers. The present officers are :

Presideat, Mrs. Jane M. Graydon ; Vice President, Mrs. John Wilkins ; Treas-
erer, Mrs. C. W. Brouee ; Secretary, Julia A. Bassett,

MEDICAL.

INDIANA MEDICAL COLLEGE.*

This institution is located on Delaware street, on the west side of the Court
House square.

A description of the institution necessitates a brief recital of the instrument-
alities that led to its establishment.

Previous to 1863, the only organization of physicians, in this city, was the
Indianapolis Medical Association. This was as much social as professional. Its
meetings were held at the offices or residences of now one and then another mem-
ber; in fact, it was not an organization in the true sense of the term, nor was
it highly useful to the cause of medical science. This association became extinct
in the course of a few years, and was succeeded, in 1863, by another organization
similar in name, but much more efficient and useful in point of fact. In 1864,
the Marion County Association was formed. These two organizations were
merged into the Indianapolis Academy of Medicine, a corporate body under the
laws of the State, founded on the 3d of October, 1865. The Academy has ever
since held stated meetings once each week, at which regular exercises, in the inte-
rests of medical science, have been held such as an essay by some appointed mem-
ber, discussions of pathological, physiological and thereapeutical questions, etc.

The benefits of the organization to medical science and to the members who
thus interchange views and obtain the advantages of the peculiar experiences or
observations of one another are sufficiently obvious, without further explanation.
The Academy was the parent of the Indiana Medical College.

This institution was organized in May, L869. The first movement looking to
its establishment, was started by the Academy in February of that year. The
original plan was, a State institution as a department of the Indiana State Univer-
sity, and thus to obtain the aid of the State in behalf of the enterprise. The com-
mittee of the Academy appointed to make an investigation into the feasibility
of this plan, consisting of Drs. George W. Mears, John S. Bobbs and J. H. Wood-
burn, reported unfavorably on the project.

The report was concurred in by the Academy and a resolution adopted, that a
committee of five be appointed to report upon the propriety of an effort, on the
part of the profession in Indianapolis, for the establishment here of a medical col-
lege ; and also to report a plan for that purpose.

This committee, consisting of Drs. Waterman, Harvey, Todd, Kitchen and
Oaston, reported in favor of the enterprise, and submitting a plan of organization.
The plan was accepted, and subsequently another committee was appointed to se-
lect a faculty : the professors so selected to organize themselves into a college of
medicine, to be known as "The Indiana Medical College;" to devise the means
for its maintenance; secure suitable building accommodations; in short, to manage
the business concerns, generally, of the institution.

The first Faculty was composed as follows :

* Of the establishment, nature and brief existence of the " Central Medical College," mentioa
as made on page 9L.

MEDICAL.

J. S. Bobbs, M. D., Pres't., Principles and Practice of Surgery; Or. W. Mears,
M. D., Obstetrics; R. T. Brown, M. D., Chemistry and Toxicology; R. N. Todd,
M. D., Vice President, Principles and Practice of Medicine ;-L. D. Waterman, M. D. 7
Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy ; T. B. Harvey, M. D., Treasurer, Diseases of
Women and Children; W. B. Fletcher, M. D., Physiology; P. S. Newcomer, M.
D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; J. A. Comingor, M. D., Surgi-
cal Pathology, Orthopedic and Clinical Surgery; C. E. Wright, M. D., Demon-
strator of Anatomy.

At a meeting on the 4th of May, 1&69, Dr. Bobbs reported articles- of associa-
tion, which were approved and signed by the other members of the Faculty ; and,
at the same meeting, Hons. Samuel E. Perkins and John D. Rowland were elected
members of the Board of Trustees, with the Faerulty.

The Academy of Medicine subscribed liberally to the support of the institu-
tion, to make up the excess of expenses over the inadequate receipts from tuition,
during the infancy of the college; and a number of the members bound themselves
to pay annual subscriptions, for this purpose, for five years.

In this way the Indianapolis Medical College was founded. The first session
was opened in October, 1869.

The College building is now complete. Its lecture rooms are adapted to the
accommodation of over two hundred students. All the departments, especially those
of Anatomy and Chemistry, ara well supplied with material for illustrations. A
laboratory for students has been opened under the charge of Prof. Stevens, where
superior facilities are provided for the practical teaching of Analyctic Medical
Chemistry.

The city hospital affords ample opportunities for the study of clinical medicine
and surgery. Cases were presented to, and operations performed before, the class
during the past winter, representing almost the entire field of Medicine and Sur-
gery.

The Chemical department is now furnished with a full line of apparatus, which
enables the teacher of this branch to give a thorough and illustrative course in
chemistry and toxicology.

Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, must have attended two full
courses of lectures the last one being in this college ; and have studied three years
under the direction of a regularly educated physician.

The present Faculty is composed of the following gentlemen :

J. A. Comingor, M. D., President and Prof, of Principles and Practice of Sur-
gery ; G. W. Mears, M. D., Prof, of Obstetrics; Thad. M. Stevens, M. D., Professor
of Chemistry and Toxicology; K. N. Todd, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice
of Medicine; L. D. "Waterman, M. D., Prof, of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery;
T. B. Harvey, M. D., Prof, of Diseases of Women and Children; W. B. Fletcher,
M. D., Prof, of the Institutes of Medicine ; Dugan Clarke, M. D., Prof. Materia

Medica and Therapeutics ; J. M. Dunlap, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.

(

THE BOBBS DISPENSARY.

This is an institution in the building of the College, and is so named in honor
of the late Dr. John S. Bobbs of this city, who, at his death, left a bequest of $2,000,
to be employed by trustees named in his will, for the benefit of the poor of Indian-
apolis. The Faculty of the College, of which Dr. Bobbs was President at the time
of his death, suggested, as the means of most advantageously and most appropri-

254 BOLLOWAT8 INDIANAPOLIS.

ately carrying out the intentions of the deceased, that the bequest be used in estab-
lishing and aiding in the maintenance of a Dispensary for the benefit of the poor
of the city. The plan was so appropriate that it was put into effect; and the re-
sult is the Bobbs Dispensary, by means of which poor people in need of medical
assistance, and unable to pay for it, receive the necessary treatment. Those inca-
pable of attending the Dispensary are visited by some one of the corps of attend-
ing physicians, composed of members of the College Faculty.

In addition to the bequest of Dr. Bobbs, the county makes an annual appropri-
ation of 700, and the city a similar appropriation of 600, in support of the insti-
tion. The bequest could in no other way have been employed so beneficially aad
o appropriately.

In April last the Resident Physician made the following report to the City
Council :

Whole number of patients treated 331

Number of visits made 468

Number of post mortem examinations made 4

Number vaccinated 29

Number of surgical operations , 37

Number of prescriptions filled at Dispensary ~ 889

THE INDIANA SURGICAL INSTITUTE

Is located on the corner of Illinois and Georgia streets.

This Institute was incorporated July 24th, 1869, with a capital stock of $150,-
000.00, for the treatment of deformities of the spine and limbs, and all descriptions
of surgical cases. For ten years prior to the time of its establishment in Indian-
apolis, this enterprise had been carried on in Illinois, and it was then removed to
this city because of its more central and more easly accessible location.

The building will accommodate about three hundred patients, and is capable
of affording treatment to about three thousand cases annually. The number of
patients treated is generally equal to the greatest capacity of the institution.

In respect of the capital invested, of the mechanical and other appliances for
the treatment of patients, of capacities and facilities generally, this institution has
no superior in the United States. Its patronage is correspondingly great in num-
ber, and is distributed over a corresponding area of territory.

Patients from twenty-five States have resorted to this institution for treatment.
During the past year more than ten thousand people have visited Indianapolis
because of the Surgical Institute, paying to the various railroads over $100,000 in
the way of fares, and expending in the city, for board, merchandise, treatment,
etc., nearly $400,000.

The Institute gives employment to over fifty persons, including surgeons
mechanics and nurses. The buildings, which were at first considered ample, have
since proved to be too small to accommodate the demand.

The institution is provided with the various kinds of baths : the Turkish, Rus-
sian, electro-thermal, &c.; also, a large machine-shop, with a steam engine, and the
requisite machinery for the manufacture of the apparatus and appliances employed
in the treatment of deformities.

The superior facilities afforded by the institution are attested by the results.
Numerous cases of the more hopeless descriptions, of children and adults aSlicted
with deformities ordinarily considered incurable, have been successfully treated
here. Paralysis of the young, crooked feet, legs, hands and arms, hare-lip, deform-

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES. 255

Ities of the face, tumors; such are the chief phases of deformity and affliction that
defying ordinary curative powers find their way to this institution, and there are
proven to be tractable and curable.

Victims of accidents upon the railways, of explosions, runaways, or whatever
cause, are frequently taken to the Institute for treatment, on account of its admitted
superior facilities for surgical treatment.

While the Institute is an individual enterprise, it is in no small sense a benev-
olent institution. Patients who are able to pay, are required to do so; but many
indigent sufferers are treated gratuitously.

The object of the institution is the treatment of that large class of sufferers, that
can obtain no benefit from the general practitioner of the healing art, because of
his want of the necessary adjuncts in the way of surgical appliances. Here all
the approved adjuncts are at hand. Mechanical contrivances adapted to-the varied
types of deformity and essential to work cures, baths suited to the patient's case
and constitution, here make corrigible what without them would be hopeless. And
should the attending surgeon require the assistance of some peculiar apparatus not
at hand, he has the requisite machinery and skilled workmen to make what is
wanted.

With such facilities and capacities, the Surgical Institute has very naturally
great success in treating the afflicted.

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

This city is the headquarters for the State of the following Temperance organ-
izations : The Indiana State Temperance Alliance, Sons of Temperance, Gfood Temp-
lars, Temple of Honor.

The State Temperance Alliance was organized in this city December llth, 1867.
Its fir-t anual session was held here on the 26th February, 1868; the second, on
the 2d and 3d February, 1869; the third, on the 2d and 3d February, 1870; the
fourth, on the 1st and 2d February, 1871.

The Alliance as its name implies is a union of all the advocates of total
abstinence from the use of intoxicating liquors in the titate. Its membership is,
therefore, largely but not exclusively composed of members of the other Tem-
perance organizations. The administration of the society is vested in a Board of
Officers and a Board of Managers. The present Board of Officers is as follows:

R. T. Brown, President, Indianapolis; N. W. Bruice, Vice President, Lafay-
ette; C. Martindale, General Agent and Corresponding Secretary, Indianapolis; T.
A. Goodwin, Recording Secretary, Indianapolis; J. B. Abbett, Treasurer, Indiana-
polis.

With reference to the Board of Managers, the State is divided into three
divisions, each having a Board of ten members.

Subordinate to the State Alliances, there are five '' District " Alliances in the
State, holding Conventions quarterly; also an Alliance in each county.

During the past two years about one hundred thousand persons have become
members of this society; and the sum of nearly $40,000 has been raised and
expended under the direction of its managers.

Briefly stated, the object of the society is to discourage the use and sale of
intoxicating liquors; to repress the traffic therein, by the enforcement of existing
laws, and the speedy enactment of more stringent and prohibitory legislation in

256 HOLLOWATB INDIANAPOLIS.

that regard. Prominent among the means employed, are the copious distribution
of Temperance literature, the efforts of lecturers (of whom six are employed), &c.

The city Alliance has about two thousand members.

The " Temperance Alliance" is the name of the official organ of the State Tem-
perance Alliance. It is published monthly in this city. Its editor is Kev. C. Mar-
tindale, Corresponding Secretary of the organization.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS.

This is the most numerous and influential secret Temperance organization in
the State The Grand Lodge meets in Indianapolis once in each year.

la this city tdere are eight lodges, with a membership of about eight hundred.
Four of these Lodges meet at the " Good Templars' Hall," one at the " Temperance
Alliance Hall," and the others in different parts of the city. There about three
hundred Subordinate Lodges in the State, and about fifteen thousand members.

The present officers of the Grand Lodge are: E. B. Reynolds, Esq., G. W. C.
T.; Kev. S. B. Falkenburg, G. W. C.; Miss A. M. Way, G. W. V. T.; Sylvester
Johnson, G. W. S.; H. F. Underwood, G. W. T.; John W. Buttriss, G. W. M.; Miss
Ella Eex, G. W. D. M ; Miss Sarah Beeves, G. W. I. G.; M. W. Jackson, G. W.
O. G. Rev. E. Gaskins, G. W. Chaplain.

The number of members "in good standing," in this city, is about one thou-
sand.

SONS OF TEMPERANCE.

This order, considered as to North America, embraces in its organization
National, Grand and Subordinate Divisions.

The National Division of the Sons of Temperance was organized in the city of
New York on the 17th June, 1844. At the present time the order has been carried
into nearly all the States and Territories of the Union, and in all the British North
American Provinces. During the twenty-seven years of its existence there have
been admitted into the Order, in this country, more than two millions of members.

The Indiana Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance, of which this city is
the headquarters, was organized May 2d, 1846. In 1861, there were about four
hundred and ninety Subordinate Divisions in the State. Since then the order, con-
sidered as to this city and State, has retrograded in numbers, owing to the war and
other causes, until now there are but forty Subordinate Divisions in the State. This
decline appears to have been arrested; and the membership in this city and State
is reported to be again increasing steadily.

The order in this city is represented by Washington Division No. 1 ; which has
a membership of about fifty.

TEMPLE OF HONOR.

The Subordinate bodies of this order are called Temples; the State body is
called the Grand Temple.

The order is represented in this city by one Temple, organized on the 27th
March, 1870, and having about fifty members.

The Grand Temple meets annually, on the fourth Monday of May ; it has no
fixed place of meeting.

UNITED STATES ARSENAL. 257

The Grand Officers are: Joseph A. Williams, W. C. T., New Albany; J.
J. Young, W. V. T., Evansville ; Will. A. Quigley, W. K., Madison.

The Supreme Council, the head of the Order for North America and the Brit-
ish Provinces, meets annually in July this year at St. Louis, Mo.

ST. PATRICK'S TEMPERANCE BENEVOLENT SOCIETY.

This is the title of an Irish Temperance Society, organized in 1870. It now
numbers about one hundred and fifty members.

UNITED STATES ARSENAL.

One of the prominent "objects of interest" is the United States Arsenal build-
ing and grounds, situated on a commanding eminence east of the city, about half a
mile north of Washington street, and one mile and a-half east of Circle Park.

The location of an Arsenal at this city was authorized by act of Congress,
early in the Rebellion. Its establishment here was in March, 1863, and, pending
the erection of the present buildings, a rented building, on the corner of Delaware
and Maryland streets, was used for the purposes of the Arsenal, Captain William
Y. Wiley O. S. K., in charge. Captain Wiley resigned his commission on the 14th
of October, 1870.

The site of the Arsenal was selected by General Buckingham, and work on
the buildings was commenced in August, 1863. These, with the exception of some
minor details, have been completed and occupied some years.

Of these buildings the following is a brief description :

Main building Three stories high, one hundred and eighty-three feet long,
and sixty-three feet wide; for the storage of arms, &c.

Artillery Store-house Two stories high, two hundred and one feet long, and
fifty-two feet wide; for the storage of artillery, &c.

Magazine One story high, fifty feet long and thirty-four feet wide; for sto-
ring powder.

Office One story high, forty-three feet long and twenty-two feet wide.

Barracks Two stories high, one thousand one hundred and five feet long and
thirty-two feet wide; for the enlisted men.

Two Sets Officers' Quarters Two and a half stories high, eighty feet long and
forty feet wide.

One Set of Officers' Quarters One story and a half high, forty-seven feet
long and twenty-eight feet wide.

All of these buildings, with the exception of a portion of the officers' quarters,
are built of stone and pressed brick, and are both substantial and imposing in ap-
pearance.

The grounds consist of seventy-six acres, and have great advantages in respect of
beauty as well as of utility. Nature has given the site a commanding elevation,
an undulating surface and numerous forest trees. To these art has added the beau-
tifying auxiliaries of shrubbery, fine drives and walks, &c. A stream of running
water passes through one corner. About twenty-five acres are used for pasturage
and garden purposes; the rest for the buildings and surrounding grounds.

The grounds and improvements especially in summer and autumn-time
unite in forming one of the most picturesque and attractive localities in the vicinity
of the city.
(17)

258 HOLLOWA T'S INDIANAPOLIS.

The several commandants from the beginning have been : William Y. Wiley,
Captain and O. S. K. ; T. J. Treadwell, Captain of Ordnance; Jarnes M. Whit-
temore, Captain of Ordnance; William H. Harris, Captain of Ordnance and Bre-
vet Lieut. Colonel U. S. A,; and R. M. Hill, Captain of Ordnance and Brevet
Major U. S. A., the present commandant.

UNION DEPOT.

Location: On Louisiana street, between Illinois and Meridian streets.

The eleven railways centering in this city, all converge in the Union Depot.
No equal convenience of a like character is found anywhere else in this country.
The ends of the earth, so to speak, are here brought into connection under one
roof, and long transfers from one depot to another, involving expense, inconve-
nieace and delay, are avoided.

The building, and so much of the tracks leading into it as lie within the city
limits, belong to the Union Railway Company ; that is, to an association composed
of the following railway companies: Jefferson ville, Madison & Indianapolis; Terre
Haute & Indianapolis; Bellefontaine; Indianapolis & Cincinnati; Indiana Central.
The remaining six companies occupy the depot as tenants.

The Union Railway Company was formed in 1850, and was at that time com-
posed of the Madison & Indianapolis, Beliefountaine, and Terre Haute & Rich-
mond Companies; of which John Brough, Oliver H. Smith and Chauncey Rose
were, respectively, the Presidents. These three men, since famous in history, and
of whom Mr. Rose alone is yet living, were thus the founders of the Union Depot.

Gen. T. A. Morris, as Chief Engineer, superintended the erection of the build-
ing, which was completed in 1853. At that time only the Madison, Bellefontaine,
Terre Haute, and Peru Railways were in operation Soon after tbe Indianapolis
& Cincinnati, and the Indiana Central Railways were admitted into the associa-
tion, and therefore into the Depot. The Indianapolis & Peru Company never had
any interest in the Depot, and but a slight intereet in the tracks, which it subse-
quently sold to'the association. The Lafayette & Indianapolis Company was admit-
mitted, with tenant rights, in 1854; the Jeffersonville & Indianapolis Company in
1855; The Cincinnati & Indianapolis Junction in 1858; the Indianapolis Bloom-
ington & Western, and the Indianapolis & Vincennes in 1869; .and the Indianapo-
lis & St. Louis in 1870.

Mr. William N". Jackson, Secretary and Treasurer of the Union Railway Com-
pany, has had charge of the Union Depot ever since its opening in September, 1853.

The dimensions of the building are four hundred and twenty by two hundred
feet.

The expansion of our railway system has greatly exceeded even the liberal
anticipations of the projectors and founders of the Union Depot; and extensive as
are its provisions, it has grown to be insufficient for the great demands upon it.
Its available space is entirely taken up by the net- work of tracks of which it is the
focus presenting at times, during the day, a scene of apparent confusion very
like a tangled skein, having neither begin nmg nor end to it, but which the care
and efficiency of its management always unravels in good order. The number of
trains daily arriving in, and departing from, the Union Depot now averages about
seventy-six, many of them of great length. It is estimated that the annual num-
ber of arrivals and departures of passengers at this depot amounts to two millions.
But, as before remaked, the demands upon the Depot have outgrown its ca-

COUNTY CORUT HOUSE CEMETERIES. 259

pacities, large as they are, and the want of room entails greatly increased respon-
sibilities upon the management.

The erection of a similar building and on a larger scale, now urgently
demanded, must ere long become a necessity, if the great convenience of one pas-
senger depot for all our railway lines is to be continued.

The cost of the site and improvements of the Union Depot property has been
about $275,000.

THE COUNTY COURT HOUSE.

Location: Court House Square, on Washington Street, between Alabama and
Delaware streets.

As the present rude structure, that, has for so many years sufficed for the pur-
poses of the courts and offices of the county, is in process of gradual dismember-
ment, to give way to a new .and more becoming structure; it is the latter, as it
T/ill be when completed, that is to be described here. The building will front on
Washington street ; the lineal extent of the front will be two hundred and seventy-
five feet; the depth of the main building, one hundred and thirty feet; and that of
the two wings, one hundred and four feet each. The elevation of the main coriiice
will be eighty-one feet; and of the tower, two hundred feet. The building will
consist of three stories, with a basement and a Mansard roof. Two minor towers,
one at the extremity of each wing, will be about one hundred feet in hight.

The style of architecture is the Renaissance. The ground floor will contain the
several county offices; the second story, the courts, consultation, library, and wit-
nesses' rooms ; the third (a mezzanine), the jury rooms, &c. The basement will be
devoted to general utility purposes. Beneath the basement floor will be the heating
apparatus.

There will be three main entrances to the building; on the south, west and east.
The court and other rooms will be spacious, and appropriate in the style or their
finish, with ceilings of great elevation. The whole building will be traversed by
spacious halls and corridors, and will be supplied with an abundance of light. The
ground plan is rectangular in form, and its entire linear extent is one tho-usand
six hundred and eighty feet. The plan makes due provisions for a jail building,
jail yard, and Sheriff's residence in the rear, and comprehends two entrance gates
ou each side the two on the north side being designed for carriages.

The plans are perfected, and the foundation is now rising. It is calculated
that the building will be completed in about four years, at an estimated cost of
about $500,000.

CEMETERIES.

CROWN -HILL CEMETERY.

Location: Two miles north-west of the city limits.

The dates of the establishment, dedication, etc., of Crown-Hill Cemetery, with
the names of the incorporators and managers, are stated in the general historical
sketch, page 125.

The total area of the grounds is three hundred and forty-nine acres. The location
is the most beautiful and appropriate for the purpose in the vicinity of the city ;
and its superiors anywhere are very few. It takes its name from that of the only
considerable eminence near the city. The grounds would appear to have been

BOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

especially ordained by nature for the purposes of a last resting place. They com-
bine the attractions of a rural cemetry with convenience of distance from the city
yet not so near as to be in danger of encroachment from the extension of the city
limits. A turnpike road is on the west line, and another on the east; while a street
railway to the main entrance brings it within a half hour's ride of the city. The
grounds are cut by small ravines into undulations of convenient size for sections ;
and the carriage-roads are so surveyed and laid out as to take advantage of this-
feature. The sections, therefore, vary in size and figure, and the winding roads aid
in producing a picturesque effect.

It has been the usage, in other principal cemeteries, to lay off the space in
square of rectangular lots, without regard to the configuration of the ground; im-
parting a certain monotony of aspect, which is obviated here by sections of multi-
form figures, and various size. This not only varies the aspect of the grounds, but
brings about " that true fraternity and comity of interests between the rich and
poor which should especially prevail in the city of the dead."

Large and magnificent lots, valued at thousands of dollars, are joined by small
plots which are within the means of the humblest citizen; and the elaborate and
costly monuments on the former add greatly to the beauty of the more unpreten-
tious memorial stones on the latter. Every section contains its large lots, and
small and cheap ones also; and each presents attractions for all classes, so that
there can never be a separation of the Cemetery into divisions for different
classes.

A section of the cemetery, on a beautiful and commanding knoll, la set apart
for a resting place for the Union soldiers who died while on duty in this city,
or whose remains have been brought here for interment.

To the natural beauties of the grounds, in their picturesque undulations and
abundance of forest trees, individual taste and affection have added (under judi-
cious regulations by the managers), the ornaments of evergreens and flowering
plants. Inclosures of lots have been forbidden, as marring the appearances of a
cemetery, and tending, with the rust and decay of time, to disfigure rather than to
beautify.

The tendency, in so many cemeteries, to too great a profusion of shrubbery
and shade trees, which excludes sunlight and makes the grounds dark and damp,
is confined within judicious limits here.

The Cemetery is a public institution in which every person who purchases a
burial plot has as great an interest as any of the incorporators or managers the
second of the articles of incorporation being as follows: " The distinct and irrevoc-
able principle on which this association is founded, and to remain forever (except
as hereinafter allowed), is that the entire funds arising from the sale of burial lots-
and the proceeds of any investment of said fands, shall be and they are specifically
dedicated to the purchase and improvement of the grounds for the Cemetery, and
keeping them durably and permanently inclosed, and in perpetual repair through
all future time, including all incidental expenses for approach to the Cemetery, and
the proper management of the same ; and that no part of such funds shall, as divi-
dends, profits, or in any manner whatever, inure to the corporators."

The exception provided for in the foregoing article is the provision of the thir-
teenth article, that -'after twenty-five years shall have expired from the organiza-
tion of this corporation, by a vote of twenty-five of the corporators living in the
county of Marion, Indiana, and after a fund has accumulated which will amply
and permanently provide for the preservation, sustaining and ornamenting the

CEMETERIES. 261

Cemetery, sucli alteration may be made, at any annual meeting, in the princi-
ples and limitations of these articles as that out of the surplus funds of this Ceme-
tery or association, contributions and appropriations may be made by the managers
in aid of the poor of Indianapolis."

The success of the enterprise will appear from a comparison with other well
known cemeteries. The receipts from the sale of lots in Greenwood Cemetery,
during the first five years after it was opened, were $54,298. 17, and the like receipts
in Spring-Grove Cemetery, during the first twelve years, $128,892.49. The like re-
ceipts in Crown Hill Cemetery, from the date of its dedication to January 1st, 1870
(four years), were $172,060.70.

The Crown Hill Street Railroad, built chiefly by the Cemetery Company, at a
cost of $17,000, was permanently leased to, and is now operated by, the Street
Railway Company, of Indianapolis.

Crown Hill Cemetery has been under the immediate care of F. W. Chislett, as
Superintendent, ever since its establishment; and its ondition is the best evidence
he could desire, of his efficiency.

The number of interments to January 1st, 1871, aggregated two thousand one
hundred.

It contains many elegant monuments; and, whether in respect of natural
beauty of site or added -ornaments, ranks conspicuously among the cemeteries of
the country.

CIO-Y CEMETERY.

Location : On Kentucky Avenue, between West street and the river.

Of the establishment of this Cemetery, and other principal facts of its history
mention is. made on -page of the historical sketch in <the first part of this volume.

It was, until the opening of Crown Hill -Cemetery, the principal burial ground
of Indianapolis.

The original tract consisted of but four acres. As need arose for more space,
several additions were made by incorporated companies, the City having only a sort
of general administrative supervision over these additions, and the expenses of
of keeping the grounds in repair being borne toy the .proprietors and lot owners.

The site is a favorable one, and the added ornaments, in the matter of shade
'trees, shrubbery, drives, etc., extensive ; but since the opening of Crown Hill Cem-
etery, the City Cemetery has fallen into comparative disuse.

The names of many of the prominent citizens of by-gone days are recorded
on the memorial etones here; among others that of Ex-Governor Whitcomb.

With the exception of about one hundred, the lots are all sold,; but less than
half of them are occupied, as> yet, by graves.

There is no record of the number of interments in this cemetery.

Of the additions to the cemetery, the principal are as follows :

The Union Cemet&ry, consisting of five acres, laid off in February, 1834, by
Nicholas McCarty, Sr., Isaac Coe, James Blake, James M. Ray and John G.
Brown.

The next addition, consisting of seven and one-half acres, was laid off" by E. J.
'Peck, Esq., President of the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railway Company, in
February, 1852.

In September, 1838, a Philadelphia company, under [the name of Siter, Price
& Co., laid off a third addition, .embracing two out-l ot i of the city, which was called
Lawn Cemetery.

2Q2 HOLLOWA1TS INDIANAPOLIS.

The original grounds and the several additions above mentioned, are in one
inclosure, and are collectively called The City Cemetery. The entire area of this
cemetery is about twenty-five acres.

THE HEBREW CEMETERY..

Location: Three miles south of the center of the city-.

The grounds consist of three acres. As its name implies, this cemetery is de-
voted to the uses of a burial place for the- Jewish population.

It was established in 1856, and was the first property purchased by the Hebrew
congregation of Indianapolis.

It handsomely laid off in lots, but a small proportion of which have been re-
quired for interments, the Jewish population of the city being proportionabjy
small.

The grounds are appropriately inclosed, and if not picturesque either by na-
ture or art, are nevertheless maintained in a neat and tasteful condition,

THE CATHOLIC CEMETERY.

Location : Two miles south of the city.

The grounds of this cemetery consist of eighteen acres; of which ffve acre?
belong to the German (St. Mary's) congregation, and the remainder to the other
Catholic congregations. The whole tract was purchased in the year 1860, by the
Rev. Aug. Bessonies. pastor of St. John's Church, at a cost of about $2,500. The
value of the tract to-da-y would be about $4,000.

The grounds have no striking natural aspects. The site is sufficiently undu-
lating for all essential purposes, and art has done much to ornament the spot, in the
way of evergreens, shade trees, &c. The whole is neatly inclosed, and contains a
number of elegant monuments.

IJJTHEBAN CEMETERY.

On the first of May, 1870, the Trustees of St. Paul's German Evangelical
Lutheran Church purchased ten acres of ground, situated a short distance south of
the city, on the Three-notch road, between the Madison and Bluff roads, for a cem-
etery foB the members of that society. The grounds have been laid off in rectan-
gular lots, generally forty by sixty feet. The number of interments at the date of
this writing is five hundred and five.

LAW COURTS.

The pricipal law courts located here are :

The United States Circuit and District Courts; the Supreme Court of In-
diana; the Criminal Circuit, the Civil Circuit, and the Common Pleas Courts of
Marion county, and the Superior Court.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

The United States District and Circuit Courts are held in the Government
building, corner of Pennsylvania and Market streets..

LAW COURTS. 263

District Court. The United States District Court, for the District of Indiana,
was constituted by an act of Congress, approved March 3d, 1817. Under this act
the District Court had Circuit Court jurisdiction, and the judge's salary was fixed
at $1,000 a year, which has since been increased, from time to time, to $3,500 a
year. The following have been judges of this Court: Benjamin Park, 1817 to
1825; Jesse L. Holman, 1835 to 1842; Elisha M. Huntington, 1842 to 1863; Caleb
B. Smith, 1863 to 1864; Albert S. White, March to September, 1864; David
McDonald, December 13, 1864. to August, 1869; Walter Q. Gresham, the present
incumbent, since 1869.

Circuit Court. The judges of this Court have -been John McLean, Noah H.
Svvayne, David Davis and Thomas H. Drummond. Judges McLean, Swayne and
Davis presided in the Circuit Court by virtue of their offices as Associate Justices
of the Supremo Court of the United States. Judge Drummond presides as Judge
of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Seventh Judicial Circuit, com-
posed of the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin; a recent law of Congress
having created a circuit judge for each judicial circuit.

District Attorneys Thomas Blake, 1817 to 1819; Alexander Meek, 1819 to
1822; Charles Dewey, 1822 to 1829; Samuel Judah, 1829 to 1837; Tighlman A.
Howard, 1837 to 1840; John Pettit, 1840 to 1842; Courtland Gushing, 1842 to 1844;
Daniel Mace, 1844 to 1848; Lucien Barbour, 1848 to 1850; Hugh O'Neal, 1850 to
1853; Benjamin M. Thomas, 1853 to 1856; Alvin P. Hovey, 1856 to 1858; Daniel
W. Voorhees, 1858 to 1861; John Hanna, 1861 to 1866; Alfred Kilgore, 1866 to
1869; Thomas M. Browne, the present Attorney, from May term, 1869.

Clerks of Circuit and District Courts Henry Hurst, from 181 7 to 1835; Horace
Bassett, from Nov. 30, 1835, to May 24, 1853; when John H. Rea was appointed
District Clerk. Mr. Bassett continued Circuit Clerk to December 20, 1860, when
Mr. Rea was appointed to that place. He continued to held both offices to Septem-
ber 15, 1863, when Watt. J. Smith was appointed District Clerk. These gentlemen
remained in office until April 18, 1865, when J. D. Howland was appointed to both
clerkships.

Marshals John Vawter, 1817 to 1829; William Marshall, May 4, 1829, to
1830; Gamaliel Taylor, May 7, 1830, to 1840; Jesse D. Bright, May 18, 1840, to
1841; Robert Hanna, November 15, 1841, to 1845; Abel C. Pepper, November 17,
1845, to 1849; Solomon Meredith, May 21, 1849, to 1853 ; John L. Robinson, May,
1853, to 1860; Elisha G. English, 1860 to 1861; David G. Rose, April 1, 1861, to
1865; Benjamin Spooner, the present Marshal, April 24, 1865.

Branch Courts During the present year, what may be termed Branches of the
Circuit and District Courts have been established at New Albany and Evansville, by
authority of a late act of Congress.

THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA,

Created by the Constitution, was organized by an act of the first General Assembly
of the State, approved on the 23d December, 1816. The first term began on the
5th May, 1817. Up to 1852 the Supreme bench consisted of but three JudgesN
who were appointed by the Governor. Since then there have been four Judges,
elected every six years by the people. The following shows who have been Judges
'of the Supreme Court from the time of its establishment, and the period of service
of each:

The first bench consisted of James Scott, John Johnson and Jesse L. Holman.
At the December term, 1817, Isaac Blackford was appointed successor of John

264 HOLLOWAY'8 INDIANAPOLIS.

Johnson, deceased. On the 28th January, 1831, Stephen C. Stevens and John T.
McKinney succeeded Judges Scott and Holman. On the 30th May, 1836, Charles
Dewey was appointed successor of Judge Stevens, resigned, and Jeremiah Sullivan,
successor of Judge McKinney, deceased. On the 2lst January, 1846, Samuel E.
Perkins succeeded Judge Sullivan. On the 29th January, 1847, Thomas L. Smith
was appointed the successor of Judge Dewey.

October 12th, 1852, the bench having been increased to four Judges, by an
amendment of the State Constitution, and made elective by the people, Samuel E.
Perkins, Andrew Davison William G. Stewart, and Addison L. Koach were elec-
ted Judge Blackford holding otfer, as a fifth Judge, until the expiration of his
appointment. Judge Blackford retired from the bench on the 3d January, 1853,
having been a Judge of the Court thirty-six years. On the 18th May, 1854, Alvin
P. Hovey was appointed to succeed Judge Roache, resigned, and on the 10th Octo-
ber following Samuel B. Gookins was elected the successor of Judge Hovey.

December 10th, 1857, James M. Hanna was appointed to fill the unexpired
term of Judge Gookins resigned; and on the 16th January James L. Worden suc-
ceeded Judge Stewart, resigned.

On the llth October, 1864, Charles A. Kay, Jehu T. Elliott, James S. Frazer,
and Robert C. Gregory were elected to the Supreme Bench, and served until the
expiration of their term, January 3d, 1871 ; when the present Court was sworn in:
Samuel H. Buskirk, John Pettit, Alexander C. Downey, and James L Wordec,.

The Reports of the decisions of this Court, from the date of its organization
to the present time, consist of forty-one volumes.

The office of official Reporter of the Decisions of this Court was created in
1852, and made elective every four years. The reports of the decisions of the
Court up to May, 1848, were published by Judge Blackford in eight volumes, and
are styled Blackfords Reports. Another of the Judges, Smith, published a report
of the decisions rendered between May, 1848, and May, 1850, in one volume not
in general circulation among the profession called Smith's Report. The first offi-
cial Reporter was Horace Carter, whose reports are comprised in the first and second
volumes of the Indiana Reports beginning chronologically where Blackford's Re-
ports terminate. Albert G. Porter was Reporter of volumes three, four, five, six
and seven ; Gordon Tanner, of volumes eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen
and fourteen ; Benjamin Harrison, of volumes fifteen, sixteen and seventeen ; Mich-
ael C. Keer, of volumes eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one and twenty-two;
Benjamin Harrison, of volumes twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six,
twenty-seven, twenty-eight and twenty-nine; James B. Black, the present Reporter;
of volumes thirty, thirty-one and thirty-two.

MARION CIVIL CIRCUIT COURT.

The Civil Circuit Court for this county was established in 1821. Up .to the
creation of the Criminal Court, it had jurisdiction of criminal as well as civil
actions; since then, of civil actions only. Its present jurisdiction may be briefly
stated thus :

Exclusive jurisdiction of actions for slander and libel.

Concurrent jurisdiction with the Common Pleas and Superior Courts, in all
causes where the amount exceeds $50; and with the Superior Court in causes in-'
volving the title to real estate, and in those charging breach of marriage contract-

Appellate jurisdiction of civil causes arising in the justices courts, and of con.
tested wills appealed from the Court of Common Pleas.

LAW COURTS. 265

The following have been Judges of this Court from the time of its organiza-
tion: Wm W. Wick, Bethuel F. Morris, Wm. W. Wick, Stephen Major, Wm. J.
Peaslee, Wm. W. Wick, Fubius M. Finch, John Coburn, John T. Dye, Cyrus C.
Hines, and John S. Tarkington, the present Judge.

SUPERIOR COURT.

This Court was established by an act of the last General Assembly. It has no
exclusive jurisdiction.

Concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court in all manner of civil causes of
which the latter has jurisdiction, except actions for slander.

Appellate jurisdiction of all civil causes arising in the justices courts.

The Court has three J udges, who each try causes as a separate Court, at what
is called the Special Term, ; and who jointly determine at the General Term appeals
from the special term.

The bench consists of Judges H. C. Newcomb, Frederick Kand and Solomon
Blair.

THE MARION CRIMINAL CIRCUIT COURT,

Was created, by an act of the Legislature, December 20, 1865. There are six courts
of this description in the State. They were established in a few of the more popu-
lous counties to relieve the crowded dockets of the Civil Courts of all criminal
causes, and thus expedite the disposal of litigation.

This Court has original, exclusive jurisdiction of all felonies and misdemean-
ors, except such as may arise in the justices' courts and Mayor's court; and appel-
late jurisdiction of criminal causes arising in the justices' courts and Mayor's
court.

The first Judge of this Court was Gen. George H. Chapman, who was succeeded
in 1870 by Byron K. Elliott, the present Judge.

MARION COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS.

This Court was established in 1852, absorbing the Probate Court, which had
existed from the early history of the county up to that time.

The recent creation of the Superior Court, has relieved the Common Pleas of
much of its business, and will probably have the effect to make the latter chiefly
a Probate Court.

Its jurisdiction, as qualified by successive statutes, is, in brief, as follows :

Exclusive jurisdiction of all probate matters.

Concurrent jurisdiction with the Civil Circuit and Superior Court in all civil
causes except actions for libel, slander, breach of marriage contract, and those
involving title to real estate.

Appellate jurisdiction of all civil causes appealable from the justices' courts.

The Judges of this Court have been : Levi L. Todd, David Wallace, John
Coburn, Charles A. Ray, Solomon Blair, and Livingston Howland, the present
Judge.

JUSTICES' COURTS.

These are inferior courts, having limited jurisdiction in civil and criminal
causes.

Civil jurisdiction in causes where judgments are confessed, in any sum not ex-

2QQ HOLLO WArS INDIA NA POLIS.

ceeding $300. Tbey may try any action where the amount claimed does not ex-
ceed $200, where the suit is founded on contiact or tort.

Criminal jurisdiction Exclusive, original jurisdiction where the fine assessed
cannot exceed $3.00; concurrent jurisdiction with the Criminal Court, to determine
all cases, punishable by fine only, where the fine may not exceed $25; and prelim-
inary jurisdiction of felonies generally.

CITY COUKT.

This Court is coeval with the incorporation of Indianapolis as a city. It has
exclusive jurisdiction of violations of city ordinaces, and preliminary jurisdiction
of felonies.

MUSICAL SOCIETIES.

The capacities of the musical societies and of the musical professionals in. a
community, form a good measure of the position of that community in the scale of
civilzation and refinement.

A comparison of results attained in this city, shows a progress in musical sci-
ence commensurate with the city's material progress:

That a great improvement has been made in the character of our musical com-
positions, in the capacities of our musical organizations for vocal and instrumental
execution, in the qualifications of our musical teachers, in the general diffusion of
musical knowledge, in the patronage accorded the higher grades of musical talent,
are facts quite evident to those who have taken an interest in these subjects during
the past few years.

The first musical society of any prominence in this city, of which any record
is preserved, was organized about the year 1850. Mr. A. G. Willard was its leader,
and Professor P. R. Pearsoll (a musical pioneer of the city, but who has kept
even pace with, and. often in advance of, musical progress, and who might be
termed the Nestor of our home musicians), principal musician. Among its mem-
bers were. Mr. John L. Ketcham, Mr. Davidson, Mrs. Dr. Ackley, and other well
known names of the past and present days of Indianapolis. This society was short
lived.

Other societies, neither comprehensive in their objects nor animated by the
conditions favorable to longevity or success, were formed, lived their brief periods,
and were disorganized.

In 1863, the Musicale, a select society, composed only of musical experts, was
organized, with Mr. J. A. Butterfield as leader. The meetings were held in the
parlors of some of the members, among whom were Mrs. John W. Ray, Mrs. Hoi-
comb, Mr. R. R. Parker and Mr. A. M. Benham. This society was devoted to clas-
sical music only, and appeared in public but once during its organization, which
lasted two years.

In the summer of 1864, Professor Benjamin Owen came to this city, and soon
gathered together a large number of pupils in vocal music; whom, with the ama-
teur musicians of this city, he organized into a class, of which he which he was the
leader and pianist. This organization was largely efficient in educating the public
taste as to music ; their public appearances were frequent; they successfully essayed
difficult selections from the great masters. Among the prominent solo singers of
this society were Miss Croft (now Mrs. A. M. Benham), Miss Amelia Heinrichs,
Mrs. Dora Patterson Swift (since deceased), Miss Helen M. Dodge, Mr. L. D. Golds-
berry, Mr. and Mrs. Owen, and many others whose names do not now occur to

MUSICAL SOCIETIES.

the writer. The period of the existence of this society was about three years, when
it, too, yielded to the common lot.

The next considerable musical society in this city, was the Mendelssohn Society,
which was organized at Benham's music store, on the 23d of September, 1867. Its
officers were: W. H. Churchman, President; General Daniel Macauley, Vice
President; C. P. Jacobs, Secretary; Thoa. N. Caulfield, Director. The sessions were
held at the Institute for the Blind. Mr. Caulfleld was the conductor until his
removal from this city in 1868, when Professor Bergstein was elected leader, which
position he filled until the society was discontinued, in 1870. This organization
was by no means in vain. Its members studied good music and attained superior
excellence in execution, and certainly contributed materially to the cause of mu-
sical culture.

This necessarily brief and imperfect record of our past musical history, brings
us up to the organization of existing musical societies.

Before dismissing these general observations, it may be worthy of mention,
that the first pianos offered for sale in this city were manufactured by T. Gilbert,
of Boston, and consigned to the Rev. Charles Beecher, in 1844'. Some of these
instruments are still in use, and present a picturesque contrast with the improved
pianos of to-day. The first piano brought to this city was the one still in the pos-
session of Mrs, James Blake.

THE MAENNERCHOB.

The Indianapolis Maennerchor, in respect of its age, prominence, and musical
capabilities, is the chief German singing society of this city. It was founded in
1&54. Its first leader was E. Longerich, who was succeeded by A. Despa; he by
C. J. Kantman ; he by Professor C. H. Weegman, and he by Professor Carl Berg-
stein, the present leader. In the great National Saengerfest held here in 1867, the
Indiananolis Maennerchor was the inviting society and the directing one. The
net proceeds of that festival aggregated $2,500; all of which was donated for the
benefit of the German-English School, of the Indianapolis Benevolent Society,
and of the German Benevolent Society of this city.

The Maennerchor now numbers about sixty active members, of whom about
twenty-five are ladies; and three hundred honorary members.

In addition to the occasional public appearances of the Maennerehor, its mem-
bers hold a "Social" once each month, during the winter season, on which occa-
sions fine vocal and instrumental concert programmes are performed, and the best
and most difficult compositions are excellently rendered. Recently the society
has leased the entire Turner-Hall building, where its meetings for the transaction
of business, rehearsals, and practice, are held.

THE HARMONIE,

A German singing society, was organized on the 1st. of October, 1869, and is-
the result of a consolidation of three former German societies of this city, the
Liederkranz, the Harmonia and the Frohtinn. These three societies joined together,
under the direction of Professor Bergstein, in September, 1869, to celebrate the
Humboldt centennial.

The temporary union of these societies was followed by their permanent con-
solidation, under the name of Harmonic, on the date above mentioned. This union f
suggested, and in a great measure secured, by Professor Bergstein, made the Har-

268 HOLLO WAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

monie a very large society. Its objects are similar to those of the Xaennerchor, and
its organization also, save that ladies are not admitted as members, as in the Maen-
nerchor.

The members meet twice a week, in Marmont's Hall, for rehearsals and practice.

The President of the society is Henry Elft, and the Director C. B. Lizius.
The number of active members is forty-five.

THE DRUID MAENNERCHOB.

This German singing society was founded in 1868. As its name implies, none
but Druids can be admitted to membership, and it has no lady members. In other
respects, its organization and character are similar to the Maennerchor society ;
but, being much younger than the latter, it has not attained to the prominence or
skill of that organization.

Its meetings for the transaction of business, rehearsal, practice, and so forth,
are held twice each week, in Mozart Hall.

It has about one hundred members, of whom thirty-two are on the active or
singing list. The President is Philip Reichwein ; and the Director, Professor August
Mueller.

THE CHORAL UNION.

This is a select society, having for its objects mutual progress in musical cul-
ture and the advancement of musical science in this city. It is composed chiefly
of amateurs, directed and leavened by skill and trained talent. It numbers many
of the best amateur singers in the city.

The Union was projected and has been sustained by certain enterprising citi-
zens, in the hope of making it a fitting musical exponent of the city of Indian-
apolis.

Need often arises, in a city of this size, for the services of a musical organiza-
tion capable of rendering the better and more difficult musical productions, and this
desideratum is is now found in the Choral Union. From its large membership and
its abundant practice and competent training, the organization appears to partic-
ular advantage in choruses, while it also embraces a good proportion of singers
of marked and peculiar excellence for solos and concerted pieces. The recent
public appearances of the Union attest the great capabilities and promise of this
organization. The society has already accumulated a large musical library. The
Union is not devoted to vocal music alone, but embraces an orchestra also. The
number of members is about one hundred and twenty-five.

The officers are: M. R. Barnard, President; Wm. C. Smock, Secretary; Prof.
J. S. Blaek, Director; E. C. Mayhew and Prof. G. B. Loomis, Leaders.

THE PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA.

This organization is composed of a number of the more proficient amateurs of
this city. It contains the elements and capabilities of a first class orchestra. The
members meet once each week for study and practice. The field of their study and
practice is classical music, as opposed to the wish-washy and tasteless productions
which are thrown upon the market in such lavish abundance, and find multitudes
of interpreters and patrons. The leader and conductor is Dr. K. A, Barnes.

PUBLIC LIBRABrES.
MISCELLANEOUS.

Benbam's Musical Review (a handsome and well edited monthly periodical of
twenty-four pages), now in the sixth year of its publication, must be reckoned
prominently among the agencies that have done much to organize and develop
our musical talent, and advance musical intei-ests in this city. Its pages embrace
each month much valuable original and selected matter, correspondence, musical
compositions, etc. Its list of contributors comprises some first class talent, in this
country and in Europe, whose contributions are frequently widely reprinted.

The Musical Visitor, a monthly periodical of twenty pages, published by A.
G. Willard & Co., yet in the first year of its publication, is also growing into
deserved favor and consequence.

Within the past three or four years Professor J. S. Black, as an instructed of
vocal music, has done much to inspire greatly increased interest in musical culture.

Among other prominent instructors are Professors Bergstein, Reitz, Leckner
and Pearson.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

The State Library was called into existence by an act of the General Assembly
in 1843. It was created and is maintainedby Legislative appropriations. Includ-
ing battle-flags, war relics, and so forth, the Library occupies the entire west half
of the first story of the State Capitol.

The present number of volumes, of all descriptions, is about twenty-fiva thou-
sand : of which ten thousand are literary and miscellaneous works; seven thousand,
public laws and documents; two thousand, bound volumes of newspapers and peri-
odicals; four thousand, duplicate volume* of public laws and documents; and two
thousand, pamphlets and unbound documents.

The Library is in charge of the State Librarian, who is elected biennially by
the General Assembly. The following have been the Librarians: Samuel P. Dan-
iels, to 1844; John B. Dillon, 1844 to 1851; Nathaniel Bolton, 1851 to 1853;
Gordon Tanner, 1853 to 1857; James B. Bryant, 1857 to 1859; James Lyon, 1859
to 1861 ; Deloss Brown, 1861 to 1863; David Stevenson, 1863 to 1865; Benjamin
F. Foster, 1865 to 1869; M. G. McLain, 1869 to 1871; and James De Sanno, the
present Librarian.

For the support of the Library, and for meeting the expenses incident to its main-
tenance, there is a standing appropriation of $400 per annum, and a yearly specific
appropriation of $1,000. These amounts do not admit of extensive additions to
the Library; and to make it all it should bu, in respect of the literary and scientific
collection, larger appropriations are requisite.

THE INDIANAPOLIS LIBRARY.

The city is yet without a general circulating Library. The want of such a
Library has led, in past years, to the inception of a number of unsuccessful move-
ments looking to that result. As a preliminary movement to this end, in March,
1869, one hundred citizens organized, under the style of the Indianapolis Library
Association. The conditions of membership were, and are, a subscription for
library purposes of $150, to be paid in annual installments of $25; thus afford-
ing an annual revenue of $2,500, for five years, for the maintenance and increase
of the Library.

270

BOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

The Association proceeded with promptness to carry out its object. Suitable
rooms were secured in Martindale's building, north-east corner of Pennsylvania
and Market streets ; and the paid up portion of the subscriptions have, from time
to time, been devoted to the purchase of books and the support of the Library. The
management of the enterprise has been excellent, and the funds of the Association
have been invested to the best possible advantage. Already a collection of about
three thousand volumes has been obtained; which number will be increased
during the present spring to about four thousand five hundred; and it may justly
be said that a better selection of like magnitude, than the three thousand volumes
now on the shelves, could hardly be made. For the present the privileges of the
Library are restricted to members those who subscribe $150 to the Library fund
and to such others as may be allowed the use of the books by the payment of 5.00
annually.

This limitation of the use of the books to subscribers was, and is yet, mani-
festly necessary to the creation of a Library at all; and it has been the intention
from the first to convert it into a Public Circulating Library as soon as it shall
have attained a suitable magnitude and endowment.

The officers of the Association are: John D. Rowland, President; William
P. Fishback, Vice President; D. W. Grubbs, Secretary; William S. Hubbard,
Treasurer.

MARION COUNTY LIBRARY.

This Library now aumbors about two thousand volumes. The records show
the first meeting of the first Board of Trustees of the Library to have been held in
April, 1844. The Trustees are appointed by the County Commissioners. The first
Board consisted of D. L. McFarlin, George Bruce, Henry P. Coburn, John Wilk-
ins, James Sulgrove, and Livingston Dunlap.

The present Trustees are Powell Rowland, L. M. Phipps, Charles X. Todd
William Hadley, John Duncan, and George W. Parker.

The interest on a fund of $2,000 is expended, as it accrues, in the purchase of
books, &c.

The payment of a small sum annually entitles any citizen of the county to
the use of the books.

THE TOWNSHIP LIBRARY,

Is in the keeping of the Township Trustee, whose office is on North Delaware street,
opposite the Court house.

The collection is an indifferent one, numbering, all told, about one thousand
volumes; and the appropriations for its support are too limited to admit of any
considerable additions.

TELEGBAPH COMPANIES.

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY.

Location of Indianapolis Office: In Blackford's Block, south-east corner of
Washington and Meridian streets.

The first Telegraph office in this city was opened on the 12th of May, 1848
an office of the CMto, Indiana and Illinois Telegraph Company better known as the

TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. 271

O'Riilly line, from the name of its principal owner, Henry O'Reilly, one of the
early builders of telegraph lines in this country, and owner of the right to con-
struct lines in a large extent of western territory, purchased from S. F. B. Morse,
the inventor of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph.

The O'Reilly line, as originally constituted, was from Dayton to Chicago, and
ante-dating all of the numerous' railways diverging from this city at the present
day, was built along ordinary highways. Richmond, Indianapolis, and Lafayette
were the intermediate points of prominence on this line. A branch of this line
extended from Lafayette down the Wabash river, and through Terre Hnute to
Evansville; and these embraced all the telegraphic facilities in the State at that
time, except a line through the northern counties, from Cleveland to Chicago.

In 1853, the Cincinnati J St. Louis liae was built, and an "opposition" office was
opened in this city.

About January, 1852, the "oppositioa" line had been sold to a new company,
and rechvistened as the Wade line.

On the 1st of May, 1853, the "opposition" office was consolidated with the
O'Reilly office, and its interests were merged into the latter. This step was in con-
sequence of the light receipts of the offices; 'for it was only a few years ago that the
use of the telegraph was a comparative rarity when contrasted with the general
and extensive use of that agency at the present day. The consolidation applied
only to points where both companies had been maintaining separate offices.

During the spring of 1854, the Wade company constructed a new line from
Cincinnati to St. Louis, via the Ohio ^ Mississippi Railway, which resulted in the
discontinuance of that company s line between the same points, via the ordinary
highways through this city.

The next line built was from Indianapolis to Union City (along the Bellefon-
taine Railway], and extended from the latter point to Dayton, Ohio; on the com-
pletion of which the line along the ordinary road, between Dayton and Indianap-
olis via Richmond, was discontinued.

In the summer of 1854, the Western Union Telegraph Company built a line from
Cincinnati to Indianapolis, over the Indianapolis $ Cincinnati Railway, and main-
tained a separate office in this city for a short time. About the first of October,
1856, the office of the Western Union and O'Reilly lines, in this ci y, were consoli-
dated, giving to the former company control of the consolidated interests, with
John F. Wallack) the present district superintendent) 0,3 manager. The Western
Union Telegraph Company now operated four Hues: one to Cincinnati; one to Day-
ton, Ohio, via Union City; one to Madison ; and the old line, via the ordinary road,
from here to Lafayette.

In 1856, was inangurated the present arrangement between the Western Union
Telegraph Company and the Associate! Press of Indianapolis, in regard to tele-
graphic news reports an arrangement since expanded and perfected; existing at
nearly every point in this country where daily newspapers are published, and ena-
bling the latter to furnish their readers with the news of the day in all parts of
the New and Old Worlds.

It will, perhaps, be sufficient to give an idea of the magnitude of this business
of furnishing "Press Reports," to state that the transmission of these reports oc-
cupy the lines almost exclusively from six o'clock in the evening till from one to
three (as a rule') on the next morning. The aggregate of such reports, received at
and sent from this city, is now about eight thousand five hundred words per day,

272 BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

paid for at lower rates, of course, than ordinary messages, on the basis of contracts
between the several united Press associations and the Telegraph companies

It may be worthy of note, in this connection, to state, that the first press re-
port sent to this city by telegraph, appears to have been in the month of Decem-
ber, 1851, according to an entry in a record of that date, charging Wm. J. Brown
(of the Sentinel) 11, on account of services in telegraphing the President's mes-
sage (a very slight abstract or statement of its points, evidently). Henceforth the
growth of the business of the office was rapid, and new lines multiplied as new
railroads were built.

In December, 1864, tho United States Telegraph Company an association that
promised at one time to be a strong rival of the Western Union Company opened
an office here; but, from the first, the policy of the managers of the Western Union,
has been that of absorbing rival enterprises; and so, in 1866, the United States line
shared the general fate; and its lines here, nine in number, passed under the con-
trol of the Western Union Company.

By a recent re-division of the Territory of the Western Union Telegraph Com-
pany (which operates seven-eighths of all the lines in the United States, and a con-
siderable portion of the lines in New Brunswick and New Foundland), Mr. -Wai-
lick's jurisdiction, as Superintendent of the Sixth District of the Central Division,
comprises the lines radiating from Indianapolis, and the lines intersecting there-
with, south to the Ohio river; east to Columbus and Crestline, Ohio; west to Altom
Illinois; and north to Chicago.

The number of Telegraph offices within the area of Mr. Wallick's district, of
which Indianapolis is the principal office, is one hundred and sixty; with two
thousand two hundred and eighteen miles of poles, and four thousand four hundred
and fifty-eight miles of wire. In the main office in this city twenty-nine separate
wires are worked.

The business having out grown the accommodations of the former location of
the office, it was removed in 1865 to blackford's Block, south-east corner of Meri-
dian and Washington streets; where it is now located, and occupies four rooms:
one in the basement, called the "battery room;" one on the ground floor, for the
business office where messages are received and delivered; one on the second floor,
used for the Superintendent's office; and a large room on the third floor, called the
"operating room," containing twenty-four sets of the best instruments, and with
superior appointments in every other respect; and another on the third floor, used
as a "local battery" room.

The offices in this city operating the Western Union Company 1 s lines are as fol-
low: The main office in Blackford's block, and auxiliary offices at the Union
Depot, at the rooms of the Board of Trade, and at each of the railway depots
about eighteen or twenty in all.

The present organization of the office is as follows: John F. Wallack, Dis-
trict Superintendent; C. C. Whitney, Manager of the main office in Indianapolis ;
and fifty-one operators and other employes, including those at the branch offices.

It is an instructive commentary on the progress of Indianapolis, as well as on
the increasing patronage of the Telegraph, that for several years after the establish-
ment of the first office in this city, one operator, (without the assistance of even a
messenger), had no hard task in transacting all the business, besides keeping a sec-
tion of the line in repair; while about fifty-six persons are required to direct and
perform the business of to-day.

The growth of this business will also appear by the following exhibit of the

EXPRESS COMPANIES. 273

annual receipts of the main office (exclusive of the receipts from press reports, the
extent of which has already been mentioned), since the establishment of the first
office in Indianapolis: 1848, $530.33; 1849, $1,105.08 ; 1850, $1,161.08; 1851,
-$1,619.28; 1852, $1,889.88; 1853, $1,808.18; 1854, $2,433 90 . 1855, $2,788.47;
1856, $2,52404; 1857, $4,29.38; 1858, $33,855.18; 1859, $4,078.72; 1860, $5,202.61;
1861, $16,098.25; 1862, $23,192.33; 1863, $22,158.32 ; 1864, $31,978.85; 1865, $33,-
418.31; 1866, $26,981.51; 1867, $23,916 75; 1868, $29,037.59; 1869, $24,854.47;
1870, $22,271.19.

The slight reduction of the receipts for the past year from those of several pre-
vious years,' is on account of the extensive employment of the telegraph for mili-
tary purposes during the war which inflated the business of the Telegraph Com-
pany, as it did nearly every species of business.

THE TACIFIC AND ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY.

Location of the Indianapolis office: No 21 South Meridan street.

Op the 15th December, 1869, the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company opened
an office at No. 22 South Meridian street, in this city, with E. C. Hewlett, Esq.,
as manager. This company was organized as an opposition to the Western Union
Company ; and has thus far avoided the fate of previous opposition companies in
the West: which have been either absorbed into that powerful corporation, or,
after a while, have ceased to exist.

The usual result of competition has followed the establishment of the opposi-
tion office here: a large reduction (almost 66 per cent.), in the rates of telegraph-
ing to all points reached by the lines of the competing companies.

The new company gives every external evidence of a good degree of prosper-
ity and growth, considering its youth and the great wealth and power of the West-
ern Union company.

The lines have been extended as rapidly as patronage has seemed to justify ;
and the reduction in tolls caused by the establishment of competing lines, appears
to have increased the volume of business to such a degree as to sustain a healthy
opposition to the Western Union Company; in which opposition the Pacific and At-
lantic, the Atlantic and Pacific, and the Franklin Companies are combined and
mutually interested. The business of the office here shows a favorable improvement :
the receipts for the month of December, 1870, being tenfold those of the corres-
ponding month in 1869. The office now employs the services of a manager and
two operators, and operates wires as follows: One to Pittsburgh, two to Chicago,
two to Dayton, and one to Cincinnati. This company also has communication with
"fit Louis, via Chicago.

On the 1st February, 1871, a fire partially destroyed the building at that time
occupied by the office of this company. The office was promptly re-opened at No.
21 South Meridian street, its present location.

EXPRESS COMPANIES.

The increase in the carrying trade by express companies, at this point, has
been in proportion to the multiplication of railways, and, consequently, has been
very great.

The Adams Express Company was the first to open an office here, upon the
completion of the Madison Railway, in 1847. The first agent of the company was
M. M. Landis, Esq. As other railway lines were opened, new routes were also
'opened over them.
(18)

274 HOL'LOWArS INDIANAPOLIS.

The American Express Company's office, here, was established in 1852.

This latter event resulted in a division of territory, as follows: the Adami-
having routes over the Bellcfontaine and Terre Haute & Richmond Railways, and
on all the railway lines running south of the lines named; the American also hav-
ing routes over those two lines, and on lines running" north of them.

This division of territory remained in force until the establishment here of an
office of the United States Express Company, in 1354. This new competitor ac-
quired a portion of the routes previously operated by the American, the Adams still
retaining all of the territory acquired in the division with the American.

This arrangement remained in force until 18156, when a new competitor, the
Merchants' Union, opened an office here, establishing routes over such lines of rail-
ways as granted the requisite permission. This status continued about two years.
Then, to prevent unprofitable competition, the several companies above named
made a new division of territory. By this arrangement the Adams Express Com-
pany's office here disappeared early in 1868.

In the latter part of the year 1868, by consolidation' of the two companies, the
offices and business of the American and Merchants' Union Express Companies, at
this place, were united.

By virtue of a new arrangement between the companies, the office of the
Adams Company was reopened March 12th, 1870. As a result of the previous ar-
rangements, above noted, the business of the Adams has been very much dimin-
ished, and restricted to fewer routes than formerly; for which concessions here,
corresponding advantages were gained elsewhere.

The present division of territory is as follows :

The American has exclusive routes on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Layfay-
ette Rail way; the Martinsville; the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis ; the
-Indianapolis & St. Louis; the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indianapolis ;
the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago (north of Greencastle); The Evansville &
Crawfordsville (north of Terre Haute); the Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago
(north of Terre Haute); the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis (from Indianapolis
to Dayton); the Chicago and Great Eastern (from Richmond to Chicago).

The United States has exclusive routes over the Cincinnati & Indianapolis Junc-
tion Railway; the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago; the Indianapolis, Bloomington &
Western; the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis (from Richmond to Columbus);
the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis (from Indianapolis to Crest-
line): and the White Water Valley of the I., C. & L.

The Adams has exclusive routes over the Indianapolis & Vincennes Railway ;
the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago (south of Greencastle); the Evansville &
Crawfordsville (south of Terre Haute). This company has also the right to do
through business over the eastern lines leading from this city.

The earnings of the Indianapolis offices of the several companies, last year,
were as follows:

American Merchants' Union $100,335 00

United States 46,600 00

Adams (est.) ' 25,000 00

Total 171,935 00

Number of employees: American Merchants' Union and United .States, 80;
Adams, T.

AGRICULTURE. 275

The offices are located as follows: American Merchants' Union and United
States, J. A. Butterfield, Agent, north-west corner of Meridian and Maryland streets .
Adams, John H. Ohr, Agent, No. 17 North Meridian street.

AGRICULTURE.

INDIANA STATE BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE.

Indianapolis, as the Capital, from its central situation, and as the commercial
metropolis of the State, is so identified with the agricultural interests of Indiana,
that a sketch of the State Board of Agriculture is proper in this volume, i

The Indiana State Board of Agriculture was organized by a special act of the
Legislature, entitled "An act for the Eacouragement of Agriculture," approved
February the 14th, 1851.

In this act we find, as incorporate members of the Board, the names of such
prominent men as Gov. Jos. A. Wright, Dr. A. C. Stevenson, Putnam county; Gen.
Joseph Orr, Laporte county; David P. Holloway, Wayne county; Geo. P. Lane,
Dearborn county; and others who have taken conspicuous parts in matters apper-
taining to the general advancement of agriculture and manufacturing interests in
Indiana.

Prior to the passage of this act, and in no small degree instrumental in se-
curing its passage, societies for the promotion of agriculture and the mechanic arts
had been formed, by individual enterprise, in a few of the counties. Of these the
most noteworthy were those in Wayne and Marion counties; the former, attribu-
table to the efforts of Gen. Sol. Meredith, W. T. Dennis, David P. Holloway, J. M.
Garr, and others; the latter, to the efforts of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, Wm. S.
Hubbard, Dr. G. W. Mears, and others.

Through this means a stimulus was given to agriculture and manufacturing in
Indiana, and especially to the latter at this point, that in all reasonable proba-
bility, in the absence of this legislative enactment, would not have been attained
for many years to corne.

The State Board was industrious and efficient. Dr. A. C. Stevenson, of Putnam
county, visited England while a member of the Board, and brought home numerous
specimens of the finest short-horns. In eastern Indiana, more particularly, are the
fruits of these instrumentalities conspicuously apparent. General Meredith, George
Davidson, and others, of Wayne county, and Hon. I. D. G. Nelson, of Allen county,
soon followed in this line of progress, until the ambition to offer first class products
in the markets of the East from Indiana, became general; and whatever credit
may have attached to Indiana in this regard is, in the main, directly traceable to
this Act of our Legislature and the efforts made by our Board of Agriculture.

The following have been Presidents of the Board : Gov. Joseph A. Wright,
Gen. Joseph Orr, Dr. A. C. Stevenson, Gen Geo. D. Wagner, Hon. D. P. Holloway,
Maj. Stearns Fisher, Hon. A. D. Hamrick, and Hon. Jas. D. Williams, present incum-
bent. The following have been Secretaries : John B. Dillon, William T. Dennis s .
Ignatius Brown, W. H. Loomis, A. J. Holmes, Hon. Fielding Beeler, and Jos. Poole
present incumbent.

The Eighteenth Annual State Fair, under the auspices of the State Board, was
held in October, 1870. The First was held on the site of the present western City
Park, October 28th, 1852. The State Board have paid in premiums more than one
hundred and thirty thousand dollars at these several Fairs. But the amount ex-

276 HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

pended in premiums is a very small portion of the great assistance agricultural
interests in Indiana have received by ihe law to which we have referred. For it
not only brought into existence the State Board of Agriculture, but we find that
in the brief period of five years (1857), sixty-eight County Societies had been or-
ganized under and by the provisions of this act.

February 17th, 1852, the first or original act was amended, allowing County
Societies to draw from the county treasuries certain funds arising from licenses to
menageries, &c.; and subsequently the Legislature passed laws empowering the
State Board of Agriculture and County and District Societies to purchase and hold
real estate.

In 1864 W. H. Loomis, then Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, was mainly
instrumental in securing the passage of an act exempting Fair Ground property
from taxation, and directing County Treasurers to refund taxes paid on real estate
so held.

It is dne to Mr. Loomis, in passing, to state he has been something more than
merely an efficient officer in the Board. His zeal and interest in securing the
highest usefulness of that organization, have been extraordinary and efficacious :
and for many years he has been a valuable aid to agricultural progress in Indiana.

The supreme efforts of the State in aid of subduing the Kebellion absorbed
the attention of Legislatures and people, agricultural progress was retarded in
consequence, and very many local Agricultural Societies were discontinued. Sub-
sequently the attention of the pub'ic returned to the arts of peace; and agriculture
reasserted its high claims upon the attention of the authorities.

Previous enactments having been found defective, the Legislature enacted a
law authorizing "Joint Stock Associations for the promotion of Agricultural,
Mechanical, Mining and other industrial pursuits." Under this latter law many
contiguous counties in various portions of the State, have united and organized
"Joint Stock Associations,'' have purchased fine grounds, pay larger premiums
than the old societies, and have proved more useful to the advancement of home
industry than the older organizations.

To the success of all laudable efforts in the promotion of these enterprises,
whether under the auspices of our State Board of Agriculture, or of Joint Stock,
County, or District Associations, the Capital has contributed liberally. State Fairs
like any other public gatherings that assemble at Indianapolis while they may, and
do, bring profit to its tradesmen and patronage to its hotels, are, nevertheless,
proportionally beneficial to the State at large; and the Capital has not been the
recipient of any undue share of the benefits growing out of these enterprises.
While the State has appropriated $37,752.71 for the State Board of Agriculture,
-since its organization, in 1851; the citizens of Indianapolis have contributed to
the Board $28,946.95, in addition to their proportion of legislative appropriations.
Thirteen of the eighteen annual exhibitions of the State Board have been held at
this city; and of these but one was, in any sense, a failure.

. This exception was the exhibition of 1860, one of the finest displays made at
any of the whole series, but called a "failure." financially, because at its conclu-
sion the Board found itself several thousand dollars in debt. But inasmuch as it
was the first exhibition held in the new Fair Ground. (Camp Morton having just
been purchased by the Board for that purpose), on which large sums had been
expended by way of improvements, the Fair could not justly be called a failure,
because its receipts were unequal to such extraordinary expenses.

On the contrary, all but one (that at Terre Haute), of the five Fairs held at

AGRICULTURE. 277

other points, in the State, were financial failures, because of their unfavorable loca-
tions for a general attendance from all sections of the State.

By excellent management the debt of the Board has since been extinguished.

The Fair Grounds, situated in the northern suburb of the city, consist of
thirty-six acres; of which thirty acres were purchased by the railway companies, and
the remainder by the State Board. These grounds are excellently adapted to the
purpose, and possess all the requsite improvements for the convenience of exibitors
and visitors.

THE INDIANAPOLIS AGRICULTURAL AND MKCHANICAL ASSOCIATION.

In the year 1870 a Joint Stoclf Association with the above title was formed in
this city, for the encouragement of Agriculture, the Mechanic Arts, and Stock-
growing. The first Board of Directors, elected on the 28th of March, 1870, was
composed of Lewis W. Hasselman, E. S. Alvord, Hon. Fielding Beeler, John Fish-
back, Richard J. Bright, John T. Francis, W. C. Holmes, Jos. D. Patterson, and
Hon. T. B. McCarty.

At the first meeting of the Board of Directors they elected the following offi-
cers:

President, Lewis W. Hasselman; Vice President, E. S. Alvord; Treasurer, E.
J. Rowland; General Superintendent, John B. Sullivan; Secretary, J. George
Stilz ; Assistant Secretary, William H Loomis. The latter gentleman, until his
recent removal to Colorodo, performed all the active duties pertaining to the office
of Secretary.

The Association held its first exhibition and a very creditable one on the
State Fair Grounds, last September; at which more than $14,000 in premiums was
awarded and paid. Owing to the value of the premiums thus paid, to the fact that
this was the Association's first exhibition, and to the erroneous impression prevail-
ing throughout the State that it was merely a local exhibition, the attendance was
disproportionate to the merits of the Fair.

So far as the display was concerned, it was incontestibly a great success; and
in live stock and manufactures, it "was preeminently so. The merits of this initial
exhibition, and the liberal award of premiums, if not at the time remunerative, have
given the Association a wide-spread popularity, and will insure adequate attend-
ance upon its future exhibitions.

Though the first exhibition resulted in a loss of several thousand dollars, for
the reasons stated, the Association is confident of future success, and is determined
to deserve it. Its officers and principal stockholders have the requisite enterprise,
public spirit and financial ability to successfully conduct a much graver undertak-
ing.

At the second annual meeting of Stockholders, held at their office in the Indi-
anapolis Board of Trade Room, March 28th, 1871, the following gentlemen were
elected a Board of Directors : John Fishback, Indianapolis ; Col. Wm. M. Wheatly,
Indianapolis; Gen. Sol. Meredith, Cambridge City; Owen Tuller, Terre Haute;
Hon. Fielding Beeler, Indianapolis ; John T. Francis, Indianapolis ; Wm. C. Smock,
Indianapolis; Eli Heiny, Indianapolis; John H. Kenyon, Indianapolis.

The following officers were elected for the current year: President, John
Fishback ; Vice President, Col. Wm. M. Wheatley ; Treasurer, Joseph R. Haugh ;
Secretary, Wra. H. Loomis*; Superintendent, Elisha J. Rowland.

*Sin ce appointed Register of the Land Office at Fair Play, Colorado ; whither he has removed.

278 HOLLOWATS 1KDIANAPOLIS.

At this meeting steps were taken to purchase suitable grounds for the use of
the Society, and eighty-six acres, directly south of the city, on the line of the Jef-
fersonville and Indianapolis Railroad, two miles from the center of the city, at the
southern terminus of East street, were subsequently secured. The grounds are
abundantly supplied with clear, perpetually running water, and abundance of shade.

The capital slock of the Assocation has been increased to one hundred thou-
sand dollars; thus making it an easy matter for the Society to improve their
grounds in a substantial manner, by the building of permanent halls for the exhi-
bition of machinery and manufactured articles of all kinds, of stalls for live stock,
and by putting into proper condition a fine one-mile time-track for the exhibition

of horses.

~ iB^v

MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES.

THE INDIANAPOLIS TTJRN-VEREIN.

The society of the Indianapolis Turn- Verein was organized on the 31st Decem-
ber, 1864, with the following members: John F. Mayer, Fred. Steffens, Charles
Hoehne, F. Erdelmeyer, C. Koster, P. Lieber, J. Blosh, H. Hartung, F. Balweg, T.
Moesch, L. Maas, E. J. Metzger, P. Kretsch, C. Steffens, B. Bannwarth.

The objects of the Association, stated briefly, are the mental and physical im-
provement of the members. -Stated more fully, they were originally meant to
embrace a wide field of intellectual exercises, as well as theoretical and practical
.gymnastics; slated meetings for hearing lectures on all subjects of human thought;
literary and gymnastic exercises by the members; and methodical instruction, intel-
lectual as well as physical.

This comprehensive programme, never fully carried out, is less than ever
adhered to at the present time. In fact, beyond the gymnastic exercises of the
youth, and the exhibitions of skill therein by them, the society is chiefly social in
character.

The Hall is furnished wiih the requisite appliances, for gymnastic exercises ;
in which a high degree of skill has been attained by many of the German youth.

Occasionally, at public entertainments, festivals 4 etc., the members give exhi-
bitions of their proficiency in the performance of difficult gymnastic feats; illus-
trating that the organization has been and is a success in respect of at least one of
its objects, that of physical improvement.

To have succeeded so well in this particular more than justifies the establish-
ment and maintenance of the society; for an organization that has been so effect-
ive in conducing to good health and vigorous and muscular bodies, which invites
so successfully the youth to spend their leisure time for the benefit of their health,
instead of in idle and dissolute ways, is certainly a beneficent and commendable
organization.

The Indianapolis Turn-Verein belongs to the American Alliance of Turners
(the Turner-Bund), and subscribes to the platform of the latter.

The society numbers about fifty members, and occupies the first story of the
Turn- Halle building.

The present officers are: Adolph Frey, First Speaker (President); Adolph
Bauer, Second Speaker (Vice President) ; Paul Kraus.;, First Turnwart (Director
of Gymnastic Exercises); F. W. Wachs, Second Turnwart; F. Rassfeld, Recording
Secretary; J. Martin, Corresponding Secretary ; F. Wenzel, Treasurer; C. Frische,

XrSGELLANEOUS SOCIETIES.

Zmgwart (Keeper of the Arms, &c.); C. Krauss, Librarian; J. Hunter,*' Charles
Steffens, and Louis Maas, Trustees.

.THE SOCIAL TURN-VEREIN,

Political differences in the Indianapolis Turn-Verein resulted in a schism ; a
number of the members withdrawing and organizing an independent society called
the Social Turn- Verein, on the 18th July, 1866. This independent organization is
devoted, as its name implies, to social and gymnastic cultivation ; and forbids the
introduction of the discordant elements of sectarianism or party creeds into its
councils and proceedings. It is fashioned, in its objects and methods, after the re-
.gular organization from which it withdrew ; but, refusing to comply with the con-
stitution of the National Alliance, in the respect of according support to political
parties according to the measure of their advocacy of liberty and progress, it is
not recognized by the American Turn-Bund. It has not, as yet, attained to the
prominence and influence of the Indianapolis Turn- Verein, although it now enjoys
a good degree of prosperity.

The present.Speaker of the society is Francis Schneider ; and the present num-
ber of members. is about sixtyrfive. During the present month (June 1871), meas-'
ures, looking to a reunion of this organization with the Indianapolis Turn-Verein,
have been instituted, with a strong probability of success.

THE ASSOCIATION OP FREE-THINKERS.

This German Association was founded in April, 1870, by Prof. Charles Bey-
schlag, of this city; who framed its constitution, and was its head and Speaker until
his resignation, in November, 1870.

The Association, as set forth in its constitution, and illustrated by its practice,
is founded on the basis of free thought, is independent of every sectional creed or
ecclesiastical belief, and accepts as true only such conclusions as are confirmed by
the elucidations of science, and established by the light of reason.

The ordinary methods by which the Association proposes to carry out its objects
are: lectures on popular, scientific and moral themes; a Sunday-school, in which are
taught the history and character of the different systems of religion and morals,
according to the best authorities; social meetings, in which all free-thinking peo-
ple and their families are invited to participate; and appropriate observations by
the Speaker at funerals, and on other serious and solemn occasions.

The Association now numbers about one hundred and fifty members. For its
support each member is required to pay one dollar into the treasury quarterly.

UNITED IRISH BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION.

Mention of this organization was inadvertently omitted from the chapter re-
lating to Benevolent Societies ; it is therefore inserted here.

This society was organized on the 24th of November, 1870. Its objects, MS
stated in its constitution, are: to promote the social welfare of Irish citizens; to
create a fraternity of sympathy, an identity of interest, and a union of po^ver
among them; and benevolence.

Membership of the society is limited to those who are of Irish birth or extvae-

* Deceased.

2g() SOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLIS.

tion, who are between the ages of eighteen and fifty year?, and who are free from
bodily infirmities calculated to abbreviate life.

The vitality and prosperity of the society are shown by the fact that its mem-
bership, at the end of five months from the date of organization, numbered one
hundred and fifty. It was recently incorporated under the laws of the State.

THE FENIAN BROTHERHOOD.

The Indianapolis Circle of the Eenian Brotherhood was organized in the year
1859, by the Rev. Edward 0' Flaherty. The first officers were: R. S. Sproule,
Centre; J. &. Keatinge, Secretary; Dr. Lynch, Treasurer.

Up to the time of the breaking out of the rebellion, the workings of the order
were in a quiet, preparatory sort of way, and but little was known or heard of it,
in a public sense, compared with its subsequent notoriety. About this time Mr.
John Simpson became Centre of the Indianapolis Circle.

The split of the order into the O'Mahoney and Roberts factions took place late
in 1865. A majority of the Indianapolis Circle voted that President Roberts was
the true chief of the Brotherhood; on which the minority withdrew and organized
a Circle in the O'Mahoney interest. Thomas Nash was chosen Centre of the latter
body, which died out after an existence of about one year.

On the 19th of March, 1966, President Roberts visited this city, and his recep-
tion at the old Tabernacle building, in the court house square, was one of the largest
mass meetings ever held in Indianapolis. At this meeting a large sum of money
was subscribed. After this all was quiet in Fenian Circles here till the latter part
of May of the same year, when orders were received to March to Canada. In
three days about one hundred and thirty men were armed, equipped, and sent to
the rendezvous at Buffalo, N. Y., under command of Captain James Haggerty.

The engagements near Fort Erie followed, in which the Indianapolis contin-
gent bore a prominent part. After the fiasco in which this raid resulted, Fenian-
ism, in this city, fell into decay; and late in 1866 it oeased to exist as an organiza-
tion, la the spring of 1867 it was reconstructed, and recovered much of its lost
strength.

On the 3d of June, 1868, a State Convention of the Brotherhood was held here,
when the State was divided into the Northern and Southern Districts, and . F.
Hart, of this city, was appointed Centre of the latter district. For a while the
Circle here prospered anew; but internal dissensions breaking out again, resulted
in its dissolution.

The Indianapolis Circle has not sinee had an existence as an organization.
Out of its disorganized material grew the present military company called the
Emmet Guards; and in 1870 was organized the St. Patricks Temperance Benevolent
Society, now numbering about one hundred and fifty members, and much more
effectual in reclaiming the subjects of intemperance from their moral degradation,
than was the Fenian Circle iu recovering the lost independence of Ireland.

Of the i-esuscitation of the Fenian organization in this city there is now next
to no prospect. The experiences of the past have taught many the impracticability
of achieving the independence of Ireland by unlawful forays into Canada; while
the mismanagement of the affairs of the order, and misuse of its resources, have
produced, a general distrust and. lukewarmness among its former members.

WATER WORKS. 281

THE WATER WORKS.

Of the different unfulfilled movements contemplating the building of water
works in this city, an account is given on pages 112 and 113, of the general history.

After much previous consideration and investigation of the subject, the City
Council, in January, 1870, granted a charter to the Water Works Company of In-
dianapolis, to build works for supplying the city with water; providing, among
other conditions, that the works should fee of the Holly system; that fifteen miles of
pipe should be laid before the close of the year 1871; and that, in addition to the
requisite supply of water for the cisterns, etc., the works should furnish the neces-
sary quantity of water and power for the extinguishment of fires.

The company, with a capital stock of $500,000, was at once organized, and the
following officers and directors were chosen :

President, Jamea O. Woodruff; Secretary, Alex. C. Jameson; Treasurer, Wil-
liam Henderson; Directors, William Braden, William Henderson, Thos. A. Hen-
dricks, Deloss Root, Harmon Woodruff, Henry R. Seldea, Aquilla Jones, Sr., and
James E. Mo&ney.

The Holly System, as most readers are aware, dispenses with the reservoir, and
forces the water directly from its source into the pipes by means of immense force-
pumps ; at the same time furnishing ample power and abundance of water for sup-
pressing fires doing away with the coat of purchasing and maintaining fire en-
gines.

The available portion of the Indiana Central Canal was purchased, for propel-
ling power for the machinry of the works. A site for the water supply, buildings,
&c., was secured on the east bank of the river, and south of Washington street
a huge well has been sunk; the pumps aad machinery have been put in position,
and over them a suitable building has been erected.

The fifteen miles of pipe required to be laid by the end of the year 1&71, had
been laid by the early part of that year. The area supplied by the works, at this-
time, is one mile square. .

The extension of the system throughout the entire area of the city will require
sixty miles of pipe.

The machinery is- substantial and powerful. There are three engines two-
piston and one rotary, from the Helly manufactory at Lockport, New York ; and
thref Turbine water wheels. The combined power of the engines and water wheels
is eleven hundred horse power. The provisions for the suppression of fires are of
the most ample character. Of fire hydrants- connected with the fifteen miles of
pipe already laid, there are two hundred ; and when the system is extended to all
parts of the city, the estimated number will be about six hundred. The company
guaranty to throw six streams of water, at. one time, to an elevation of one hun-
dred feet, in any part of the city reached by the system. The cost of the works, as
far as completed, has been about $350,000; that of the complete system will be
about $650,000.

The supplying capacity of the machinery is about $,000,000 gallons daily.

The present officers of the Company are: John R. Elder, President; William
Henderson, Treasurer; Alex. C. Jameson, Secretary ;,C. N. Lee, Superintendent.

SECRET ORDERS.

THE MASONS.

GRAND LODGE. The Grand Lodge of Indiana was formed at Madison, Jan-
uary 12th, 1818. Alexander A. Meek being the oldest Past Master present, was-

282 N BOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

called to the chair. On the next day an election for officers was held, and Alex-
ander Breckner was elected Grand Master.

For a number of jears the annual communications were held at various points
in the State, viz: Jeflersonville, Corydon, Madison, Salem, Vincennes, New Al-
bany and Indianapolis.; but, s : nce 1833, they have been held at Indianapolis. The
Grand Lodge Hall is located at the south-east corner of Washington and Tennessee
streets. The corner stone was laid October 25, 1848, and the building was erected
during the years 1849-50, at a cost of about $20,000., and was dedicated by the
Grand Lodge May 27, 1851. The Grand Officers for the years 1870-71 are:

M. W. Martin H. Kice, of Plymouth, Grand Master ; K. W. George W. Por-
ter, of New Albany, Deputy Grand Master; *R. W. William T. Clark, of Indian-
apolis, Senior Grand Warden; R. W. Christian Fetta, of Richmond, Junior Grand
Warded; R. W. Charles Fisher, of Indianapolis, Grand Treasurer; R. W. John
3J. Bramwell, of Indianapolis, Grand Secretary ; Rev. John Leach, of New Car-
lisle, Grand Chaplain ; Bro. George H. Fish, of Evansville, S, G. Deacon ; Bro. W.
B. McDonald, of Orleans, J. G. Deacon ; *Bro. J. Sharpe Wisner, of Bluffton, Grand
Lecturer; Bro. Thomas B. Ward, of Lafayette, Grand Marshal; Bro. William M.
Black, of Indianapolis, Grand Tyler. The stated communications are held at In-
dianapolis, on the Tuesday next succeeding the fourth Monday in May.

SUBORDINATE BODIES IN INDIANAPOLIS. There are six Lodges of Master Ma-
sons in the city, the oldest being Center Lodge, No. 23. A dispensation, for this
organization, was issued March 27, 1822, Harvey Gregg to be the first Master, Milo
R. Davis the first Senior Warden, and John T. Osborn the first Junior Warden ;
and on the 7th of October, 1823, a charter was granted, Harvey Gregg to be the
first Master, Harvey Bates to be the first Senior Warden, and John T. Osborn the
first Junior Warden. In 1834, its charter was surrendered and a new charter
granted, dated December 17, 1835. On the first of January, 1871, this Lodge had
two hundred a^d forty-eight members. The officers for 1871 are Joseph Solomon,
W. M.; Nicholas R. Ruckle, S. W.; Henry H. Langenberg, J. W.; Henry Dau-
mont, Treasurer ; Charles Fisher, Secretary ; Robert P. Daggett, S. D. ; John Van-
stan, J. D. Stated communications, first Wednesday of each month.

Marion Lodge, No. 35, was chartered May 27, 1847. The number of mambers
on the 1st of January, 1871, was one hundred and fifty-three. The officers for 1871
are: Jackson Saylor, W. M.; Thomas C. Rout, S. W.; Henry C. Sailors, J. W.;
John F. Conwell, Treasurer; John G. Waters, Secretary; H. C. McFarland, S? D.;
John Ingles, J. D. Stated communications, on the third Wednesday in each month.

Teutonia Lodge, No. 178, (German). The charter of this Lodge is dated May
29, 1867. The number of members January 1, 1871, was eleven. The officers for
1871 are: Charles Lauer, W. M. ; Christian Karle, S. W. ; Joseph Bernauer, J.
W. ; Frederick Meyer, Treasurer ; Chas. Dehne, Secretary ; Frederick Klare, S. D.;
Louis Halle, J. D. Stated communications, on the second Friday of each month.

Capital City Lodge, No. 312. The charter of this Lodge is dated May 24, 1865..
Number of members January 1, 1871, ninety-one. The officers for 1871 are: Wm.
H. Ireland, W. M.; A. H. Stoner, S. W,; Hiram Seibert, J. W.; Frederick Baggs,
Treasurer; Geo. H. Fleming, Secretary; Henry D. Pope, S. D.; John A. Miller, J.
D. Stated communication, on the first Tuesday of each month-

Ancient Landmarks Lodge, No. 319. Charter dated May 24, 1865. Number
of members January 1, 1871, one hundred and thirty. The officers for 1871 are:

SECRET ORDERS. 2Q3

James W- Hess, W. M.; Joel O. Martin, S. W.; Charles E. Cones, J. W.; Wm.
W. Woolen, Treasurer; Ephraim Hartwell, Secretary; Wm. S. Armstrong, S. D. ;
Robert B. Cowen, J. D. Stated communication on the first Tuesday of each month.

Mytic Tie Lodge, No. 398. Charter dated May 25, 1869. Number of members ,
January 1, 1871, fifty-three. The officers for 1871 are: John Caven, W. M. ;
Erastus J. Hardesty, S. W. ; Joseph W. Smith, J. W. ; Ebenezer Sharpe, Treasurer;
William S. Cone, Secretary; Willis D. Engle, S. D. ; Alfred E. Miller, J. D. Stated
communication, on the fourth Wednesday in each month.

The total number of Ma-ter Masons affiliated with Lodges in Indianapolis, on
the 1st of January, 1870, was six hundred and eighty-two. Total number on the
1st of January, 1871, six hundred and eighty-six. Increase during the year, fouri
or, about three-fifths of one per cent.*

The number of deaths during the year 1870, was eight; or one and one-sixth
per cent.: being an average of life of sixty-five years. ,

THE CHAPTER. Indianapolis Chapter, No. 5, Royal Arch Masons. Charter
dated May 25, 1846. Number of members September 1, 1870, one hundred and
forty-eight. Present officers : Benjamin C. Darrow, H. P.; Ephraim Colestock,*
K ; Ephraim Hartwell, S. ; John Ebert, C. H.; Wm. H. Valentine, P. S. ; Charles
F. Pleslin, R. A. C. ; Isaac Thalman, G. M. 3 V.; Alfred L. Webb, G. M. 2 V.;
W. S. Cone, G. M. 1st V.; Henry Daumont, Treasurer; Charles Fisher, Secretary;
Wm. M. Black, G.

Time of regular meeting, on the first Friday of each month. Died during the
year, one. Increase of members during the year, one.

Keystone Chapter, No. 6, Royal Arch Masons. Dispensation granted Septem-
ber 3, 1870. Charter dated October 20, 1870. Present number of members thirty-
six. Present officers: Martin H. Rice, H. P.; Joel O. Martin, K. ; Daniel Martin,
S.; Wm. S, Cone, C. H.; Wm. H. Ireland, P. S.; James Peacock, E. A. C. ; John J.
Palmer, G. M. 3d V.; Wm. 0. Stone, G. M. 2d V.; George Gumming, G. M. 1st
V.; Wm. W. Woolen, Treasurer; Ephraim Hartwell, Secretary.

THE COUNCIL. Indianapolis Council, No. 2. Charter dated October 18, 1855.
Number of members September 1, 1870, one hundred and four. The present officers
are: Roger Parry, T. 111. G. M.; *Ephraim Colestock, D. 111. G. M.; Wm. S. Cone,
P. C. W.; Charles F. Pleslin, C. G.; Henry Daumont, Tr.; Charles Fisher, Rec'r.;
Wm. M. Black, S. and S. No deaths during the year. Decrease during the year,
three.

Time of regular meeting, on the first Monday of each month.

THE COMMANDEBY. Raper Commandery, No. 1. Charter dated May 14, 1848.
The number of members on the 1st of January, 1871, was seventy-six. Officers:
Roger Parry, E. C. ; Nicholas E. Euckle, G. ; Alfred T. Webb, C. G. ; John Ebert,
P.- George H. Fleming, S. W.; W. S. Cone, J. W.; Henry Daumont. Treas-
urer ; Charles Fisher, Rec'r. ; Oliver B. Gilkey, St. B. ; Charles F. Pleslin, Sword
B. ; Isaac Thalman, Warden ; Wm. M. Black, Sentinel. Time of regular meeting,
on the fourth Wednesday of each month.

Died during the year, one. Increase of members during the year, one.

SCOTTISH RITE A. & A. M. Adoniram Grand Lodge of Perfection, was insti-
tuted in February, 1864, under a dispensation granted by the Supreme Council to
Hon. Caleb B. Smith, and others.

The number of members April 1st, 1871, was two hundred and fifteen. The
officers for 1871 are: John Caven, T. P. G. M. ; Jehiel Barnard. D. G. M. ; Joseph

* Died June 27, 1871.

284 HOLLOWATTS INDIANAPOLIS.

W. Smith, S. G. W. ; James M. Tomlinson, J. G. W. ; Russell Elliott, G. O. ; L. R.
Martin, G. Treasurer; Ephraim Hartwell, G. Secretary; A. Sidney Chase, G. M.
of C. ; Max. F. A. Hoffman, G. Organist ; Charles Lauer, G. C. of G. ; C. H. G. Bals,
G. H. B. ; Charles John, G. Tyler.

Meeting for business and work, every Wednesday evening. Died during the
year, two. Increase of members during the year, eleven.

Seraiah Council of Princes of Jerusalem, was instituted in February. 1864,
under a dispensation granted to Caleb B. Smith, and others.

The number of members April 1, 1871, wa's one hundred and sixty-six. Pres-
ent officers : P. G. C. Hunt, G. M.: Jehiel Barnard, Dept. G. M. ; Jos. W. Smith,
Sen. G. W. ; A. Sidney Chase, Jun. G. W.; Ephraim Hartwell, G. Secretary; L.
R. Martin, G. Treasurer; Cyrus J. Dobbs, G. M. of C.; Joseph B. Phipps, G. M. of
E. ; Charles John, G. T.

Died during the year, two. Increase of membership during the year, two.

Indianapolis Chapter of Rose Croix. A dispensation to open this Chapter was
granted November 2, 1864, to Theodore P. Haughey and others.

The number of members April 1, 1871, was one hundred and twenty-four. The
officers for 1871 are: Jehiel Bernard, M. W. ; Nicholas R. Ruckle, Sen. W.; Joseph
W. Smith, Jun. W.; John B. Brandt, G. O.; L. R. Martin, G. Treasurer; Ephraim
Hartwell, Secretary ; Gilbert W. Davis, G. H.; Wm. H. Valentine, M. of C.; Cyrus
J. Dobbs, Captain of G.

Died during the year, one. Increase of membership during the year, six.

Indiana Consistory. A dispensation to open this Body was granted Novem-
ber 2, 1864, to Edwin A. Davis, and others.

The number of members April 1, 1871, was one hundred and seven. Officers
for 1871: Nicholas R. Ruckle, Commander in Chief ; Cyrus J. Dobbs, First Lieu-
tenant Commander ; P. G. C. Hunt, Second Lieutenant Commander; Max. F. A.
Hoffman, M. of S. ; Nathan Kimball, G. C.; E. Hartwell, Secretary L. R. Martin,
Treasurer; S. A. Johnson, G. E. and A.; Charles H. G. Bals, G. H. ; Algernon S.
Chase, G. M. of C. ; Joseph W. Smith, G. S. B. ; S. T. Scott, G. C. of G. ; Charles
John, G. S.

Died during the year, one. Increase of members during the year, five.
The Thirty- Third Degree. Persons in possession of the Thirty-third Degree,
and Members of the Supreme Council, N. J. U. S., residing in Indianapolis, are:
James W. Hess, thirty-third degree ; John Caven, thirty-third degree ; Phineas
G. C. Hunt, thirty-third degree ; Nicholas R. Ruckle, thirty-third degree. Deputy of
the Supreme Council for the District of Indiana, John Caven, thirty-third degree.

COLOKED MASONIC ORGANIZATIONS.

The African Grand Lodge of Indiana was organized in this city in 1855, and
now numbers eighteen effective Subordinate Lodges, in good standing. The first
Grand Master was J. G. Britton, of Indianapolis. Present Grand Officers : Wil-
liam "Walden, Grand Master; C. A. Roberts, Deputy Grand Master; G. W. Robin-
son, Grand Secretary; James Van Horn, Grand Treasurer. Stated Communication
in June Annually, at Indianapolis.

The Subordinate bodies in this city are the following :

Union Lodge No. 1 Organized in 1847 has forty members.

Gleve's Lodge No. 2 Organized in 1866 has about forty-five members.

Pythagoras Lodge No. 9 Organized in April, 1869 has fifty members.

SECRET ORDERS. 285

Zerubbabel Chapter No. 2, R. A. M. Organized in September, 1869 has thir-
teen members.

INDEPENDENT ORDKR OF ODD FELLOWS.

This city is the seat of the Indiana Grand Lodge and Indiana Grand Encamp-
ment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and of four Subordinate Lodges and
three Sabordinate Encampments of that Order. The charter for the first Subordi-
nate Lodge in this State New Albany Lodge No. 1 was granted by the Grand
Lodge of the United States, on the 9th of October, 1835. Monroe Lodge, No. 2,
Madison, was chartered sometime in 1836.

TE GRAND LODGE OF INDIANA. On the petition of New Albany Lodge No.
1, and Monroe Lodge No. 2, the Grand Lodge of Indiana was instituted at New
Albany, by Deputy Grand Master Henry Wolford, of the Grand Lodge of Ken-
tucky, on the 14th August, 1837. By a warrant dated October 19th, 1841, the
Grand Lodge of Indiana was removed to Madison.

September 19th, 1845, the Grand Lodge of the United States authorized the ref-
erence of a proposition to remove the Grand Lodge of Indiana to Indianapolis, to
a voteof all the Subordinate Lodges in the State. The vote was in favor of such
removal, and the first meeting of the Grand Lodge in this city, was held on the 19th
of January, 1846. It has ever since been located here. At the time of its removal
to this city, the Grand Lodge comprised twenty-seven Subordinate Lodges, with an
aggregate membership of seven hundred and sixty- eight.

The first Grand Officers were: Joseph Barkley, Grand Master; Richard D.
Evans, Deputy Grand Master; Jared C. Jocelyn, Grand Secretary; Henry H. West,
Grand Warden; John Evans, Grand Treasurer.

The successive Grand Masters, for the period of one year each, except where
it is otherwise stated, have been: Joseph D. Barkley, from August, 1837; Richard
D. Evans, from August, 1838 (deceased in February, 1847); William Ford, from
August, 1839 (deceased October, 1860); Christan Bucher, from August, 1840; John
Neal, from August, 1841 ; James W. Hinds, from August, 1842; Noah H. Cobb,
from July, 1843; William Cross, from July, 1844; John H. Taylor, from July,
1845 (deceased in August, 1858); Joel B. McFarland, from July, 1846 (deceased in
April, 1861); John Green, from July, 1847; Philander B. Brown, from July, 1848;
Job B. Eldridge, from July, 1849; Milton Herndon, from July, 1850; Oliver Du-
four, from July, 1851; Joseph L. Silcox, from July, 1852 (deceased in May, 1856);
William K. Edwards, from July, 1853; Oliver P. Morton, from July, 1854; J. B.
Anderson, from July, 1855; James H. Stewart, from November, 1856; P. A. Hac-
kleman, from November, 1857 (deceased in October, 1862) ; A. H. Mathews, from
November, 1858 (deceased in April, 1862); Thomas Fnderwood, from November,
1859; Solomon Meredith, from November, 1860; William H. Dixon, from Novem-
ber, 1861 (deceased in April, 1865); Jonathan S. Harvey, from November, 1862;
Dennis Gregg, from November, 1863 (deceased October, 1865); Harvey D.Scott,
from November, 1864; Thomas B. McCarty, from November, 1865; Jos. A. Funk,
from November, 1866; John Sanders, from November, 1867: Samuel L. Adams,
from November, 1868 (deceased August 23, 1869); James A. Wildman, from No-
vember, 1869; W. H. DeWolf, from November, 1870.

The present Grand Lodge Officers are: W. H. DeWolf, M. W. Grand Master,
of Vincennes; J. W. McQuiddy, R. W. D. Grand Master, of New Albany; Platt
J. Wise, R. W. Grand Warden, of Fort Wayne ; E. H. Barry, R. W. Grand Secre-
tary, of Indianapolis; T. P. Haughey, R. W. Grand Treasurer, of Indianapolis;

286 HOLLOWAY'S INDIANAPOLIS.

Thomas Underwood, G. Representative, G. L. TJ. S., of Lafayette; J. A. Wildman,
G. Representative G. L. U. S., of Kokomo; Philip Hornbrook, alternate G. Rep-
resentative G. L. U. S., of Evansville; C. L. Cory, alternate G. Representative
G. L. U. S., of Fairfield; Rev. C. A. Munn. W. G. C., of Kendallville; E. H.
Wolf, W. G. M., of Rushville; Reddick Harrell, W. G. C.. of Petersburg; H. C.
Milice, W. G. H., of Kosciusko; H. D. Milns, W. G. G., of Terre Haute.

The Grand Lodge now numbers three hundred and thirty-eight effective Sub-
ordinate Lodges, having an aggregate membership of about twenty thousand. The
Annual Communication is held in Grand Lodge Hall, in this city, on the third
Tuesday in November; the Semi-annual Communication is held at the same place
on the third Tuesdays in May and November.

Of the elegant "Grand Lodge Hall," on the north-east corner of Washington
and Pennsylvania streets, a brief description is given on page 99. It is only neces-
sary to supplement what is there written, with a corrected statement of the cost of
the building and site, in round numbers, about $62,000, instead of $47,000. as
there given.

THE GRAND ENCAMPMENT OF INDIANA. This body was instituted at Indianap-
olis on the 10th of January, 1847, by Jacob Page Chapman, by virtue of a warrant
granted by the Grand Lodge of the United States. The first officers were: Chris-
tian Bucher, M. W. Grand Patriarch; Philander B. Brown, M. E. Gr&nd High
Priest; Jacob Page Chapman, R. W. Grand Senior Warden ; A. W. Gordon, R. W.
Grand Junior Warden, Willis W. Wright. R. W. Grand Scribe; Edwin Hedderly,
R. W. Grand Treasurer; David Craighead, R. W. Grand Sentinel.

The successive Grand Patriarchs, for one year each, have been : Christian
Bucher, from July, 1847 ; Thomas S. Wright, from July, 1848 ; Isaac H. Taylor,
from July, 1849; Job Eldridge, from July, 1850; Jacob Page Chapman, from July,
1851; Daniel Moss, from July, 1852; Edward H. Barry, from July, 1853; Mar-
shall Sexton, from July, 1854; Lewis Humphreys, from July, 1855 to November,
1856; Jonathan S. Harvey, from November, 1856; Chris. Miller, from November,
1857; John H. Stailey, from November, 1858; Thomas B. McCarty, from Novem-
ber, 1859; N. P. Howard, from November 1860; L. M. Campbell, from November,
1861 , David Ferguson, from November, 1862 ; Leonidas Sexton, from November,
1863; James Burgess, from November, 1864; F. J. Blair, from November, 1865;
C. P. Tuley, from November, 1866; William M. French, from November, 1867;
William C. Lupton, from November, 1868; James Peirce, from November, 1869;
Thomas G. Beharrell, from November, 1870.

The present officers are: Thomas G. Beharrell, M. W. Grand Patriarch, of
Moore's Hill; W. Y. Monroe, M. E. Grand High Preist, of North Madison ; Samel
Raymond, R. W. Grand Senior Warden, of Indianapolis ; Reuben Robertson, R. W.
Grand Junior Warden, of New Albany ; Edward H. Barry, R. W. Grand Scribe,
of Indianapolis; T. P. Haughey, R. W. Grand Treasurer, of Indianapolis; Chris-
topher Toler, W. Grand Sentinel, of Madison ; Joseph S. Watson, W. Grand Deputy
Sentinel, of Indianapolis; James Peirce, G. Representative G. L. U. S., of New
Albany; G. W. Jordon, of Attica, and John F. Wallick, of Indianapolis, alternate
G. Representatives G. L. U. S.

The present number of Subordinate Encampments, is one hundred and
seven; with an aggregate membership of about four thousand five hundred.

The Annual and Semi-annual Communications of the Grand Encampment, are
held in Grand Lodge Hall, in this city, at the same dates as those of the Grand
Lodge, before stated.

SECRET ORDES9. 2S7

SUBORDINATE BODIES IN INDIANAPOLIS. These are: Center Lodge, No. 18;
Philoxenian Lodge, No. 44; Capital Lodge No. 124; Germania Lodge, No. 129;
Metropolitan Encampment, No. 5; Marion Encampment, No. 35; Teutonia En-
campment, No. 57.

Center Lodge, No. 18, was instituted on the 24th of December, 1844, with the
following members: William Sullivan, Edgar B. Hoyt, Jacob Page Chapman. "Wil-
liam A. Day, Enoch Pyle, Jacob B. MeChesney, and John Kelley. "William Sul-
livan was the first Noble Grand of this Lodge, and its first Representative to the
Grand Lodge.

The membership, on the 31st of March, 1871, numbered one hundred and
fifty-six. The present officers are : L. W. Hetselgesser, Noble Grand ; George C.
Strachan, Vice Grand; George P. Anderson, Permanent Secretary; John W. Miller,
Kecording Secretary; John G. Waters, Treasurer.

Philoxenian Lodge, No. 44, was instituted on the 8th of July, 1847, with the
following members: Harvey Brown, D. P. Hunt, Willis W. Wright, J. J. Owsley,
Wm. Robson, George D. Staats, D. T. Powers, Lafayette Yandes, William Mansur.

The first officers were: Harvey Brown, Noble Grand ; D. P. Hunt, Vice Grand ;
Willis W. Wright, Secretary; John J. Owsley, Treasurer.

The present officers are: J. H. McClosky, Noble Grand; E. R. Wood, Vice
Grand; D. De Ruiter, Recording Secretary; George D. Staat?, Permanent Secre-
tary ; Joseph Staub, Treasurer

The present membership numbers one hundred and ninety.

Capital Lodge, No. 124, was instituted on the 20th of January, 1853, with the
following principal officers: John Dunn, Noble Grand ; John Cottman, Vice Grand ;
William Wallace, Recording Secretary; George F. McGinnis, Treasurer. The
present number of members is one hundred and ninety-five.

The present principal officers are : W. H. Hazleton, Noble Grand ; J. H. Miller,
Vice Grand; G. S. Webster, Recording Secretary; John F. Wallick, Permanent
Secretary ; John McElwee, Treasurer.

Germania Lodge, No. 129, was instituted on the 24th of February, 1853, with
ten members and the following officers: Charles Coulon, Noble Grand; Alexander
Metzger, Vice Grand ; Julius Boetticher, Secretary; Henry Schmidt, Treasurer.

The membership, at the end of the first year, numbered thirty-five. The
present number qf members is two hundred and sixty-nine.

The present officers are: Henry Geisel, Noble Grand; Henry Vogt, Vice Grand ;
Nicholas Hofmeister, Secretary; Charles Richman, Treasurer; Tobias Bender, Per-
manent Secretary.

Metropolitan Encampment, No. 5, was instituted on the 20th of July, 1846, with
the following officers : Jacob Page Chapman, Chief Patriarch ; Edwin Hedderly,
High Priest; George B. Warren, Senior Warden; W. B. Preston, Junior Warden;
Benjamin B. Taylor, Scribe; A. 0. Christfield, Treasurer; John H. Taylor, Senti-
nel. The present membership numbers one hundred and forty.

The present officers are: L. W. Hetzelgesser, Chief Patriarch; D. De Ruiter,
High Priest ; August Smith, Senior Warden ; E. A. Hardy, Junior Warden ; L.
P. Creasey, Recording Scribe; George D. Staats, Permanent Scribe; John Rey-
nolds, Treasurer; David Anderson, Sentinel.

Marion Encampment, No. 35, was instituted on the 24th of March, 1853. The
first officers were : Obed Foote, Chief Patriarch ; J. K. English, High Priest ; A,
Defrees, Scribe; D. Yandes, Jr., Senior Warden ; Win. C. Lupton, Junior Warden

BOLLOWATS INDIANAPOLIS.

G. G. Holman, Treasurer; J. M. Kemper, Sentinel. This Encampment has about
ninety members.

The preseat officers are: O. D. Butler, Chief Patriarchy H. Nicolai, High
Priest; E. Cullum, Senior Warden } J. Holmes, Junior Warden; J. "W. Smith,
Recording Scribe; Henry Adams, Permanent Scribe; John F. Wallick, Treasurer;
Paul Sherman, Sentinel.

Tentoma Encampment, N. 57, (German), Instituted August 1st, 1858, with
thirty -two members. The first officers were: G. F. Meyer, Chief Patriarch; Chas.
Coulon, High Priest; John B. Stumph, Senror Warden; Charles Bals, Junior War-
den; F. Tapking, Scribe; Alexander Metzger, Treasurer,

Present officers: Charles Kueteiaeyer, Chief Patriarch; G, M. Wagner, High
Priest; William Schmidt, Senior Warden; H. Elstrod, Junior Warden; W. Banse,
Recording Scribe; Tobias Bender, Permanent Scribe. Number of members, one
hundred and twenty- four.

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.

As this Society is of comparatively recent origin, a brief mention of its rise and
general history, is here prefixed to its history in relation to this city. The order of
the Knights of Pythias was instituted in Washington, D, C., on the 19th of February,
1864, by J. H. Rathbone, by the organization of Lodge No. 1. The establishment
of other Lodges followed; and on the 8th of April, of the same year, the Sfrand
Lodge of the District of Columbia was organized.

The order now entered upon a critical period of its history, threatening its
early extinction. Before long, all the Lodges but one had faded out of existence.
The exception was Franklin Lodge No. 2, Washington, D. C., wnich continued to
act as the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, and was the rallying point for
the recovery of the lost ground, and the future advance of the order.

On the 23d of February, 1867, Excelsior Lodge No. 1, of Pennsylvania, was es-
tablished in Philadelphia. This movement was followed by the establishment of
Lodges in other States; and on the llth of August, 1868, the Supreme Lodge of the
World was organized, at Washington, D. C. representatives being present from
the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware.

On the 10th of March, 1869, the Supreme Lodge met in Ansual Session in the city
of Richmond, Va., with eight Grand Lodges represented, as follows; District of Co-
lumbia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, New York and
Connecticut. At the second Annual Session, held in New York on the 10th day of
March, 1870, the following additional States were represented: Ohio, Kentucky
West Virginia, Massachusetts, California, Indiana and Illinois, or, sixteen Grand
Lodges in all. At the third Annual Session, held in the city of Philadelphia, ad-
ditional States were represented, namely: Georgia, Louisiana, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Iowa, or twenty-two Grand Lodges in all, on the
18th of April, 1871.

The order has also been established in North Carolina, South Carolina, Ala-
bama, Mississippi, Missouri, Minnesota, Vermont, Maine, Florida, Wyoming Ter-
ritory and Canada, (but in these, except Missouri, Grand Lodges have not yet been
organized,) making thirty-one States and provinces in which it has an existence
on this Continent.

Petitions have been received for the establishment of the order in Germany,
Italy, England and France, and even in South America. This outline shows that
the order has had a rapid growth and extension, in the face of internal troubles and
dissensions in several localities, severely crippling its progress.

SECRET ORDERS.

The growth of the order is shown by the subjoined comparison :

January 1 1865, 3 Lodges, 78 members.

" 1,1866 1 Lodge, 52 "

" 1,1867, 4 Lodges, 379 "

1,1868, 48 " 6,847 "

" 1, 1869 t. 194 34,624

" 1, 1870, 465 " 54,289 "

" 1, 1871, 700 " , 84,000 "

The diminished ratio of increase during the year last past, is attributed to in-
ternal troubles; which now, it is stated, are satisfactorily arranged, and will not
hereafter retard the progress of the Society.

THE ORDER IN INDIANA. The order was introduced into this State by P. G.
C. Charles P. Carty. The first Lodge, in Indianapolis, Marion Lodge No. 1, was
mstituted on the 12th day of July, 1869. By October 12th, of the same year, &ix
Lodges had been organized,- three in this city, and three in Fort Wayne.

The Grand Lodge of Indiana was organized in Indianapolis, on the 20th of Oc-
tober, 1869, with the following officers: Charles P. Carty, V. G. P., Indianapolis;
Hon. John Caven, G. C., Indianapolis; John L. Brown, V. G. C., Fort Wayne;
George H. Swain, G. R. and C. S., Indianapolis; George F. Meyer, G. B., Indian-
apolis; John B. Ryan, G. G., Indianapolis; W. A. Root, G. L S., Indianapolis;
Charles Johns, G. 0. S., Indianapolis.

At the Annual Session of the Grand Lodge, January llth, 1870, the following
officers were elected.- John B. Stumph, V. G. P.; Hon. John Caven, G. C. ; John
L. Brown, V. G. C. ; Charles P. Carty, G. R. and C. S. ; George F. Meyer, G. B. ;
John B. Ryan, G. G.; George H. Swain, G. I. S.; Charles Johns, G. O. S.

During the year 1870 Lodges eight, nine, ten, eleven and twelve, were organized
at different points in the State. On the 1st of May, 1871, there were nine effective
Lodges in the State, with an aggregate membership of about seven hundred. The
present Grand Officers are: Hon. John Caven, V. G. P., Indianapolis; Wm. H.
Hazelton, G. C. office, 24^, East Washington Street, Indianapolis; James A. Hughes,
V. G. C., New Albany; Charles P. Carty, G. R. and C.S. office at Martin $ Hopkins'
Insurance office, Sentinal Building, Indianapolis; J. W. Smithers, G. B., Indianapolis ;
N. R. Bennett, G. G., Cambridge City; John Beard, G. I. S., Franklin; Charles
Johns, G. 0. S., Indianapolis.

THE ORDER IN THIS CITY. The Order in this city is represented by the fol-
lowing subordinate Lodges : Marion No. 1, organized July 12th, 1869 ; Olive Branch
Lodge No. 2, organized July 12th, 1869; Koerner Lodge No. 6, (German,) organ-
izetl October 12th, 1869"; S<ar Lodge No. 7, organised February 1st, 1870. The
present officers of the city Lodges are :

Marion Lodge No. 1. M. McKeon, V. P. ; H. Slusher, W. C. ; B. R. Binkley,
W. V. C. ; H. L. Burt, R. and C. S. ; Jas. Shepherd, F. S. ; C. P. Carty, B.

Olive Branch Lodge No. 2. George C. Webster, V. P. ; W. H. Roll, W. C. ;
N. C. Potter, W. V, C. ; J. H. Batty, R. and C. S. ; Jesse De Haven, F. S.; W. C.
Burk, B.

Koerner Lodge No. 6. Otto Boetticher, V. P.; Philip Reichwein, W. C.; Wil-
liam Banse, W. V. C. ; Fred. Gausepohl, R. & C. S.; Charles F. Schmidt, F. S.;
Michael Steinhauer, B.

Star Lodge No. 7. Joseph Kingan, V. P.; H. C. Chandler, W. C.; J. Neu-
meyer, W. V. C. ; S. E. Perkins, Jr., R. & C. S.; Walter Hartpense, F. S. ; W. H.
Pitzer, B.
(19)

290 BOLLOWAT'S INDIANAPOLTS.

On the 1st of July, 1871, the membership of the city Lodges was as- follows :'

Marion Lodge No. 1 . 85

Olive Branch Lodge No. 2 170

Koerner Lodge No. 6 70

Star Lodge No. 7 120

Total .., 445

The several Lodges hi this city have fitted up a spacious and handsome hall in
the fourth story of the Citizens' Bank Building, where they meet once a week, as
follows: Marion Lodge No. 1, Wednesday evening; Olive Branch Lodge No. 2,
Saturday evening ; Koerner Lodge No. 6, Monday evening ; Star Lodge No. 7 r
Tuesday evening.

THE DRUIDS.

Octavian Grove No. 1. -This body ( "working" in German,) was instituted in
November, 1856, and now has about two hundred members. The present officers
are: David Wechs-ler, N. A.; August Hermuth, Y. A.; August Mueller, Secre-
tary. Stated meetings every Monday evening.

Humboldt Grove No. 8. This Grove also "works" in the German language.
It was instituted in April, 1868, and its present membership numbers one hundred
and thirty. The present officers are : Charles Franke, N. A. ; William Weiland,
V. A.; Henry Voigt, Secretary. Stated meetings every Wednesday evening.

The Grand Grove of Indiana was instituted in Indianapolis, in 1860. Th&
Annual meetings are held on the second Tuesday in May, but at no fixed place.

IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN.

Palmete Tribe No. 17, (German, ) was instituted onj,he 2d day of May, 1870 r
with twenty members. The number of members at this time is sixty-five. The
present officers are: John Burkart, Sachem ; Lawrence A. Geis, Senior Sagamore j
A. Kaiser, Junior Sagamore ; B. Bernauer, Prophet ; Henry Alberameier, Secre-
tary ; Joseph Kaible, Keeper of Wampum. Stated meetings, every Monday eve-
ning.

Bed Cloud Tribe No. 18. This body "works" in English. It was organized on
the 10th day of August, 1870, with six members. The present membership numbers-
eighty-five. Present officers : W. C. David, Sachem ; Joseph K. Forbes, Senior Sag-
amore; O. N. Kidgeway, Junior Sagamore; F. W. Hamilton, Prophet; George C,
Miller, Keeper of Wampum ; Wm. H. D. Merrill, Secretary. Stated meetings, every
Wednesday evening.

INDEPENDENT ORDER 01" RED MEN.

Pocahontas Tribe No. 141. This Tribe was organized October 3d, 1869, with
forty-eight members. The membership now numbers one hundred and sixty-two.
Present officers: J. L. Beeler, 0. C. ; F. W. Schliebitz, IT. C.; John Ihntris, 1st
Secretory; August Haeffner, 2d Secretary; H. Geisel, Treasurer; Philip Lehr,
Priest. Stated meetings, every Tuesday evening.

SONS OF HERMANN.

Schiller Lodge No. 1. This is the only Lodge of this Order in Indiana, and
was chartered in July, 1870. It numbers between fifty and sixty members. Tie

SECRET ORDERS. 291

present officers are : Charles Coulon, ex-President; Wm. Schoeneman, President;
Henry Miller, Vice-President ; Frederick W. Schliebitz, Corresponding Secretary;
E. Steinhauer, Recording Secretary; "William Banse, Treasurer. Stated meetings,
every Thursday evening.

HARUQARI.

The Grand Lodge of Indiana held its first session in Jeffersonville, on the 27th
of June, 1860. Its Annual meetings are now held in Indianapolis, on the first Wed-
nesday in August. The Grand Lodge now comprises fourteen subordinate Lodges,
with an aggregate membership of about six hundred. The present Grand Officers
are: Aegidius Naltner, of Indianapolis, G. B. ; Franz. Flaiz, Deputy G. B. ; August
Schreiber, G. A.; Edward Mueller, Grand Secretary; John Stein, Grand Treasurer.

Freya Lodge No. 68, Indianapolis, was the second Lodge instituted in this State,
and numbers about one hundred and twenty members.

HEPTASOPHS. (SEVEN WISE MKN.)

Indianapolis Conclave No. 1, was organized November 1st, 1870, and has ninety-
five members. Present officers : John H. Gruenert, Archon ; Benedict Fischer,
Chancellor; Herman Altman, Provost; H. H. Langenberg, Chaplain ; Henry Speck-
man, General Inspector ; Dietrich M. Muegge, Treasurer ; Henry Dipple, Financial
Secretary; Wm. Schoeneman, Herald; N. Emerich, Secretary. Stated meetings,
every Tuesday evening.

Gayo Conclave, No. 1, was organized May 26th, 1871, by the election of the fol-
lowing officers: Wm. S. Cone, Eminent Archon; S. T. Scott, Chancellor; W. D.
Engle, Provost; John G. Waters, Secretary; Kussell Elliott, Treasurer; John C.
Miles, Inspector General; Joseph W. Smith, Herald ; Wm. Logan, Prelate; James
E. Shepard, Warden, Charles E. Brigham, Outside Sentinel. Number of mem-
bers, eighteen. Stated meetings, every Friday evening.

THE POST OFFICE.

The early history of the Indianapolis Post Office, its different locations, etc.,
are briefly stated on pages 17 and 18.

It is now located in the Government building popularly called the Post Office
building on the south-east corner of Pennsylvania and Market streets. Of this
building the lower story and basement are occupied by the Post Office ; the second
and third stories, by the United States Collector, Assessor, District Attorney,
Marshal, the Federal Courts, the Judges and Clerk of the United States Courts.

The erection of the building was begun in 1857, and it was completed in 1860.
The building cost 165,000 ; a low figure, considering its size and quality.

Its style is uniform with that of the more recently erected government build-
ings throughout the country. Its leading features conform to the Grecian style of
architecture. Its principal materials are stone and iron, and it is fire proof.

The Indianapolis Post Office is one of the first class distributing offices in the
United States. The mails, for an extensive area of surrounding country, are sent
here to be again distributed and forwarded to their destination. About two years
ago the free delivery or carrier system was introduced, by which mail matter is
delivered at the residences or places of business of citizens, and is collected for
mailing from street boxes placed at convenient intervals throughout the city.

The successive post masters have been: Samuel Henderson, from March, 1822,

292 HOLLOWATTB INDIANAPOLIS,

to February, 1831; John Cain to 1841; Joseph M.Moore to 1845; John Cain to
1849. Alexander W. Russell succeeded Mr. Cain for the term ending in 1853, but
dying in office, he was succeeded for the remainder of his term by his son, James
N. Russell. Wm. W. Wick 1853 to 1857; John M. Talbott to 1861; Alexander
H. Conner to 1866; D. G. Rose to 1868; William R. Holloway, the present incum-
bent, since April, 1869. The total number of employes connected with the Post
Office is now fifty.

The annexed statement shows the extent of the business transacted at the In-
dianapolis Post Office during the year 1870:

Stamp Statement. Received for sale of postage stamps $70,101 81

Received for the sale of stamped envelopes 14,086 65

Total 84,188 46

Money Order Department. "Received for money orders sold $85,763 55

Received deposits from Postmasters on money order account 408,624 00

Total $494,286 65

Amount paid out for money orders drawn on the office $222,118 80

Registry Department. Number of registered letters received for dis-
tribution 19,120

Number of registered letters received for city delivery 8,376

Number of registered letters received for mailing 1,240

Number of 'registered packages of stamps and stamped envelopes re-
ceived for mailing 6,120

Number of registered packages of envelopes used 13,919

General and Box Delixery. Number of letters delivered from boxes

and through general delivery 306,000

Number of letters advertised and sent to Dead Letter Office 18,400

Carriers' Department. Number of mail letters delivered 2,276,134

Number of local letters delivered 1,472,640

Number of newspapers, etc, delivered 376,704

Number of letters collected 1,349,943

Total delivered and collected by carriers 4,150,045

Domestic Mails. Number of letters received for distribution 9,403.200

Number of letters deposited in office and collected from the street boxes

for the mails 1,331,457

Number of letters sent from the office t 10,734,657

Number of city letters mailed which were sent to the Dead Letter Office 6,000

Number of letters held for better direction, and sent to Dead LetterOffice 7,200
Number of letters addressed in initials and fictitious names, which were

sent to the Dead Letter Office 500

Not Deliverable. Number of letters returned from hotels and sent to

the Dead Letter Office , 800

Number of letters returned to writers 7,000

Number of bags of newspapers mailed, received, and distributed, making

an aggregate of 70,200 bushels 42,570

Number of lock pouches and mail boxes despatched 28,600

Number of lock pouches and mail boxes received 28,500

MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS.

Company A, of the Indianapolis National Guards, and the Emmet Guards, are
the only organized representatives of the military spirit of the city. The former
is a remnant of a full battalion styled the "National Guards," which was organized
after the close of the war, and attained a high degree of proficiency in drill exer-
cises. At present, all the companies but "A" company are disbanded.

Established in I860.

The China Tea Stores.

ACADEMY OP MUSIC CORNER;

No. 7 ODD FELLOWS' HALL;

MADISON AVENUE.

COFFEE AND SPICE MILLS:

SOUTH MERIDIAN STREET, ONE SQUARE FROM UNION DEPOT,

From the Journal of Commerce, July 14<ft, 1871.

H. H. LEE'S COFFEE^AND SPICE MILLS.
The Tea, Sugar and Coffee Trade of Indianapolis.

The success which is sure to follow a careful, systematic course of efforts in a given direction,
has a happy illustration in the business career of H. H. Lee, who, appreciating the wants of Indi-
anapolis in that direction, saw a comparatively unoccupied field in the tea, sugar, coffee and spice
trade, which he has cultivated to his own interest and that of the city until he stands at the head
of three as fine establishments as the country can boast, alike a credit to MB own enterptise and
that of the Hoosier Capital. This prominence has been achieved by a strict attention to the busi-
ness in hand and a mastering of all its details, which places it in the power of the operator to
understand the controlling influences of the market, and enables him to select first-class gooda at
the most advantagaous rates, which advantage is shared with the consumer. By dealing only in
goods which thoroughly stand the test of trial, and prove in every point equal to representation,
the card of H.H. Lee upon a package has become the synonym of genuineness, and guarantees that
they who once purchase at his establishments will duplicate the same as often as required by fam-
ily necessity.

Mr Lee's reputation as a merchant from the sttirt was rested upon the quality of the goods
vended by him, which has stood the test of time, constantly increasing his business, requiring
greater facilities for meeting the demand, until he has been compelled to open a coffee and spice
mill in the city, in addition to his extensive stores on North Pennsylvania street and corner of Ohio
and Illinois. This new establishment is'situated at the intersection of Madison avenue with South
Meridian street, and has been fitted up as might have been expected from the well-known taste and
liberality of its proprietor. In the basement an eight-horse power engine works a coffee roaster,
with a capacity of eighteen hundred pounds per day, with two large spice, and the same number of
coffee mills. A patent coffee cooler stands ready to receive the berry as It comes from the roaster.
Taken all together, the establishment is complete in all its appointments, and cannot fail to large-
ly add to tke already extensive trade of its enterprising proprietor.

294 HOLLO WA r8 INDIANA POLIS.

The organization known as the Emmet Guirds, consisting of one company, is
composed of Irish citizens, and is the exponent of the martial spirit of the Fenian
Brotherhood in this city.

If these organizations fail to do the city justice in point of numbers, they cer-
tainly do it credit in point of quality and proficiency in executi